During the transition from the eighteenth to the nineteenth century, a sea change took place in the British art world that reflected a general shift in attitude towards the arts. Artists redefined their social status and fought for their criteria to be taken into account, acquiring a new, influential position within the artistic circles, in which the authority of theorists and connoisseurs, amateurs whose approach to the work of art was that of the collector and critic, never the creator, had been so far undisputed. Influenced by new social theories and powerful contemporary cultural movements, and motivated by the success of artists like Hogarth and Reynolds and of the Royal Academy, artists felt encouraged to stand up for and secure their artistic authority. Thus, the increasingly widespread interest in art and aesthetics throughout the eighteenth century culminated in the realisation, on the artists' part, of their importance in such matters; subsequently, the long-debated issue of the dignity of the artist was brought to the forefront and became key in the artistic discourse of turn-of-the-century Britain. We can trace the evolution of the discourse on the authority of artists from Reynolds's idea that a painter can be a gentleman despite being a painter, to Ruskin's humble acceptance, in the prologue to the first volume of Modern Painters, of the necessity to have a practical knowledge of art in order to understand it. It was a veritable revolution in art theory, a 'second renaissance' for the figure of the artist, who until then had been considered a mere craftsman. A whole tradition was being challenged, and the new language artists employed to advance their ideas was not that of theory, but practice.

This thesis aims to facilitate a broader understanding of post-revolutionary Iranian filmmaking, by way of an analysis of the New Iranian Cinema and Iranian cinema in exile and diaspora, and the various relationships between these two cinemas. Thus far no significant attempt has been made to consider these two cinemas in relation to each other. This thesis therefore represents a significant contribution to this line of research. Along the way it addresses several key concepts of long-standing importance in film studies, such as notions of art cinema, authorship and national cinema, in particular how such concepts have been used as a means of studying the New Iranian Cinema. Exilic and diasporic Iranian filmmaking represents a challenge to traditional understandings of these concepts. The first chapter therefore examines how the New Iranian Cinema has been received and constructed as an archetypal 'art cinema' in Europe and North America, in addition to how this cinema invites, at the same time as it resists, such interpretations. Thereafter follows a consideration of Iranian emigre filmmaking across Europe and North America, and how it has changed over the past thirty years, gradually shifting from an exclusively exilic to a pan-diasporic outlook. Chapters three and four are individual case studies of Iranian emigre filmmakers Amir Naderi and Sohrab Shahid Saless respectively. As two of Iran's most important and influential pre-revolutionary filmmakers, the works of Naderi and Saless represent not only interesting divergences from the evolutionary understanding of Iranian emigre cinema outlined in the second chapter, but also form two of the most compelling links between the New Iranian Cinema, and it exilic and diasporic counterpart. This thesis concludes by arguing for a more flexible and open-ended conception of national cinema more generally, as well as more comprehensive, nuanced and deterritorialised understanding of post-revolutionary Iranian filmmaking.

This thesis provides a re-reading of the development of twentieth-century dance, focusing on the choreographic work and creative processes of Mary Wigman, Martha Graham, and Pina Bausch. Using these individuals as markers of three distinct temporal stages of contemporary dance, I argue that avant-garde dance practice throughout the twentieth-century was irrevocably associated with, and influenced by, the aesthetics and ritual practices of non-Western cultures. Instead of charting a chronological structure, I have used a thematic framework based on the concept of ritual performance, beginning with fertility rites (as espoused by different choreographies of Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring), before moving on to explore masking devices, conceptions of national and cultural identity, and mourning and commemoration. Through a series of individual case study analyses, this thesis maps the impact of inter-cultural exchange on the development of non-classical dance. I posit that, as modern dance emerged and evolved throughout the twentieth-century, practitioners consistently drew strong influence from cross-cultural aesthetics; I focus specifically on links between Western (represented by Germany and the United States) and non-Western (including Japanese and Native American) performance. Using evidence drawn from primary source material, including original film footage, photography and personal effects, I construct separate analyses of commonalities in the work of Wigman, Graham, and Bausch, arguing that the ritualistic themes of their work can be viewed as a pattern for the development of contemporary dance more broadly. My research identifies previously unexplored sources of influence upon these artists. This thesis presents a re-evaluation of established discourse by focusing on a foreign influence that has not been identified in current research as a common thread linking these three artists; while connections have been established between German and American early modern dance, the reciprocal influence of Western practice on Far Eastern performance is comparatively uncharted territory. In the second half of this thesis, I outline the response to this cross-cultural dialogue, focusing on the postmodern artistic practice of groups in Japan, Austria and Germany. Accordingly, this thesis deconstructs the notion of cultural isolation, arguing instead that, as a logical outcome of this inter-cultural exchange, dance in the postmodern era is informed by a legacy of universalised, ritualistic practice.

