O fosfogesso é um resíduo da indústria de fertilizantes fosfatados que concentra radionuclídeos naturais. Neste trabalho foi estudada a taxa de exalação de 222Rn em placas e tijolos de fosfogesso, visando sua utilização na construção de residências. Para tanto, foram determinadas a taxa de exalação de 222Rn por meio da técnica da câmara de acumulação com detectores sólidos de traços nucleares (SSNTD) inseridos em uma câmara de difusão e a dose efetiva para um indivíduo habitando uma residência construída com esses materiais. A título de comparação foi também determinada a taxa de exalação teórica, por meio do modelo proposto pela UNSCEAR, a partir da concentração de 226Ra nas placas e tijolos de fosfogesso. A contribuição do revestimento na superfície dos materiais para a diminuição da taxa de exalação de radônio foi também avaliada. Foram estudados placas e tijolos fabricados com fosfogesso das empresas Bunge Fertilizantes, Ultrafertil e Fosfertil e tijolos fabricados com gesso comum. Os valores médios obtidos foram 0,19 0,06 Bq m-2 h-1, 1,3 0,3 Bq m-2 h-1 e 0,41 0,07 Bq m-2 h-1 para as placas fabricadas com fosfogesso proveniente das empresas Bunge, Ultrafertil e Fosfertil, respectivamente. Já para os tijolos de fosfogesso, os valores foram 0,11 0,01 Bq m-2 h-1, 1,2 0,6 Bq m-2 h-1, 0,47 0,15 Bq m-2 h-1, para o fosfogesso da Bunge, Ultrafertil e Fosfertil. O tijolo fabricado com gesso comum apresentou valor médio de 0,18 0,08 Bq m-2 h-1. As doses efetivas anuais para um indivíduo habitando uma residência construída como os tijolos ou placas de fosfogesso de qualquer uma das procedências ficaram abaixo do limite de dose efetiva para indivíduos do público de 1 mSva-1 estabelecido pela Comissão Internacional de Proteção Radiológica. / Phosphogypsum is a waste of the fertilizer industry that concentrates radionuclides. In this work, the 222Rn exhalation rate from phosphogypsum paltes and blocks from different origins used at dwellings construction was studied. The 222Rn exhalation rate was determined through the accumulation chamber technique with solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD). The effective dose for an individual living in a residence built with phosphogypsum based materials was evaluated. It also was calculated the 222Rn exhalation rate through the UNSCEAR model, from the 226Ra concentration in the materials, in order to compare the experimental results. It was evaluated the contribution of building component (paint) to the reduction of 222Rn exhalation rate. The plates and blocks were manufactured with phosphogypsum from Bunge Fertilizantes, Ultrafertil and Fosfertil. Blocks manufactured with ordinary gypsum was also evaluated. The average results obtained were 0.19 ± 0.06 Bq m-2 h-1, 1.3 ± 0.3 Bq m-2 h-1 and 0.41 ± 0.07 Bq m-2 h-1for plates manufactured with phosphogypsum from Bunge Fertilizer, Ultrafertil and Fosfertil, respectively. For the phosphogypsum blocks the values were 0.11 ± 0.01 Bq m-2 h-1, 1.2 ± 0.6 Bq m-2 h-1, 0.47 ± 0.15 Bq m-2 h-1, for Bunge, Ultrafertil and Fosfertil. The blocks manufactured with ordinary gypsum presented average value of 0.18 ± 0.08 Bq m-2 h-1. All phosphogypsum plates and blocks evaluated in this study presented effective dose for radon inhalation lower than the recommended value of 1mSv y1, the annual effective dose limit for public exposure by International Commission on Radiological Protection.

