Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging technique to visualize internal structures of the body. Diffusion MRI is an MRI modality that measures overall diffusion effect of molecules in vivo and non-invasively. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an extended technique of diffusion MRI. The major application of DTI is to measure the location, orientation and anisotropy of fiber tracts in white matter. It enables non-invasive investigation of major neural pathways of human brain, namely tractography. As spatial resolution of MRI is limited, it is possible that there are multiple fiber bundles within the same voxel. However, diffusion tensor model is only capable of resolving a single direction. The goal of this dissertation is to investigate complex anatomical structures using high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) data without any assumption on the parameters. The dissertation starts with a study of the noise distribution of truncated MRI data. The noise is often not an issue in diffusion tensor model. However, in HARDI studies, with many more gradient directions being scanned, the number of repetitions of each gradient direction is often small to restrict total acquisition time, making signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) lower. Fitting complex diffusion models to data with reduced SNR is a major interest of this study. We focus on fitting diffusion models to data using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method, in which the noise distribution is used to maximize the likelihood. In addition to the parameters being estimated, we use likelihood values for model selection when multiple models are fit to the same data. The advantage of carrying out model selection after fitting the models is that both the quality of data and the quality of fitting results are taken into account. When it comes to tractography, we extend streamline method by using covariance of the estimated parameters to generate probabilistic tracts according to the uncertainty of local tract orientations.

BACKGROUND: A number of epilepsy syndromes are characterized by sleep-activated epileptiform discharges, however drivers of this process are not well understood. Previous research has found that thalamic injury in early life may increase the odds of sleep-activated spikes. Benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) is among the most common pediatric-onset epilepsy syndromes, characterized by sleep-potentiated spike activity, a focal sensorimotor seizure semiology, and deficits in language, attention, and behavioral functioning. Though ictal and interictal electro-clinical activity resolves during mid-adolescence, adverse psychosocial outcomes may persist. Previous findings from monozygotic twin and neuroimaging studies suggest a multifactorial pattern of disease and raise suspicion for structural changes in thalamocortical connectivity focal to the seizure onset zone, though this has not been explored. OBJECTIVE: This research aims to (1) assess white matter differences in focal thalamocortical connectivity between BECTS cases and healthy controls using validated probabilistic tractography methods, (2) assess the association between spike burden and white matter connectivity focal to the seizure onset zone, and (3) evaluate longitudinal changes in thalamocortical connectivity across four cases. METHODS: 42 subjects ages 6-15 years were recruited between November 2015 and February 2018, including 23 BECTS cases and 19 healthy controls. Subjects underwent 3 Tesla structural and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (2mm x 2mm x 2mm) with 64 gradient directions (b-value=2000) and 72 electrode sleep-deprived electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. Seed and target regions of interest (ROIs) were created within each hemisphere using the Desikan-Killiany atlas, with the thalamus set as a seed ROI, and SOZ cortex and non-SOZ (NSOZ) cortex as target ROIs. Probabilistic tractography was executed using PROBTRACKX2 with 500 streamlines per seed voxel, 0.5 millimeter steps, and a curvature threshold of 0.2. All streamlines reaching the target ROI were summed and normalized by seed voxel count. Results for BECTS and healthy controls were plotted by age. The slope of thalamocortical connectivity versus age was computed for each group and compared between groups using nonparametric bootstrap analysis. Additionally, the association between SOZ connectivity and spike burden was assessed in a subgroup analysis using a linear regression model, controlling for age. RESULTS: A significant difference in the developmental trajectory of thalamocortical connectivity to the SOZ in BECTS cases compared to healthy controls was found (p=0.014), where the increase in connectivity with age observed in healthy controls was not present in BECTS children. These results did not extend to NSOZ thalamocortical connections (p=0.192). Longitudinal results support these observations, where all BECTS cases who underwent repeat imaging (N=4) showed a decrease in thalamocortical connectivity to the SOZ over the follow-up period. No relationship was found between thalamocortical connectivity and spike burden (p=0.840). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that children with BECTS show subtle alterations in thalamocortical white matter development focal to the seizure onset zone. Thalamocortical connectivity to the SOZ does not appear to directly mediate non-REM sleep spike potentiation in BECTS. Limitations of this study include the potential for selection bias and limited power to detect sample differences. Additional research is needed to further characterize thalamocortical network changes and electrographic and neuropsychological correlates.