Variationen im Gen der Tryptophanhydroxylase 2 (TPH2), das den geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritt der Serotoninsynthese katalysiert, wurden mit psychiatrischen Erkrankungen, die durch emotionale Dysregulation charakterisiert sind, in Verbindung gebracht. Die vorliegende Arbeit evaluierte die Rolle von TPH2 Varianten und Haplotypen bei Persönlichkeitsstörungen der Cluster B und C. Dazu wurden 420 Patienten mit Cluster B oder Cluster C Persönlichkeitsstörung (nach DSM-IV-TR) sowie 336 gesunde Probanden als Kontrollgruppe bezüglich TPH2 SNPs (rs4570625, rs11178997, rs4341581, rs4565946) genotypisiert. Die Persönlichkeitsstörungen wurden mit Hilfe des „Strukturierten Klinischen Interviews für DSM-IV-TR, Achse II“ (SKID-II) diagnostiziert und in die Cluster A, B und C eingeteilt. Die vorliegenden Resultate verknüpfen potentiell funktionelle TPH2 Varianten – insbesondere den rs4570625 SNP – mit Cluster B und Cluster C Persönlichkeitsstörungen. Für beide Patientengruppen zeigte sich eine signifikante globale Assoziation. Das T-Allel von rs4570625 war sowohl mit Cluster B als auch Cluster C Persönlichkeitsstörungen signifikant assoziiert. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen TPH2 als ein Suszeptibilitäts- und/oder Modifier-Gen von affektiven Spektrumsstörungen. Die Relevanz für die Ätiologie von adulten ADHS und dramatisch-emotionalen Cluster B beziehungsweise ängstlich-furchtsamen Cluster C Persönlichkeitsstörungen muss durch weitere Studien untersucht werden. / Variation in the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene (TPH2) coding for the rate-limiting enzyme of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis in the brain has been linked to a spectrum of clinical populations characterized by emotional dysregulation. Here, a set of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in and downstream of the transcriptional control region of TPH2 (rs4570625, rs11178997, rs4341581, rs4565946) was testet for association in two cohorts comprising of 336 healthy individuals and 420 patients with personality disorders. Personality disorders were diagnosed with the Structured Clinical Interview of DSM-IV and were allocated to clusters A, B, and C. Individual SNP and haplotype analyses revealed significant differences in genotype frequencies between controls and cluster B as well as cluster C patients, respectively. In both patient groups, overrepresentation of T allele carriers of a functional polymorphism in the upstream regulatory region of TPH2 (SNP G-703T, rs4570625) was observed. The results link potentially functional TPH2 variants to cluster B and cluster C personality disorders. These findings confirm TPH2 as a susceptibility and/or modifier gene of affective spectrum disorders. The relevance for the etiology of adult ADHD as well as Cluster B and Cluster C personality disorders needs further study.

