A classificação das issues ou questões nos repositórios de manutenção de software é realizada atualmente pelos desenvolvedores de software. Entretanto, essa classificação manual não é livre de erros, os quais geram problemas na distribuição das issues para as equipes de tratamento. Isso acontece porque os desenvolvedores, geralmente os propositores das issues, possuem o mal hábito de classificá-las como bugs. Essas classificações errôneas produzem a distribuição de issues para uma equipe de tratamento de outro tipo de issue, gerando retrabalho para as equipes entre outras desvantagens. Por isso, o principal objetivo almejado com o estudo é a melhoria dessa classificação, utilizando de uma abordagem de classificação das issues realizada de maneira automatizada. Essa abordagem foi implementada com técnicas de Aprendizado de Máquina. Estas técnicas mostram que as palavras-chave discriminantes dos tipos de issues podem ser utilizadas como atributos de classificadores automáticos para a predição dessas issues. A abordagem foi avaliada sobre 5 projetos open source extraídos de 2 issue trackers conhecidos, Jira e Bugzilla. Por se tratarem de issue trackers de longa data, os projetos escolhidos forneceram boa quantidade de issues para este estudo. Essas issues, cerca de 7000, foram classificadas por especialistas humanos no trabalho [Herzig, Just e Zeller 2013], produzindo um gabarito utilizado para a realização deste estudo. Este trabalho produziu um classificador automático de issues, com acurácia de 81%, capaz de discriminá-las nos tipos bug, request for enhancement e improvement. O bom resultado de acurácia sugere que o classificador concebido possa ser utilizado em sistemas de encaminhamento de issues para as equipes de tratamento, com a Ąnalidade de diminuir retrabalho dessas equipes que ocorre em virtude da má classificação. / The classification of issues in software maintenance repositories is currently done by software developers. However, this classification is conducted manually and is not free of errors, which cause problems in the distribution of issues to the maintenance teams. This happen because the developers, which usually are the proponents of the issues, have the bad habit of classifying them as bugs. This erroneous rating generates rework and other disadvantages to the teams. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to improve this classification, using an issue classification approach conducted in an automated manner. In turn, this approach was implemented based on machine learning tecniques. These tecniques show that keywords discriminant of issues types can be used as attributes of automatic classifiers for prediction of these issues. The approach was evaluated on five open source projects extracted from two widely used issue trackers, Jira and Bugzilla. Because they are old issue trackers, the chosen projects provided good number of issues for this study. These issues, about 7.000, were classified by human experts at work [Herzig, Just e Zeller 2013], producing a feedback which was used for this study. This present work produced an automatic issues classifier, with 81% of accuracy, able to predict them in types of bug, request for enhancement and improvement. The result of accuracy obtained by this classifier suggests that it can be used in delivery systems to treatment teams with the purpose of reducing rework that occurs in these teams because of the poor issues rating. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:53:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo1938_1.pdf: 2696606 bytes, checksum: c2ff3cbbb3029fd0f89eb8d67c0e4f08 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Manutenção e evolução de software são atividades caracterizadas pelo seu enorme custo e baixa velocidade de execução. Não obstante, elas são atividades inevitáveis para garantir a qualidade do software quase todo software bem sucedido estimula os usuários a fazer pedidos de mudanças e melhorias. Sommerville é ainda mais enfático e diz que mudanças em projetos de software são um fato. Além disso, diferentes estudos têm afirmado ao longo dos anos que as atividades de manutenção e evolução de software são as mais caras do ciclo de desenvolvimento, sendo responsável por cerca de até 90% dos custos. Todas essas peculiaridades da fase de manutenção e evolução de software leva o mundo acadêmico e industrial a investigar constantemente novas soluções para reduzir os custos dessas atividades. Neste contexto, Gerência de Configuração de Software (GCS) é um conjunto de atividades e normas para a gestão da evolução e manutenção de software; GCS define como são registradas e processadas todas as modificações, o impacto das mesmas em todo o sistema, dentre outros procedimentos. Para todas estas tarefas de GCM existem diferentes ferramentas de auxílio, tais como sistemas de controle de versão e bug trackers. No entanto, alguns problemas podem surgir devido ao uso das mesmas, como por exemplo o problema de atribuição automática de responsável por um bug report e o problema de duplicação de bug reports. Neste sentido, esta dissertação investiga o problema de duplicação de bug reports resultante da utilização de bug trackers em projetos de desenvolvimento de software. Tal problema é caracterizado pela submissão de dois ou mais bug reports que descrevem o mesmo problema referente a um software, tendo como principais conseqüências a sobrecarga de trabalho na busca e análise de bug reports, e o mal aproveitamento do tempo destinado a essa atividade

