The subject of this thesis is proper names in Czech and Spanish language and proper names in translation from Spanish into Czech. The theoretical part of the thesis comprises of an overview of the current state of investigation in the field both in Czech and in Spanish. In Czech linguistics, onomastics is a comparatively developed discipline. In Spanish, it is mostly grammatical manuals that deal with proper names. In both languages, authors tend to agree on the definition and classification of proper names into anthroponyms, toponyms and chrematonyms; however, Spanish authors usually do not separate chrematonyms as a category under such name. Furthermore, nobody has yet defined or classified the functions of proper names in Spanish language (an action which has already been done for the Czech language). Opinions on the translation of proper names differ to a large degree. Authors recognize proper names as polyfunctional units and agree that their translation (or non-translation) is in large measure conditioned by norms and specific historically conditioned conventions; by the function of the text, text type and genre; by the relationship of the working languages and so on. Authors also suggest their own set of strategies which can be used in the transfer of proper names from one language into...

Twitter est un réseau social très répandu en Amérique du Nord, offrant aux autorités policières une opportunité pour détecter les événements d’intérêt public. Les messages Twitter liés à un événement contiennent souvent les noms de rue où se déroule l’événement, ce qui permet la géolocalisation en temps réel. Plusieurs logiciels commerciaux sont offerts pour effectuer la vigie des réseaux sociaux. L’efficacité de ces outils pour les autorités policières pourrait être grandement améliorée avec un accès à un plus grand échantillon de messages Twitter, avec un tri préalable pour dégager les événements pertinents en moins de temps et avec une mesure de la fiabilité des événements détectés. Ce mémoire vise à proposer une démarche afin de détecter, à partir du flux de messages Twitter, les événements de sécurité publique d’un territoire, automatiquement et avec un niveau de fiabilité acceptable. Pour atteindre cet objectif, un modèle informatisé a été conçu, basé sur les quatre composantes suivantes: a) la cueillette de tweets à partir de mots clés avec un filtrage géographique, b) l’analyse linguistique et l’utilisation d’un répertoire de rues pour déceler les tweets localisables et pour trouver leurs coordonnées à partir des noms de rue et de leur intersection, c) une méthode spatio-temporelle pour former des grappes de tweets, et d) la détection des événements en identifiant les grappes contenant au moins deux (2) tweets communs touchant le même sujet. Ce travail de recherche diffère des articles scientifiques recensés car il combine l’analyse textuelle, la recherche et le géocodage de toponymes à partir d’un répertoire de noms de rue, la formation de grappes avec la géomatique et l’identification de grappes contenant des tweets communs pour détecter localement des événements de sécurité publique. L’application du modèle aux 90 347 tweets cueillis dans la région de Toronto-Niagara au Canada a résulté en l’identification et la géolocalisation de 1 614 tweets ainsi qu’en la formation de 172 grappes dont 79 grappes d’événements contenant au moins deux (2) tweets touchant le même sujet, soit un taux de fiabilité de 45,9 %. / Abstract : Twitter is a social media that is very popular in North America, giving law enforcement agencies an opportunity to detect events of public interest. Twitter messages (tweets) tied to an event often contain street names, indicating where this event takes place, which can be used to infer the event's geographical coordinates in real time. Many commercial software tools are available to monitor social media. The performance of these tools could be greatly improved with a larger sample of tweets, a sorting mechanism to identify pertinent events more quickly and to measure the reliability of the detected events. The goal of this master‟s thesis is to detect, from a public Twitter stream, events relative to public safety of a territory, automatically and with an acceptable level of reliability. To achieve this objective, a computer model based on four components has been developed: a) capture of public tweets based on keywords with the application of a geographic filter, b) natural language processing of the text of these tweets, use of a street gazetteer to identify tweets that can be localized and geocoding of tweets based on street names and intersections, c) a spatio-temporal method to form tweet clusters and, d) event detection by isolating clusters containing at least two tweets treating the same subject. This research project differs from existing scientific research as it combines natural language processing, search and geocoding of toponyms based on a street gazetteer, the creation of clusters using geomatics and identification of event clusters based on common tweets to detect public safety events in a Twitter public stream. The application of the model to the 90,347 tweets collected for the Toronto-Niagara region in Ontario, Canada has resulted in the identification and geocoding of 1,614 tweets and the creation of 172 clusters from which 79 event clusters contain at least two tweets having the same subject showing a reliability rate of 45.9 %.

When a translator gets a new mission, even though he or she has a lot of experience in the subject, there are great responsibilities when it comes to the exactitude of the information in the translation. The translator can be responsible that the reader miscomprehends the text if the translation is perceived as strange in the target culture. Proper names are very close to cultural differences and, as such, are quite problematic to translate. What the translator can do in order to avoid these problems is to apply a translation strategy during his work. This study has the aim to find an adequate strategy to the translation of proper names in French socio-political texts. In order to analyse different proper names and apply a method, we had to translate a socio-political text into Swedish, more specifically a part of a political text written by Denis Pelletier in 2005 called “L’école, l’Europe, les corps: la laïcité et le voile” which is about the banning for young girls to wear the Islamic veil in French schools. The study highlighted two matters. First, is there a specific strategy that can be applied to French proper names when they are translated into Swedish that are not well known to a Swedish reader? Second, are there any complications to solve in proper names that are related to cultural differences between the source language and the target language? In order to answer these questions we chose to use the theories of Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet presented by Jeremy Munday in Introducing Translation Studies. Theories and Application (2012) that helped us when certain translations of proper names were complicated and it helped us justify changes in the translation. The work on proper names by Peter Newmark presented in A Textbook of Translation (1988) helped us to identify six categories of proper names precisely; toponyms, names of ministries, institutional names, names of public bodies, anthroponyms and names of political parties. While analysing the result we found that the different solutions proposed by Newmark were not applied to each translation of proper names. In addition, the most frequently used translation method was the procedure of couplets.