Demonstrou-se pela primeira vez que é possível determinar surfactantes e água em formulações de Sabonetes Líquidos (SL) e Shampoos (SH), direta e simultaneamente pela técnica de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) acoplada à uma cela de reflectância total atenuada (ATR). Tradicionalmente, a principal aplicação do infravermelho médio (2,50 - 15,0 µm) é a identificação de compostos orgânicos. O desenvolvimento de novos acessórios, principalmente de ATR, os avanços na área de microinformática e de métodos quimiométricos, vem viabilizando as análises quantitativas rápidas com excelentes resultados mesmo em meio aquoso. A determinação simultânea de surfactantes em formulações por FTIR-ATR é investigada em detalhes nesta tese. Dentre os surfactantes utilizados, o Lauril Éter Sulfato de Sódio (LESS) e a Cocoamidopropil Betaína (CAPB) são comuns em ambas as formulações, sendo a Coco Dietanolamida (CDEA) empregada em shampoo e o Alquilpoliglicosídeo (APG) em sabonete líquido. Espectros de absorbância de amostras padrão e de verificação foram adquiridos na região do infravermelho médio (800-1600 e 1900-3000 cm-I). Para a regressão de mínimos quadrados clássicos (CLSR), selecionou-se 200 números de onda, enquanto que para a regressão de mínimos quadrados inversos (ILSR), apenas 10. Nas regressões de componentes principais (PCR) e de mínimos quadrados parciais (PLSRI e PLSR2), utilizaram-se de 300 à 1100 números de onda. Dois conjuntos de amostras padrão foram preparados, o primeiro, contendo 27 misturas padrão, foi estudado somente pelos métodos CLSR e ILSR, enquanto que o segundo conjunto, contendo 48 amostras padrão, foi avaliado por todos os métodos mencionados acima. A seleção das regiões de quantificação favoreceu números de onda dos componentes minoritários CAPB, APG e CDEA e resultados satisfatórios foram encontrados para 18 amostras de shampoo e sabonete líquido. Interferentes como NaCl e perfume foram incluídos no segundo conjunto e os métodos PCR e PLSR proporcionaram melhores resultados. Os erros relativos (RSEP%) para água (correspondendo a 84-88% do produto) e LESS (6-10%) não excederam 1%; para CAPB (<3%) e CDEA (<2%), o RSEP% situou-se entre de 2-4% e para APG (<3%), não excedeu 5%. Avaliações do processo de normalização, repetibilidade, vulnerabilidade a interferentes (perfumes), redução no número de padrões de calibração foram conduzidos, encontrando-se resultados satisfatórios para todos os casos, com erro relativo inferior à 5,0%. Um dispositivo simples para injeção direta da amostras no acessório de ATR foi construído, permitindo aumentar a freqüência analítica de 20 para 60 análises por hora. / It is demonstrated for the first time that the principal constituents of a shampoo as well as of a liquid soap -three surfactants and water- can be determined directly, simultaneously and quickly in undiluted samples by Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy in the middle infrared region, despite the broad absorption bands ofthe solvent. The main application of the middle infrared (2,50 - 15,0 µm) was the identification of organic compounds. The development of new accessories, such as ATR, and the advance of computers and chemometrics, extended the technique to quantitative analysis, with excellent results. The simultaneous determination of surfactants in shampoos and liquid soap formulations by FTIRA TR is investigated in detail in this thesis. Two of the surfactants, sodium lauryl ether sulfate (LESS) and cocoamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) are common to both formulations; alkylpolyglucoside (APG) is the third surfactant of the liquid soap and cocodiethanolamide (CDEA), the corresponding ingredient of the shampoo. Absorbance data of the undiluted verification samples and calibration standards was collected in the middle infrared region of the spectrum (800-1600 and 1900-3000 cm-1). Five methods of multivariate quantification were compared: Classical Least Squares Regression (CLSR), where absorbance data measured at 200 wavenumbers was processed, Inverse Least Squares Regression (ILSR), were data at 10 selected wavenumbers was analyzed, Principal Components Regression (PCR), and Partial Least Squares Regression, which has two different approaches, PLSR1 and PLSR2. Two sets of standard samples were prepared for the method calibration. The first one, consisting of 27 standard mixtures, was evaluated by the CLSR and ILSR methods; a second set, with 48 standards, was evaluated by all the methods mentioned above. Potential interfering, such as NaCI and perfume, were inc\\uded in this second set. By favoring wavenumbers where absorption bands of the minor components (CAPB in both formulations, APG in the liquid soap and CDEA in the shampoo) are more intense, good results were obtained for 18 simulated samples of shampoo and 18 samples of liquid soap. For the second set, PCR and PLSR methods were most favorable; relative errors (RSEP%) for water (major component, 84-88%) and LESS (6-10%) did not exceed 1%; for CAPB (<3%) and CDEA(<2%), RSEP% of 2-4% were observed, and for APG(<3%), 5% was not exceeded. Tests for repeatability, normalization performance evaluation, effect of interferents presented favorable results. A simple device for direct sample injection was designed and evaluated. It permitted an increase ofthe analytical frequency from 20 to 60 samples per hour.

This thesis sheds new light on the origins and significance of ‘compositional inversion’ in sixteenth-century Netherlandish art. Taking Pieter Bruegel’s inverted religious narratives as primary examples of a wider phenomenon, it seeks to account for the seemingly paradoxical method of narrative obfuscation evident in these works. It does so by situating them in art theoretical, iconographic, social, political and spiritual contexts. Chapter 1 turns to the art theories of Karel van Mander, contained in the first book of Het Schilder-Boeck (1604): ‘Den Grondt … ’. Here I suggest that Bruegel’s inverted compositions exemplify an entire tradition in Netherlandish history painting – the ‘historien’ – that van Mander retroactively theorised in ‘Den Grondt’. According to his theoretical position, Netherlandish inverted ‘historien’ derive their efficacy precisely because they obscure narrative, for by doing so they ‘entangle’ the beholder’s ‘insatiable eyes’ and so encourage sustained interest in the story. Chapter 2 then examines the visual tradition in Netherlandish art that inspired Bruegel’s inverted narratives, and concludes that these works possess a distinctive formal ‘Netherlandishness’ and as such they offer fertile territory for examining Bruegel’s “vernacularity”. Finally, in Chapter 3, I argue that compositional inversion evolved as a visual counterpart to contemporary biblical exegeses, specifically Erasmus’s.

