Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to, from an employees’ perspective, study how to define leadership and how a good leader is characterised in terms of traits, charisma and efficiency. Method: This study was made by using a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews and has been collected through chain sampling. Theoretical framework: The basis of this study is theories that provide different definitions of leadership, traits required for leaders and also what efficiency, effective leadership and charismatic leaders means according to different researchers. Empiricism: Data for this study has been collected through seventeen interviews with people in varied positions. One of them was performed via mail and the remaining eye-to-eye. The age of the respondents varies as well as knowledge and experience of leadership, since all of them have or have had leaders and some of them are or have been leaders. Conclusion: The employees’ definition of leadership is based on traits and personality and show that there is a common link between good, effective and charismatic leadership. However, from the employees’ perspective it is not possible to find a clear equal sign between the three concepts.

Differences between females and males in computer use have long been a concern. Over the past twenty years, the accessibility gap has closed and women’s use of the technology has equaled and in some cases surpassed men’s computer use. However, differences in patterns of use still remain. This study looked at underlying factors that may be involved in maintaining differences in use. Specifically, this study focused on differences in gender and gender role personality traits as they relate to microcomputer playfulness. Gender role personality traits are defined as the acceptance of stereotypic gender descriptors as applying to oneself according to the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ). The PAQ provides participants with ratings on the expressive (feminine) and instrumental (masculine) scales. The relationship between the scales yields the gender role personality traits expressive (high expressive, low instrumental), instrumental (low expressive, high instrumental), androgynous (high on both), or undifferentiated (low on both). Microcomputer playfulness or computer playfulness is defined as the tendency to be “spontaneous, inventive and imaginative when interacting with a personal computer.” It is measured by responses on the Computer Playfulness Scale. This study found that computer playfulness varied depending upon setting with participants being most playful when using a computer at home and least playful when using a computer at work. Those who score in the androgynous range of the PAQ also scored higher on the CPS than those who scored in the undifferentiated range. Finally, this study found that males tended to score higher in computer playfulness than females. Participants were also interviewed about their experiences of gender role personality traits and computer playfulness. Discussion of these results and suggestions for further research are included. / text

Parmi les processus qui contribuent à la diversité des histoires de vie, la dispersion est probablement le plus impliqué dans la persistance et l'évolution des espèces. Elle permet de se soustraire à la compétition et aux conditions de vie défavorables, de maintenir la connectivité entre des unités géographiquement isolées, et de déplacer et d'étendre l'aire de distribution par exploration de nouveaux habitats. A ce titre, les anguilles sont parmi les animaux les plus remarquables en terme de capacité de dispersion de leurs larves. Ces leptocéphales peuvent en effet parcourir de plusieurs centaines à plusieurs milliers de kilomètres jusqu'à atteindre les aires de croissance côtières, estuariennes ou dulcicoles, d'où les adultes s'échappent pour rejoindre les zones de pontes océaniques tropicales, se reproduire et mourir. Cette boucle de migration est supposée avoir d'abord eu lieu en milieu tropical et s'être progressivement élargie jusqu'aux habitats tempérés pour la croissance. Ce travail de thèse a examiné les capacités de dispersion larvaire des anguilles au travers de l'étude des traits d'histoire de vie (e. g. durée de vie larvaire, métabolisme), et leur contribution à l'évolution du genre dont la radiation s'est faite au cours de l'expansion géographique. Trois espèces ont été particulièrement étudiées : l'anguille tropicale mozambicaine A. mossambica, la plus ancienne, se distribue uniquement dans le sud-ouest de l'Océan Indien; l'anguille tropicale A. marmorata la plus récente, possède la plus vaste aire de répartition et est la plus fortement structurée; l'anguille tempérée Européenne A. anguilla, la plus récente, réalise les plus grandes dispersions. La plasticité des traits de vie, en réponse aux variations de l'environnement, est supposée avoir généré la diversité d'histoires de vie larvaire observée à l'échelle spécifique. Néanmoins, l'élasticité intra-spécifique de la dispersion a montré des limites qui ont possiblement ségrégé spatialement et/ou temporellement des boucles de migration, probablement à l'origine de nouvelles espèces. La grande diversité des histoires de vie a permis de mettre en évidence un fort potentiel de résilience des larves d'anguilles face aux changements de leur environnement. Il est proposé que ce potentiel ait pu promouvoir la persistance des espèces, particulièrement les espèces tempérées, lors des changements climatiques et océaniques passés. Néanmoins, la réactivité de la plasticité des traits de vie, dépendante de la proportion prise par le déterminisme génétique, est questionnée au regard de la soudaineté du changement global annoncé.