Dans cette thèse, nous présentons un système complet permettant de sauvegarder un processus destructif tel qu'une dissection anatomique. Nous proposons une méthode depuis l'acquisition 3D des données jusqu'à la visualisation interactive et immersive, dans le but de créer une vérité terrain. L'acquisition 3D regroupe l'acquisition de la géométrie par scanner laser (maillage) ainsi que de l'information de couleur par le biais d'un appareil photo haute résolution (texture). Ce processus d'acquisition et répété au cours de la dissection du spécimen. Les différentes acquisitions du spécimen sont représentées par des surfaces 3D texturées. Elles sont ensuite recalées entre elles. Un expert anatomiste peut alors explorer ces différentes étapes de dissections modélisées dans une visualisation immersive en utilisant du matériel d'interaction (bras haptique). Un outil d'étiquetage permet une segmentation manuelle précise de régions d'intérêt visibles sur chacune des surfaces 3D. Un objet tridimensionnel peut ensuite être reconstruit et proposé à l'utilisateur sur la base des zones d'intérêt étiquetées. Le but étant de créer des vérité terrains afin de confronter des résultats issus de modalités d'acquisition volumiques (IRM). Nous montrons l'application de la méthode à la reconstruction de faisceaux de fibres blanches humaine dans le but de valider des résultats de tractographie. / In this thesis, we present a system to keep track of a destructive process such as a medical specimen dissection, from data acquisition to interactive and immersive visualization, in order to build ground truth models. Acquisition is a two-step process, first involving a 3D laser scanner to get a 3D surface, and then a high resolution camera for capturing the texture. This acquisition process is repeated at each step of the dissection, depending on the expected accuracy and the specific objects to be studied. Thanks to fiducial markers, surfaces are registered on each others. Experts can then explore data using interaction hardware in an immersive 3D visualization. An interactive labeling tool is provided to the anatomist, in order to identify regions of interest on each acquired surface. 3D objects can then be reconstructed according to the selected surfaces. We aim to produce ground truths which for instance can be used to validate data acquired with MRI. The system is applied to the specific case of white fibers reconstruction in the human brain.

The human brain changes in a complex and heterogeneous way throughout life, the normal aging process is associated to significant alterations in the axonal connections. In this study, we evaluated the age-related changes in physical parameters associated with the brain white and gray matter integrity in healthy subjects, as well as the possible correlation between them in specific tracts. Structural images (1 mm isotropic) and diffusion weighted images (2 mm isotropic, b = 1000 s /mm2) of 158 healthy individuals aged between 18 and 83 years were retrospectively collected at the Clinics Hospital of Ribeirao Preto, after their acquisition in a 3T MR scanner. From the structural images, the cortical thickness was estimated and the age effect was evaluated in several regions based on the Atlas of Destrieux. The diffusion-weighted images were processed to characterize the intravoxel diffusion using two models: diffusion tensor (DT) and constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD). Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent density of fiber (AFD) maps were estimated and used in statistical group analysis between the three groups separated by age. The most relevant brain tracts were segmented by three procedures: manually, automatically with a specific tool and based on automatic segmented cortical regions. Physical parameters of diffusion (anisotropy and diffusivities) were evaluated in the segmented tracts to determine the age-related changes. The connectome analysis based on two cortical parcellations was performed to evaluate the age effect on characteristic structural brain network parameters. The tract-cortical relationship was evaluated considering the anisotropy of each tract and the thickness of the cortical areas at the end of the corresponding tract. Further analysis was performed to evaluate a possible association of structural and functional connectivity in the corpus callosum (CC). There was significant cortical thinning in 88.5% of the regions during life (p <0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons); the frontal region was the most affected in the initial aging (after 40 years), and the occipital and temporal regions in the elderly (after 60 years). Similarly, the group analysis demonstrated a global pattern of reduction of FA and AFD in the white matter, with a higher rate of degradation of integrity from the sixth decade of life. The manual selection of tracts from the DT model proved to be the most reliable methodology in the precise definition of the tracts for our data. Following this methodology, analysis of anisotropy and diffusion parameters also indicated degeneration of white matter in normal aging in all studied brain tracts and corroborated to the antero-posterior gradient of degeneration in the CC. Fornix was the most affected tract bilaterally, with a 3.5% reduction and an increase of 4% per decade in these parameters, respectively; followed by CC. In the evaluation of the age effect on the connectome estimates, regardless of diffusion model and cortical atlas, there was a decrease in global efficiency, number of connections and local efficiency with aging, mainly in the prefrontal, temporal and parietal and its connections. In the tract-cortical analysis, cortical regions connected by tracts demonstrated similar thinning patterns for the majority of tracts, and a significant relation between mean cortical thinning rate and FA/MD alteration rates were found. In all evaluated tracts, age was the main effect controlling diffusion parameters alterations; there were no direct correlations with cortical thickness for the majority of tracts. Only for the fornix, the values of FA and MD showed significant correlation with the cortical thickness of the subcallosal gyrus in both hemispheres during aging (p <0.05 corrected). For the other tracts, CC, Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus, Uncinated Fasciculus, Inferior Fronto-occipital Fasciculus, Corticospinal Tract, Cingulum and Arcuate Fasciculus, age was the main effect controlling alterations in the parameters, but there were no direct correlations between FA and MD and cortical thickness during the aging process. / O cérebro humano muda de forma complexa e heterogênea ao longo da vida, o processo de envelhecimento normal tem associado significativas alterações nas conexões axonais. Neste estudo, avaliamos as mudanças relacionadas à idade em parâmetros físicos associados à integridade das substâncias branca e cinzenta cerebral em sujeitos saudáveis, assim como a possivel correlação entre eles em tratos específicos. Imagens estruturais (1 mm isotrópica) e imagens ponderadas em difusão (2 mm isotrópica e b=1000 s/mm2) de 158 indivíduos saudáveis entre 18 a 83 anos foram coletadas retrospectivamente no Hospital das Clinícas de Ribeirão Preto, após sua aquisição em aparelho de ressonância magnética de 3 Teslas. A partir das imagens estruturais, a espessura cortical foi estimada e o efeito de idade nela foi avaliado em diversas regiões tomando com base o atlas de Destrieux. As imagens ponderadas em difusão foram processadas para caracterizar a difusão intravoxel utilizando dois modelos: tensor de difusão (DT) e deconvolução esférica restrita (CSD). Mapas de anisotropia fracionada (FA) e densidade aparente da fibra (AFD) foram estimados e usados em analise estatistica de três grupos separados por faixa etária. Os tratos cerebrais mais relevantes foram segmentados por tres procedimentos: manualmente, automaticamente com uma ferramenta especifica e com base em regiões corticais automaticante segmentadas. Parâmetros físicos de difusão (anisotropia e difusibilide) foram avaliados nos tratos segmentados para determinar as alterações relacionadas à idade. A análise de conectoma baseada em dois parcelamentos corticais foi realizada para avaliar também o efeito da idade em parâmetros caracteristicos da rede estrutural cerebral. A relação trato-cortical foi avaliada considerando a anisotropia de cada trato e as espessuras das áreas corticais nas extremidades do trato correspondente. Uma análise adicional foi realizada para avaliar uma possivel associação de onetividades estrutural e funcional no corpo caloso (CC). Houve afinamento cortical significativo em 88,5% das regiões durante a vida (p <0,05, corrigido); a região frontal foi a mais afetada no envelhecimento inicial (após 40 anos), e as regiões occipital e temporal nos idosos (após 60 anos). Similarmente, a análise de grupo demonstrou um padrão global de redução de FA