This study explores the possibilities of incorporating Bharathanatyam into the Roman Catholic Holy Mass in South India to enhance the liturgy. This thesis argues from the stand point of theology of inculturation, Pope’s encyclicals and Vatican I and II documents on culture, liturgy and the Church. It also looks into the history of the use of dance in the liturgy. A study is undertaken on Bharathanatyam to show that this is one of the Indian indigenous art forms with appropriate dance techniques to interpret the Gospel and the related messages effectively and creatively. The theology of dance discussed in this thesis forms the base for liturgical dance. This will help the congregation for active participation, to celebrate the Holy Mass more meaningfully and to make it relevant to their context. This thesis answers many questions in regard to liturgical dance. During the research, it is found that when the culture is integrated into the liturgy, it is not only the liturgy that can transform the culture but the culture can also transform the liturgy. The incorporation of Bharathanatyam in the Holy Mass can bring transformation in the local communities by bridging the gaps between the religious communities, caste identities and gender.

Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-08-10T18:54:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SarahMariaVelosoFreireDissertacao2016.pdf: 1587722 bytes, checksum: 51b959078b7477c02d9d479f3e377ffe (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-08-10T18:55:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SarahMariaVelosoFreireDissertacao2016.pdf: 1587722 bytes, checksum: 51b959078b7477c02d9d479f3e377ffe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-10T18:55:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SarahMariaVelosoFreireDissertacao2016.pdf: 1587722 bytes, checksum: 51b959078b7477c02d9d479f3e377ffe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-27 / Trafficking of people is a modern form of slavery that violates the dignity of the human being, considered the third most profitable illicit business in the world, victimizes especially women and children, being vulnerable. Such trafficking is in one of the forms of violation of human rights whose growth mainly relates to globalization, gender and social inequality issues. Thus, this work analyzes general aspects of international trafficking of people as a transnational organized crime in the context of globalization, its concepts, objectives and distinctions, historical aspects and the factors that contribute to the practice of this crime. Still, it analyzes trafficking of people persons as a form of violation of human rights, including the importance of "Human Rights Standards for the Treatment of Trafficked Persons", the relevance of the Palermo Convention and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. In addition, it continues to analyze responsibilities and obligations of States under the People trafficking, data on trafficking in question at the international level and in Brazil, highlighting in this, aspects of Brazilian law legislation on Human Trafficking and prospects, and the data of National Reports on Human Trafficking in Brazil and its diagnosis. It demonstrates also the importance of international cooperation in preventing and combating trafficking of people. In this, highlighting the partnerships established by Brazil with international organizations, which had as a result the development of the National Policy to Combat Human Trafficking in Brazil the implementation of National Plans to Combat Trafficking of people and report recent cases of international legal cooperation on Trafficking of people. For this, we used the deductive method, quantitative research, qualitative, literature and documents. / O tr??fico de pessoas ?? uma forma de escravid??o moderna que viola a dignidade do ser humano, considerado o terceiro neg??cio il??cito mais rent??vel do mundo, que vitima especialmente mulheres e crian??as, por serem vulner??veis. Consiste o referido tr??fico em uma das formas de viola????o dos direitos humanos cujo crescimento relaciona-se principalmente ?? globaliza????o, ??s quest??es de g??nero e ??s desigualdades sociais. Assim, analisa-se aspectos gerais do tr??fico internacional de pessoas, como um crime organizado transnacional, no contexto da globaliza????o, seus conceitos, finalidades e distin????es, aspectos hist??ricos e os fatores que colaboram para a pr??tica deste crime. Ainda, analisa-se o tr??fico de pessoas como uma forma de viola????o dos direitos humanos, compreendendo-se a import??ncia dos ???Padr??es de Direitos Humanos para o Tratamento de Pessoas Traficadas???, a relev??ncia da Conven????o de Palermo e do Protocolo Relativo ?? Preven????o, Repress??o e Puni????o do Tr??fico de Pessoas, em Especial Mulheres e Crian??as, as responsabilidades e obriga????es dos Estados no contexto do tr??fico de Pessoas, os dados referentes ao tr??fico em quest??o, no ??mbito internacional e no Brasil, destacando-se, neste, aspectos da legisla????o brasileira legisla????o Brasileira sobre Tr??fico de Pessoas e as perspectivas, e os dados dos Relat??rios Nacionais sobre Tr??fico de Pessoas no Brasil e seu diagn??stico. Demonstra-se, tamb??m, a relev??ncia da coopera????o internacional na preven????o e combate ao tr??fico de pessoas, destacando as parcerias realizadas pelo Brasil com Organismos Internacionais, que teve como um dos resultados a elabora????o da Pol??tica Nacional de Enfrentamento ao Tr??fico de Pessoas no Brasil e a implanta????o dos Planos Nacionais de Enfrentamento ao Tr??fico de Pessoas, al??m de relatar casos recentes de coopera????o jur??dica internacional no Tr??fico de Pessoas. Para tanto, utilizou-se o m??todo dedutivo, pesquisa quantitativa, qualitativa, bibliogr??fica e documental.