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Le thème du vieillissement de la population française est bien connu. Les effets sont plus importants qu’on le pense souvent. L’habitat, les pratiques urbaines, les services et commerces doivent être adaptés. Le géographe aborde le thème par la relation des usagers aux territoires en faisant appel aux outils scientifiques donnés par la psychologie environnementale et aux indications de la médecine.Ce travail répond à une demande professionnelle d’ICADE, un des principaux promoteurs immobiliers du pays. L’auteur met en œuvre des méthodes très concrètes : cartes mentales, GPS, qui permettent de saisir le mieux possible les besoins des usagers. Plusieurs expérimentations ont été conduites, à différentes échelles, sur divers terrains (Lyon et Rhône-Alpes, Région parisienne, Nice). La troisième partie de l’ouvrage est une réflexion sur la gouvernance la plus efficiente qui devrait présider à la mise en œuvre de pôles gérontologiques et de réseaux de santé. / The aging of the French population is a well- known topic but its effects are more important than is usually thought. The dwelling, the urban living habits, the services and amenities have to be adapted to seniors.The geographer tackles the problem through the relation of elder people to their living territory by using scientific tools provided by environmental psychology, and by referring to medical data.This research work has been made at the professional request of ICADE, one of the leading estate developers in France. The author applies very concrete methods, such as the use of mental maps and GPS trackers, so as to grasp the needs of seniors as accurately as possible. Several experiments have been conducted, at different scales and in different surroundings -Lyon and the Rhône-Alpes region, the Paris region, and also the city of Nice. The third part of the study consists in reflecting on the governance that would be the most efficient to implement the “gerontopôles” (structures associating geriatrics, medical and social care and gerontology).

This work deals with eye tracking systems and possibility of using them for control of many software or hardware devices. Project explains eye anatomy and electrophysiology, types of eye trackers and methods of eye tracking. We studied methods of image processing and image analyzing in LabVIEW development system and IMAQ Vision subsystem. On the base of these studies, we created whole eye tracking system .This system can be used for both the eye tracking from video recording and real time eye tracking. This system can monitor position or trajectory of look.

Background:  In recent years the interest in self-care has expanded, with sleep playing a big part. Concurrently, the development of self-monitoring wristwatches has enabled individuals to track their sleep. Commonly these are called sleep trackers. Since many sleep trackers are not developed for clinical use, their credibility is questionable, and it is unclear how they compare to clinical sleep trackers.  Aim: This study aims to obtain a clear understanding of which of the sleep trackers ActiGraph GT9X Link and Polar Vantage V2 is most reliable when measuring sleep. ActiGraph GT9X Link is developed for clinical purposes, and Polar Vantage V2 is developed for commercial use. To quantify the comparison, the differences in measuring multiple sleep parameters will be observed.  Method:  An empirical study was conducted with 16 participants included. Each participant wore both watches for one night’s sleep and journaled their sleep in a sleep diary. The data was then collected and analyzed with a Wilcoxon signed-rank test.  Results:  The result highlighted that ActiGraph GT9X Link had a wider distribution of the sleep parameters in comparison to Polar Vantage V2, with three out of five sleep parameters showing a significant difference. Polar Vantage V2 also conformed better to the sleep diary for almost all 16 participants.  