e AFD na substância branca, com uma maior taxa de degradação de integridade a partir da sexta década de vida. A seleção manual de tratos baseada no modelo de DT mostrou-se a metodologia mais confiavél na precisa definição dos tratos nos nossos dados. Seguindo essa metodologia, a análise dos parâmetros de anistropia e difusão também indicou degeneração de substância branca no envelhecimento normal em todos os tratos cerebrais estudados e corroborou o gradiente ântero-posterior de degeneração no CC. O fornix foi o trato mais afetado bilatreamente com redução de 3.5% e aumento de 4% por década nesses parâmetros, respectivamente; seguido do CC. Na avaliação do efeito da idade nas estimativas do conectoma, independentemente do modelo de difusão e do atlas cortical usado, houve uma diminuição da eficiência global com o envelhececimento, do número de conexões e da eficiência local, principalmente nas regiões pré-frontal, temporal e parietal e suas conexões. Nas análises trato-corticais, as regiões corticais conectadas por tratos mostraram padrões de afinamento similares para a maioria dos tratos, e uma correlação significativa entre a taxa média de afinamento cortical e as taxas de alteração de FA e difusibilidade média (MD) foram encontradas. Em todos os tratos avaliados, a idade foi o principal efeito controlando das alterações dos parâmetros de difusão; não houve correlações diretas com espessura cortical para a maioria dos tratos. Somente para o fornix, os valores de FA e MD mostraram correlação com a espessura cortical do giro subcalosal (parcelamento de Destrieux) em ambos os hemisférios durante o envelhecimento (p <0,05 corrigido). Para os outros tratos, CC, fascículo longitudinal inferior, fascículo uncinado, fascículo occipitofrontal inferior, trato cortico-espinal, parte cingulada do cíngulo e fascículo arqueado, a idade foi o principal efeito no controle das alterações dos parâmetros, mas não houve correlações diretas entre FA e MD e espessura cortical durante o processo de envelhecimento

Background. Right cerebellar-left frontal (RC-LF) white matter integrity (WMI) has been associated with working memory. Right Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus II (SLF II) WMI has been associated with visual attention. These relationships have held true for neurotypical controls and brain tumor survivors. The current study examined the relationships between RC-LF WMI and processing speed, attention, and working memory. SLF II WMI and visual attention were included as a control tract and task to demonstrate a correlational double dissociation. This study also examined the relationship between the volume of brain regions within the RC-LF network and RC-LF WMI. Methods. Adult survivors of childhood brain tumors (n= 29, age: M=22 years (SD= 5), 45% female) were treated with neurosurgery, and combinations of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Age- and gender-matched controls (n=29) were also included. Tests of auditory attention span, working memory, visual attention, and processing speed served as cognitive measures. Participants completed a 3T MRI diffusion imaging scan. WMI (FA, RD) and volume served as neuroimaging measures. In the survivor group, partial correlations between WMI and cognitive scores included controlling for type of treatment. Results. A correlational double dissociation was found. RC-LF WMI was associated with auditory attention span (FA: r=.42, p=.03; RD: r=-.50, p=.01), and was not associated with visual attention (FA: r=-.11, p=.59; RD: r=-.11, p=.57). SLF II FA WMI was associated with visual attention (FA: r=.44, p=.02; RD: r=-.17, p=.40), and was not associated with auditory attention span (FA: r=.24, p=.22; RD: r=-.10, p=.62). The relationship between RC-LF WMI and auditory attention span robustly dissociated from working memory and visual attention. In the radiation group, thalamic-frontal segment of RC-LF WMI associated with the volumetric measures of each structure of the RC-LF pathway, whereas in the no radiation group cerebellar-rubral segment of RC-LF WMI associated with the volumetric measures. Conclusions. The current study advances the understanding of structural brain changes following cerebellar tumor resection and treatment because the results show that RC-LF WMI is associated with auditory attention span rather that working memory, provide evidence for a correlational double dissociation, and suggest distinct relationships between WMI and volume based on treatment.