Nesta dissertação, discute-se o problema de otimização de carteiras de investimento para estratégia passiva de Index Tracking. Os objetivos principais são (i) apresentar um modelo de otimização de Index Tracking e (ii) a solucionar esse modelo com uso do método heurístico de Algoritmos Genéticos (AG) para formação de carteiras com número reduzido de ativos. O índice de referência utilizado é o Ibovespa, para o período de Janeiro/2009 a Julho/2012, com um total de 890 observações diárias de preços. A partir de uma amostra de 67 ativos, são formadas carteiras sem limite de ativos e limitadas a 40, 30, 20, 10 e 05 ativos; os intervalos de rebalanceamento das carteiras são 20, 40 e 60 períodos (dias úteis), ou seja, rebalanceamento mensal, bimestral e trimestral. É verificado que, para essa amostra, não é possível formar carteiras de 20 ou menos ativos via otimização direta com o solver Cplex com menos de 1 hora de processamento e gap abaixo de 5%. Com uso da heurística de Algoritmos Genéticos, são formadas carteiras de 10 e 05 ativos com tempo de processamento em torno de 5 minutos; nesse caso, o gap médio fica abaixo de 10% para ambos os tipos de carteira. E, com tempo de processamento do AG um pouco maior, em torno de 8 minutos, o algoritmo fornece soluções para carteiras de 10 e 05 ativos com gap médio abaixo de 5%. / In this master’s thesis it is discussed the portfolio optimization problem using the passive investment strategy of Index Tracking. The main goals are (i) to present an optimization model for the Index Tracking problem and (ii) to solve this model using the heuristic approach of Genetic Algorithms (GA) to create portfolios with reduced amount of stocks. The benchmark used is the Ibovespa Index (main reference for the Brazilian Stock Market), during the period from January/2009 to July/2012 (using a total of 890 daily stock prices). The sample contains 67 assets, and the model is used to build portfolios without limit in the amount of assets and portfolios limited to 40, 30, 20, 10 and 05 assets; the ranges of time to rebalance the portfolios are 20, 40, and 60 trading days, which means to rebalance monthly, bimonthly and quarterly. The results show that, considering this sample, it is not possible to build portfolios with 20 stocks (or less than 20) through direct optimization using the solver Cplex with computational processing time less than 1 hour and results with gap below 5%. On the other hand, using the Genetic Algorithms heuristic approach, portfolios limited to 10 and 05 stocks are built with computational time close to 5 minutes; for both types of portfolio, the solutions provided by the GA have average gap below 10%. Also, with a computational time slightly bigger, close to 8 minutes, the algorithm provides solutions with average gap below 5% for portfolios limited to 10 and 05 stocks.

Track stiffness is the one of the most critical parameters of the track structure. Its evaluation is important to assess track quality, component performance, localised faults and optimise maintenance periods and activities. Keeping the track stiffness within acceptable range of values is connected with keeping the railway network in a satisfactorily performing condition, allowing thereby upgrade of its capacity (speed, load, intensity). Current railway standards are changing to define loading and stiffness requirements for improved ballasted and ballastless performance under high speed train traffic. In recent years various techniques have been used to measure track deflection which have been also used to validate numerical models to assess various problems within the railway network. Based on recent introduction of the Video Gauge for its application in the civil engineering industry this project provides the proof of effective applicability of this DIC (Digital image correlation) tool for the accurate assessment of track deflection and the calculation of track stiffness through its effective applicability in various track conditions for assessing the stiffness of various track forms including track irregularities where abrupt change in track stiffness occur such as transition zones and rail joints. Attention is given in validation of numerical modelling of the response of insulated rail joints under the passage of wheel load within the goal to improve track performance adjacent to rail joints and contribute to the sponsoring company s product offering. This project shows a means of improving the rail joint behaviour by using external structural reinforcement, and this is presented through numerical modelling validated by laboratory and field measurements. The structural response of insulated rail joints (IRJs) under the wheel vertical load passage is presented to enhance industry understanding of the effect of critical factors of IRJ response for various IRJ types that was served as a parametric FE model template for commercial studies for product optimisation.