Conclusion:  Polar Vantage V2 has a significantly higher accuracy in tracking many sleep parameters than ActiGraph GT9X Link. What the future holds for ActiGraph GT9X Link is unclear since it was outperformed by a commercially used wristwatch which does not meet the EU requirements of a medical device by MDR (regulations for medical devices, EU 2017/745). / Under senare år har intresset för allmänhälsan ökat, och i ett mer tekniskt samhälle är information mer lättillgängligt än någonsin. Ett av de främsta bidragen till förbättrad hälsa är att individen får högkvalitativ sömn. Detta görs enklast genom att man sover tillräckligt länge, men det handlar även om att spendera tillräcklig med tid oavbrutet i de olika sömnstadierna som sker under sömnen. Dessa sömnstadier heter REM (Rapid eye movement) och NREM (Non rapid eye movement) sömn. REM är det stadiet då individen drömmer. I denna fas återhämtas kroppens kognitiva förmåga. NREM är en gruppering av alla övriga sömnstadier, vanligen kallat för lättsömn och djupsömn. Att få tillräckligt med tid inom dessa sömnstadier är väsentligt för kroppens fysiska återhämtning. Polysomnografi (PSG) är en metod som används inom klinisk neurofysiologi för att undersöka individens sömn och dess relaterade parametrar. Generellt anses det som den gyllene standarden för sömnmätning, då den mäter alla relevanta parametrar som har koppling till sömnen. Metoden är dessvärre dyr samt omständlig för patienten då den kräver elektrodkopplingar över hela kroppen, och måste göras i en kontrollerad miljö. Kliniken har därför infört aktivitetsmätare med sömnmätningsfunktioner, även kallat sömnmätare. Beroende på dess utformning och inställningar så kan sömnmätare bäras på bland annat handleden, höften eller fotleden. Sömnmätare utgår huvudsakligen ifrån rörelser för att bedöma sömn. För detta används en inbyggd accelerometer, vilket är en sensor som mäter rörelser och omvandlar det till en signal. Signalen tolkas med inbyggda sömnalgoritmer, för att bedöma minutvis om individen sover eller ej. I moderna sömnmätare finns det vanligtvis även flera inbyggda sensorer. Dessa bevakar vissa fysiologiska parametrar och användarens omgivning för att assistera vid sömnbedömningen. Ofta förekommer en fotopletysmograf i moderna sömnmätare, vilket är en sensor som mäter bland annat pulsen. I dessa sömnmätare så används specialiserade sömnalgoritmer, där både användarens rörelser och puls tas hänsyn till för sömnbedömning.  En välstuderad sömnmätare är ActiGraph GT9X Link, som används på det Energimetaboliska Laboratoriet (EML) på Akademiska sjukhuset i Uppsala, denna är endast utrustad med en accelerometer. ActiGraph GT9X Link är utvecklad för kliniska bedömningar, och har validerats av mycket forskning. Samtidigt har många kommersiella sömnmätare börjat utvecklas. En av dessa är Polar Vantage V2, som är utrustad med både accelerometer och fotopletysmograf. Dock har det inte gjorts någon tidigare jämförande forskning kring Polar Vantage V2:s sömnmätning.  I detta projekt utfördes en jämförande studie mellan ActiGraph GT9X Link och Polar Vantage V2. Den empiriska studien innehöll 16 deltagare, där varje deltagare fick under en natt bära båda sömnmätarna samtidigt och sova hemma. Syftet av studien var att jämföra sömnmätarna för att se vilken som har pålitligast sömnregistrering. Eftersom studien inte innefattade PSG fanns det inget referensvärde att förhålla sig till, istället användes en kompletterande sömndagbok som deltagarna själva fyllde i. Där fick deltagarna ange när de la sig till sängs, när de vaknade samt tider för eventuella avbrott under natten.  För att bedöma vilken sömnmätare som ansågs pålitligast så observerades skillnader mellan båda sömnmätarna och med sömndagboken. Ifall en sömnmätare skulle skilja sig avsevärt iv mycket i sin sömnmätning skulle det tyda på att den var mindre pålitlig. Frågeställningen som användes var: “hur skiljer sig de två sömnmätarna ActiGraph GT9X Link och Polar Vantage V2 vid insamling av sömnlängd, sömneffektivitet och avbrott med hänsyn till en sömndagbok?”. Datainsamling skedde med respektive sömnmätares mjukvara och sömndagbok, och sammanställdes sedan i Excel. All data visualiserades i Excel med punktoch låddiagram, samt analyserades skillnaderna mellan sömnmätarna i Rstudio med hypotestester.  Utifrån syftet av studien tyder resultaten på att ActiGraph GT9X Link är mindre pålitlig än Polar Vantage V2 vid sömnregistrering. I resultaten hade GT9X Link en större spridning av samtliga sömnparametrar i jämförelse med Polar Vantage V2. Dessutom avvek GT9X Link mer från sömndagboken för nästan alla testpersoner. Från hypotestesterna kunde Vantage V2 bevisa en signifikant högre precision i att mäta flera sömnparametrar än GT9X Link.  Hur framtiden ser ut för GT9X Link är oklart, då en kommersiell sömnmätare tydligt överträffar dess kapabilitet gällande sömnregistrering. Samtidigt saknar den kommersiella sömnmätaren från Polar klassificering som en medicinteknisk produkt. Den strider därmed mot EU-förordningen av medicintekniska produkter (MDR) för klinisk användning. På grund av detta går det endast att rekommendera Vantage V2 över GT9X Link i sammanhang som ej berör patienter, exempelvis vidare forskningsarbete kring sömn.