High-fidelity real-world lighting is a complex and rapidly expanding field of study in computer graphics. Rendering with real-world lighting plays a crucial part in motion pictures, computer games, Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) applications. There are, however, many constraints when capturing and representing real-world lights for rendering. In particular, dimensionality plays a significant role although existing industry-standard methods are inadequate to capture light throughout the three spatial, two angular and a temporal dimension simultaneously. Image Based Lighting (IBL) techniques addresses temporality by capturing two angular and the temporal dimension simultaneously. The Incident Light Fields (ILF) technique, on the other hand, can capture complex spatially varying real-world light incident on a static scene covering five angular and spatial dimensions. However, any changes in the positions or the radiometric properties of direct light sources in the scene over time invalidates the captured ILF due to the subsequent changes in the indirect lighting. In a dynamically varying lighting condition, ILF needs to be recaptured with each change in the lighting which is infeasible in most real-world situations. This thesis proposes a novel technique called “Dynamic Change Propagation” (DCP) that can simulate any changes made in the direct light and propagate the effects to the indirect lighting recorded in a captured ILF. Evaluations show average RMSE errors of 0.034 with absolute percentage errors of 6.8% for light source movement simulation and 0.013 (RMSE) for 3.4% for intensity change simulations. In addition to the DCP technique, this thesis proposes a novel “Temporal Incident Light Field” (Temporal ILF) technique which records the changes in the light sources over time and utilizes the DCP technique to simulate those changes into the originally recorded static ILF thus, capturing six (spatial, angular and temporal) dimensions. To the best of our knowledge, Temporal ILF is the first method which can record high-fidelity real-world light over all six spatial, angular and temporal dimensions simultaneously. The introduction of the DCP and Temporal ILF techniques in this thesis offers new ways of rendering with spatio-temporally variant high-fidelity real-world light.

High dynamic range (HDR) imaging techniques enable the full range of light in a scene to be captured, transmitted and displayed, eliminating under- and over-exposed regions. Storing the full range of light typically requires 32 bits of information per colour channel, four times larger than the 8 bits required for low dynamic range (LDR) data. If HDR is to fulfil its potential in a wide variety of applications such as live broadcast and interactive remote gaming, fast, efficient compression is required to provide HDR video without major changes to existing communications infrastructure. A number of methods have so far been proposed for HDR video compression, however they rely on computationally expensive transformations to either split the video into multiple 8-bit streams or convert to a perceptually uniform domain. This thesis will address the question of whether high-quality HDR video compression can be achieved in a computationally efficient manner by introducing a number of novel techniques. Initially, the power-law functions used by LDR video are extended to HDR data to provide a straightforward and efficient solution to HDR compression. The Power Transfer Function (PTF) is computationally inexpensive and an objective evaluation shows that it provides improved compression quality at a thirtieth of the computational cost of other leading methods while maintaining equivalent perceived quality. Subsequently, information about the content and ambient environment at the display are used to adaptively transform the compression method. A subjective evaluation involving 40 participants demonstrates that the necessary peak luminance of content is dependent on the ambient illumination of the display, and an objective evaluation confirms that optimal compression is affected by the peak luminance. An adaptive extension to PTF, Adaptive PTF (PTFa) is proposed using iterative optimisation to calculate the ideal compression curve, gaining 2.88 VDP over non-adaptive PTF. Finally, the computational performance of PTFa is improved by four orders of magnitude to enable real-time compression with little decrease in quality through deep learning. Predictive PTF (PTFp) utilises a model to predict the compression curved based on the content, display and ambient environment. This thesis demonstrates a fast, efficient method of general HDR video compression which is extended to provide a fast, adaptive solution for content-specific compression.