Acompanha 2 mapas / Orientador: Peter Christian Hackspacher / Coorientador: Antonio Roberto Saad / Banca: Renato Rodriguez Cabral Ramos / Banca: Carlos Alberto Tello Saenz / Resumo: O Rift Continental do Sudeste do Brasil representa uma importante feição geológica, tanto por seu potencial econômico (areias, argilas, turfas e hidrocarbonetos), quanto para fins de estudos geológicos, pois trata-se de uma estrutura, de graben e horts, preservada e que não se encontra recoberto por águas, o que facilita suas pesquisas. Este estudo compreende a aplicação de análises termocronológicas por traços de fissão, em apatitas e zircões, com o intuito de verificar mudanças nos padrões térmicos que causaram alterações no ambiente, soerguimentos tectônicos, alçamento de isotermas e denudações. Utilizando para isto amostras coletadas em três bacias do segmento central (Taubaté, Resende e Volta Redonda). As idades obtidas remontam uma história complexa do ponto de vista evolutivo da região sudeste do Brasil, desde o Cretáceo Inferior, com o início do processo de quebramento do Continente Gondwana, passando por registros associados a intrusões alcalinas e um soerguimento regional, no início do Cretáceo Superior e finalmente entre o Paleoceno-Eoceno é resgatado o período em que ocorreu todo o processo de abertura do Rift Continental do Sudeste do Brasil (RCSB) e alterações em seu entorno. A disposição geral das idades por traços de fissão evidencia um envelhecimento em direção ao interior do continente, porém amostras muito próximas ao RCBS mostram um rejuvenescimento, possivelmente em função de um evento tectônico que culminou no surgimento das depressões que geraram as bacias deste rift. Cálculos de taxas de soerguimento e exumação mostram que os eventos foram intensificados durante o Cretáceo, aumentando consideravelmente os valores de soerguimento e exumação em períodos mais recentes. Com base nos resultados dos altos estruturais... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Continental Rift of southeastern Brazil is an important geological feature, both for its economic potential (sand, clay, turfs and oil), as for geological studies, because it is a structure of graben and horsts, preserved and which is not covered by water, which facilitates their resources. This study includes the application of analysis of fission tracks in apatites and zircons, for determine changes in thermal patterns that a caused change in the environment, tectonic's uplift, rises isotherms and denudations. Making use of samples collected in three basins of the central segment (Taubaté, Resende and Volta Redonda). The ages obtained a complex history dating back from the rolling region of southeastern Brazil, from the Lower Cretaceous, with the beginning of the Gondwana break, through records associated with alkaline intrusions and a strong uplift at the beginning of the Upper Cretaceous. Finally between Paleocene-Eocene is identified the time (interval) that happened all the process of opened the Brazilian Southern Continental Rift (RCSB) and changes around this structure. The general features of the age of fission shows an aging toward the interior of the continent, but samples near of RCBS shows a ages that have a rejuvenescence, possibly for apparition of basin of rift. Calculations of rates of exhumation and uplift show that the events have been intensified during the Cretaceous, increasing considerably the values in recent periods. Based on the results of high internal structural supports and between the basins, our agree ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Nos últimos anos, tem-se presenciado um contínuo aumento na demanda por transporte de carga ferroviário no Brasil, o que tem se refletido em maior volume de projetos para expansão ou revitalização da malha existente no país. Diante deste quadro atual, torna-se essencial que o profissional envolvido com a elaboração de projetos da via permanente tenha em mãos informações atualizadas a respeito da variedade de componentes da grade ferroviária existente no mercado, a fim de que os projetos atendam plenamente às necessidades do cliente. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo pesquisar e analisar os tipos de componentes existentes no mercado usados na composição da grade ferroviária (trilhos, dormentes e fixações), com foco principal naqueles que podem ser aplicados às ferrovias de transporte de carga. Primeiramente, a partir de pesquisa em material bibliográfico nacional e internacional, serão descritos os principais aspectos técnicos que devem ser considerados no processo de avaliação destes componentes, tendo como base os parâmetros de projeto da via estabelecidos previamente de acordo com as exigências da operação de carga, tais como: carga por eixo, velocidade de operação, rampa máxima, etc. Em seguida, serão apresentados os tipos de trilhos, dormentes (madeira, concreto monobloco e bi-bloco, aço e plástico) e fixações (rígidas e elásticas) existentes atualmente no mercado e suas características de desempenho e condições de uso estabelecidas pelos respectivos fabricantes. Os dados obtidos nas duas etapas descritas anteriormente serão analisados e confrontados, de forma que seja possível explicitar as relações de interdependência que existem entre os diferentes tipos de componentes. Ao final do trabalho, será apresentado um modelo de fluxograma que reúne os dados de entrada para o projeto da ferrovia de transporte de carga, as diretrizes técnicas que devem ser atendidas em seu projeto e, por fim, os tipos de componentes da grade ferroviária que podem ser empregados de acordo com o caso estudado. Com isso, espera-se que o produto final gerado possa ser uma ferramenta útil na etapa de concepção de novos projetos ferroviários, visto que apresentará de maneira clara e objetiva um conjunto de informações bastante abrangente e atualizado a respeito dos critérios técnicos e das opções de componentes disponíveis no mercado, fornecendo uma orientação inicial consistente ao profissional envolvido sobre os materiais que podem ser aplicados à via em estudo. / Over the last years, a continuous increase on demand for railroad heavy haul transport has been witnessed in Brazil, reflecting in bigger volume of projects for expansion or improvement of the existing lines in the country. With this current situation, it becomes essential that the professional involved with the elaboration of projects of the permanent way should have information brought up to date regarding the variety of components of the existing railroad materials in the market, so that the projects take care of fully to the necessities of the customer. Thus being, the present work has as main objective to search and to analyze the types of existing components in the market used in the composition of the railroad superstructure (rails, ties and fastenings), with main focus in that which can be applied to the heavy haul railways. First, from research in national and international bibliographical material, the main aspects related to the performance that must be considered in the process of evaluation of these components will be describes, having as base the design parameters of the way established previously in accordance with the requirements of the load operation, such as: position for axle, speed of operation, maximum slope, and others. After that, the types of rails, ties (wood ties, monoblock and bi-block concrete ties, steel ties and plastic ties) and fastenings (rigid and elastic) currently available in the market and its characteristics of performance and conditions of use will be presented, according to the information provided by the its respective manufacturers. All the reports showed in the two previous described stages will be analyzed and compared, so that is possible to highlight the interdependence relations that exist between the different types of components. At the end of the work, a flowchart model which gathers the input data about the heavy haul railroad, the performance guidelines that should be followed and the types of components of the railroad superstructure that can be used in accordance to the studied case, will be presented. With that, it is expected that the produced flowchart could be a useful tool in the stage of design of a new railroad, once it will present in a clear and objective way an embracing and up-to-date set of information regarding the performance criteria and the options of components available in the market, supplying a consistent initial orientation to the designer about the materials that could be applied to the railway.