Traditional cameras are most commonly used in visual SLAM to provide visual information about the scene and positional information about the camera motion. However, in the presence of varying illumination and rapid camera movement, the visual quality captured by traditional cameras diminishes. This limits the applicability of visual SLAM in challenging environments such as search and rescue situations. The emerging event camera has been shown to overcome the limitations of the traditional camera with the event camera's superior temporal resolution and wider dynamic range, opening up new areas of applications and research for event-based SLAM. In this thesis, several asynchronous feature detectors and trackers will be used to initialize SLAM using event camera data. To assess the pose estimation accuracy between the different feature detectors and trackers, the initialization performance was evaluated from datasets captured from various environments. Furthermore, two different methods to align corner-events were evaluated on the datasets to assess the difference. Results show that besides some slight variation in the number of accepted initializations, the alignment methods show no overall difference in any metric. Overall highest performance among the event-based trackers for initialization is HASTE with mostly high pose accuracy and a high number of accepted initializations. However, the performance degrades in featureless scenes. CET on the other hand shows mostly lower performance compared to HASTE.

The present dissertation develops an invariant framework for 3D gesture comparison studies. 3D gesture comparison without Lagrangian models is challenging not only because of the lack of prediction provided by physics, but also because of a dual geometry representation, spatial dimensionality and non-linearity associated to 3D-kinematics. In 3D spaces, it is difficult to compare curves without an alignment operator since it is likely that discrete curves are not synchronized and do not share a common point in space. One has to assume that each and every single trajectory in the space is unique. The common answer is to assert the similitude between two or more trajectories as estimating an average distance error from the aligned curves, provided that the alignment operator is found. In order to avoid the alignment problem, the method uses differential geometry for position and orientation curves. Differential geometry not only reduces the spatial dimensionality but also achieves view invariance. However, the nonlinear signatures may be unbounded or singular. Yet, it is shown that pattern recognition between intrinsic signatures using correlations is robust for position and orientation alike. A new mapping for orientation sequences is introduced in order to treat quaternion and Euclidean intrinsic signatures alike. The new mapping projects a 4D-hyper-sphere for orientations onto a 3D-Euclidean volume. The projection uses the quaternion invariant distance to map rotation sequences into 3D-Euclidean curves. However, quaternion spaces are sectional discrete spaces. The significance is that continuous rotation functions can be only approximated for small angles. Rotation sequences with large angle variations can only be interpolated in discrete sections. The current dissertation introduces two multi-scale approaches that improve numerical stability and bound the signal energy content of the intrinsic signatures. The first is a multilevel least squares curve fitting method similar to Haar wavelet. The second is a geodesic distance anisotropic kernel filter. The methodology testing is carried out on 3D-gestures for obstetrics training. The study quantitatively assess the process of skill acquisition and transfer of manipulating obstetric forceps gestures. The results show that the multi-scale correlations with intrinsic signatures track and evaluate gesture differences between experts and trainees.

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