La connaissance de la morphologie des faisceaux de fibres blanches, qui connectent des régions cérébrales distantes, est indispensable à la compréhension du fonctionnement cérébral. La tractographie par IRM de diffusion reconstruit indirectement cette anatomie à partir d'algorithmes mathématiques complexes. Après une revue des méthodes proposées pour la validation de la tractographie, nous proposons une méthode originale basée sur la reconstruction 3D de faisceaux disséqués. Notre méthode, FIBRASCAN, utilise des acquisitions itératives de surface en cours de dissection. Les faisceaux étaient segmentés sur chaque surface puis reconstruits par empilement. Un support rigide permettait le recalage entre surfaces puis vers l'IRM. Nous avons démontré la précision de chaque étape de reconstruction, et sa faisabilité sur plusieurs faisceaux. Dans la dernière partie de ce travail, la structure des fibres blanches et les modifications induites par la préparation et la dissection sont explorées en microscopie électronique. Nous avons montré que la dissection préservait la structure des axones et peut ainsi être considérée comme un outil de validation de la tractographie. / The knowledge of the morphology of white matter fiber tracts, which connect distant cerebral areas, is essential to better understand brain functions. Diffusion MR tractography indirectly reconstructs this anatomy using complex mathematical algorithms. After a review of the existing methods for tractography validation, we propose an original method based on 3D reconstruction of dissected tracts. Our method, FIBRASCAN, used iterative surface acquisitions during dissection. The tracts were segmented on each surface and then reconstructed by stacking these surfaces. A rigid support allowed registration between surfaces and then registration to MRI. We demonstrated the accuracy of each reconstructing step, and the feasibility of our method on several tracts. In the last part of this work, the structure of white matter fibers and the changes induced by preparation and dissection were investigated using electron microscopy. We showed that dissection preserves the structure of axons and can thus be considered as a validation tool for tractography.

Les troubles du spectre autistique (TSA) sont des troubles neurodéveloppementaux fortement héritables. En parallèle, la théorie de l'hypoconnectivité fronto – postérieure semble être au coeur de la physiopathologie des TSA. Afin de comprendre la contribution des facteurs de risque familiaux de ce trouble, nous avons conduit conjointement une étude de connectivité anatomique et fonctionnelle chez des parents non atteints de sujets atteints de TSA. Nous avons réalisé une étude de tractographie en cerveau entier afin de comparer les valeurs de l'anisotropie fractionnelle généralisée le long des principaux faisceaux de substance blanche chez 85 sujets adultes : 39 parents non atteints, 18 sujets atteints de TSA comparés à 28 sujets contrôles. Après avoir corrigé pour les tests multiples, nous avons mis en évidence une diminution significative de l'anisotropie fractionnelle généralisée le long du faisceau fronto- occipital inférieur bilatéral chez les parents non atteints, les sujets atteints de TSA en comparaison aux sujets contrôles. Afin de comprendre l'implication fonctionnelle de la dysconnectivité anatomique fronto – occipitale retrouvée en tractographie, nous avons calculé la connectivité fonctionnelle entre les régions fronto – occipitales selon les extrémités du faisceau frontal - occipital inférieur bilatéral. En comparaison à 28 sujets contrôles, nous avons ainsi observé une augmentation significative de la connectivité fonctionnelle fronto - occipitale chez 38 parents non atteints et chez 13 sujets atteints de TSA. Une étude de connectivité fonctionnelle en cerveau entier serait une perspective prometteuse quant à l'interprétation de l'augmentation de la connectivité fronto – occipitale observée. Les anomalies fronto – occipitales montrées chez les parents non atteints, les sujets atteints de TSA pourraient correspondre à la mise en évidence d'un endophénotype dans les TSA. / Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders highly heritable.In parallel, the underconnectivity theory of ASD assumes that fronto-posterior brain disconnectivity is at the core of its pathophysiology. Our goal was to assess long-range structural and functional connectivity in unaffected parents of subjects with ASD to better understand the contributions of familial factors to heightened risk of ASD. We performed a diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) based whole brain tractography to compare generalized fractional anisotropy (gFA) in the main deep long white matter tracts in 85 adults: 39 unaffected parents, 18 probands compared to 28 controls. After corrections for multiple comparisons, we identified a significant decrease in gFA in the bilateral inferior frontal occipital fasciculus (IFOF) in both probands with ASD and unaffected parents when compared to controls. To understand the functional implication of fronto – occipital anatomical disconnectivity, we assessed the functional connectivity between the regions linked by IFOF exhibiting significant alterations in gFA. We also showed that both probands and unaffected parents exhibited a significantly increased functional connectivity between the frontal and occipital regions linked by the IFOF. In order to better understand and extend this interesting results, to evaluate the global functional connectivity of our sample in order to be able to interpret the increase of fronto-occipital functional connectivity would be an important perspective. These findings highlight an altered fronto-occipital connectivity in subjects with ASD and unaffected parents suggesting that fronto-occipital disconnectivity may be an endophenotype of ASD.

L’imagerie par résonance magnétique pondérée en diffusion est une modalité unique sensible aux mouvements microscopiques des molécules d’eau dans les tissus biologiques. Il est possible d’utiliser les caractéristiques de ce mouvement pour inférer la structure macroscopique des faisceaux de la matière blanche du cerveau. La technique, appelée tractographie, est devenue l’outil de choix pour étudier cette structure de façon non invasive. Par exemple, la tractographie est utilisée en planification neurochirurgicale et pour le suivi du développement de maladies neurodégénératives.Dans cette thèse, nous exposons certains des biais introduits lors de reconstructions par tractographie, et des méthodes sont proposées pour les réduire. D’abord, nous utilisons des connaissances anatomiques a priori pour orienter la reconstruction. Ainsi, nous montrons que l’information anatomique sur la nature des tissus permet d'estimer des faisceaux anatomiquement plausibles et de réduire les biais dans l’estimation de structures complexes de la matière blanche. Ensuite, nous utilisons des connnaissances microstructurelles a priori dans la reconstruction, afin de permettre à la tractographie de suivre le mouvement des molécules d’eau non seulement le long des faisceaux, mais aussi dans des milieux microstructurels spécifiques. La tractographie peut ainsi distinguer différents faisceaux, réduire les erreurs de reconstruction et permettre l’étude de la microstructure le long de la matière blanche. Somme toute, nous montrons que l’utilisation de connaissances anatomiques et microstructurelles a priori, en tractographie, augmente l’exactitude des reconstructions de la matière blanche du cerveau. / Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is a unique imaging modality sensitive to the microscopic movement of water molecules in biological tissues. By characterizing the movement of water molecules, it is possible to infer the macroscopic neuronal pathways of the brain. The technique, so-called tractography, had become the tool of choice to study non-invasively the human brain's white matter in vivo. For instance, it has been used in neurosurgical intervention planning and in neurodegenerative diseases monitoring. In this thesis, we report biases from current tractography reconstruction and suggest methods to reduce them. We first use anatomical priors, derived from a high resolution T1-weighted image, to guide tractography. We show that knowledge of the nature of biological tissue helps tractography to reconstruct anatomically valid neuronal pathways, and reduces biases in the estimation of complex white matter regions. We then use microstructural priors, derived from the state-of-the-art diffusionweighted magnetic resonance imaging protocol, in the tractography reconstruction process. This allows tractography to follow the movement of water molecules not only along neuronal pathways, but also in a microstructurally specific environment. Thus, the tractography distinguishes more accurately neuronal pathways and reduces reconstruction errors. Moreover, it provides the mean to study white matter microstructure characteristics along neuronal pathways. Altogether, we show that anatomical and microstructural priors used during the tractography process improve brain’s white matter reconstruction.