This roundtable discussion offers insights from first-year and recent faculty members about the ups and downs of the transition from graduate student to faculty member. While uch of the last year of graduate school is focused on finding a job that fits, adjusting to that job requires a shift in self-identity and role competence in addition to the physical relocation. The expectations and responsibilities as a faculty colleague, instructor, and advisor are greater. Unlike graduate school, you may be the only new person in the department, and so must acclimate to a new culture and navigate new departmental politics alone. And of course, the tenure clock starts ticking. The presenters will each discuss an aspect of the transition based on their own experiences and offer strategies for surviving and thriving in a new position.

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Planning training programs for strength–power track and field athletes require an understanding of both training principles and training theory. The training principles are overload, variation, and specificity. Each of these principles must be incorporated into an appropriate system of training. Conceptually, periodization embraces training principles and offers advantages in planning, allowing for logical integration and manipulation of training variables such as exercise selection, intensification, and volume factors. The adaptation and progress of the athlete is to a large extent directly related to the ability of the coach/athlete to create and carry an efficient and efficacious training process. This ability includes: an understanding of how exercises affect physiological and performance adaptation (i.e., maximum force, rate of force development, power, etc.), how to optimize transfer of training effect ensuring that training exercises have maximum potential for carryover to performance, and how to implement programs with variations at appropriate levels (macro, meso, and micro) such that fatigue management is enhanced and performance progress is optimized.

The process of strength–power training and the subsequent adaptation is a multi-factorial process. These factors range from the genetics and morphological characteristics of the athlete to how a coach selects, orders, and doses exercises and loading patterns. Consequently, adaptation from these training factors may largely relate to the mode of delivery, in other words, programming tactics. There is strong evidence that the manner and phases in which training is presented to the athlete can make a profound difference in performance outcome. This discussion deals primarily with block periodization concepts and associated methods of programming for strength–power training within track and field.

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