As imagens de ressonância magnética ponderadas por difusão retratam a difusividade de moléculas de água presentes em tecidos biológicos. Em estruturas biológicas altamente organizadas e compactas como fibras nervosas e musculares, a difusividade é maior na direção paralela às fibras do que perpendicularmente às mesmas. Essa propriedade permite a reconstrução digital das trajetórias das fibras, técnica denominada tractografia, representando uma das poucas formas não invasivas de investigação da conectividade anatômica e organização estrutural do cérebro e do coração. A metodologia de tractografia mais difundida faz uso da integração numérica da direção principal de difusividade para reconstruir essas trajetórias. Porém, esta técnica apresenta problemas como o erro intrínseco a métodos de integração numérica e o erro associado a regiões de incerteza nos dados de difusividade. Uma metodologia considerada mais robusta consiste da modelagem da tractografia como a simulação de um sistema de partículas. No entanto, tal metodologia possui diversos parâmetros que precisam ser otimizados para cada caso e apresenta alta complexidade computacional. Esta dissertação apresenta uma metodologia de tractografia global baseada em sistema de partículas, mas com custo computacional reduzido pois evita passos desnecessários da otimização para reconstrução das trajetórias. Avaliamos sua acurácia em conjuntos de dados com graus de complexidade crescentes utilizando imagens sintéticas de difusão construídas digitalmente e em imagens reais de difusão do miocárdio humano. Nesses testes foram observadas reduções no consumo de tempo e maior acurácia para metodologia global apresentada com relação às descritas na literatura. Essa metodologia possui o potencial de evidenciar a organização e arquitetura de diversos tecidos do corpo humano com maior fidelidade e menor tempo de reconstrução. / The diffusion magnetic resonance imaging portray the diffusivity of water molecules present on biological tissues. High organized and compact biological structures like neuronal fibres and muscles present higher diffusivity parallel to the fibres than perpendicular to those. This property allows the digital reconstruction of fibres trajectories, technique named tractography, being one of the few non invasive ways of investigation of the anatomical connectivity and structural organization of the brain and heart. The most common tractography methodology uses numerical integration following the main diffusion direction in order to reconstruct trajectories. Yet, this technique is prone to intrinsic error to numeric integration and the error associated to uncertainty regions on diffusion data. A methodology considered more robust to such problems consists on modelling tractography as a particle system simulation. However, such methodology has several parameters that require fine tuning for each case and has a high computational complexity. This dissertation presents a global tractography methodology based on particle system but at lower computational cost because of the avoidance of unnecessary optimization steps on trajectory reconstruction. We evaluate its accuracy on synthetic diffusion datasets of increasing complexity and on real human cardiac diffusion images. Theses tests evidence reduced time consumption and increased accuracy for the presented methodology compared to the ones described in the literature. This methodology has the potential to reveal the organization and architecture of several tissues from the human body with higher fidelity and lower reconstruction time.

Cílem semestrální práce je návrh trasovacího algoritmu, který zohledňuje mikrostrukturní vlastnosti nervové tkáně. K této problematice je sepsána rešerše obsahující úvod do problematiky. Je zde popsán jev difuze, princip difuzně váženého MRI a odhad profilu anizotropní difuze. K podrobnější analýze byl vybrán algoritmus COMMIT, u kterého byla navržena alternativní optimalizační metoda.