<p>A severe burn is a trauma fraught with stress and pain and may change the entire course of life. This thesis focuses on care utilisation, care experiences and patient satisfaction after a severe burn.</p><p>The patients studied were treated at the Burn Unit at Uppsala University Hospital between 1980 and 2006. Burn-related health was examined using the Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B), personality traits with the Swedish universities Scales of Personality (SSP), psychological symptoms using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS), symptoms of posttraumatic stress with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and satisfaction with care using the Patient Satisfaction-Results and Quality (PS-RESKVA) questionnaire.</p><p>Those utilising care years after injury reported poorer functioning on three of the BSHS-B subscales. Personality traits had a greater impact on care utilisation than injury severity.</p><p>Social desirability was lower among care utilisers and was associated with burn-related health aspects.</p><p>The participants reported a low level of negative care experiences, the most common of which was Powerlessness.</p><p>Most patients were satisfied with care, more with quality of contact with the nursing staff, and less with treatment information. Multiple regressions showed that the BSHS-B Interpersonal relationships subscale was an independent variable related to all measured aspects of patient satisfaction. The highest adjusted R² was 0.25.</p><p>In a prospective assessment with multiple regression analyses, Age and Education, the personality traits of Stress susceptibility, Trait irritability, Detachment and Social desirability, in addition to the post-traumatic stress symptoms Intrusion and Hyperarousal, were predictors of satisfaction with care. The highest adjusted R² was 0.19.</p><p>The thesis has pointed out that interpersonal factors are related to care utilisation as well as satisfaction with care. However, satisfaction with care was only moderately associated with health and individual characteristics, which may imply that the care itself is of major importance.</p>

Whether the stated goal of a program is to improve health, reduce crime, or to increase standard of living, the ultimate goal of social programs is to improve overall quality of life. An adequate measure of this outcome would help determine whether achievement of these more specific goals (e.g., health, education) really leads to improvements in overall life quality, and would allow trade-offs to be made in terms of funding across programs. However, an understanding of the determinants of life quality (i.e., the mechanism by which a program did or did not have its intended effect) is also essential to program evaluation and the design of future programs.This study constitutes the analysis of an existing dataset of individual traits, life circumstances, satisfaction with a list of 30 life domains, and overall quality of life for 193 healthy elders to test a hypothesized model of the determinants of life quality. As expected, domain satisfaction appears to be a function of life circumstances. Individuals' traits (e.g., age, sex, personality) modify this relationship, but neither they, nor respondents' reports of domain importance, appear to have any direct effect on quality of life. Instead, domain satisfactions alone are the most proximal determinants of overall quality of life. It also appears that individuals respond differently in terms of overall quality of life to reductions in satisfaction with certain domains than to increases. These findings should be evaluated further as they could affect the design of future successful programs. Because individuals' traits and individuals' ratings of domain importance seem to have no effect on the relationship between domain satisfaction and overall quality of life, it may not be essential to measure these in future studies. Finally, although the data on life domains available to this study were sufficient to generate these results, the first step in the development of adequate measures of overall quality of life and of domain satisfactions will be the construction of a comprehensive, fully-representative list of the life domains that comprise life as a whole.

Cette thèse traite de l'acquisition des consonnes par des enfants francophones monolingues. Son but est de montrer que l'utilisation des traits distinctifs et des principes qui leur sont associés (hiérarchie des traits, évitement de la marque, économie des traits) rend compte du parcours d'acquisition des consonnes en français. Le corpus de cette thèse est constitué des productions spontanées longitudinales (pendant 16 et 28 mois) de deux enfants francophones. L'analyse a dégagé deux grandes étapes dans le parcours d'acquisition des contrastes consonantiques. Chacune d'elle repose sur l'intervention d'un principe associé aux traits distinctifs. La première étape rend compte de l'acquisition isolée des contrastes opposant les consonnes, dont l'ordre est guidé par le principe de hiérarchie des traits, exprimé par leur robustesse : plus un trait est robuste, plus il sera acquis rapidement. L'acquisition d'un trait suppose également l'acquisition des deux va- leurs de ce trait par l'intervention du principe d'évitement de la marque : la valeur non-marquée de chaque trait sera acquise avant la valeur marquée. La seconde étape consiste en la diffusion, à l'ensemble du système, d'un trait acquis de façon isolée. Cette diffusion est guidée par le principe d'économie des traits : plus un trait participe à l'économie du système, plus il se diffusera rapidement. Afin d'extraire de l'input de l'enfant, l'information utile nous permettant d'exprimer l'actualisation de chaque principe dans la langue, nous avons conçu des calculs de fréquence des traits. Nous avons établi un lien entre l'expression des principes de hiérarchie, d'évitement de la marque et d'économie, et ces différentes fréquences des traits dans le langage adressé à l'enfant. En appréhendant l'acquisition consonantique comme l'acquisition de contrastes au sein d'un système, nous avons modélisé le parcours d'acquisition des consonnes grâce aux traits distinctifs et à leurs principes associés, en le mettant en regard des travaux sur la structuration des inventaires sonores adultes.

Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) are one of the most fascinating, but least understood ecosystems in the world, and the interest in the carbon (C) cycle of TMCFs with regard to carbon sequestration and storage practices has increased rapidly in recent years. One feature that prevails in all TMCFs is a decrease in aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and standing biomass and leaf area index (LAI) with increasing altitude, together with the stunted growth form of the trees. This thesis focuses on the input part of the TMCF C-cycle, and investigates the controlling factors on photosynthesis on a leaf, canopy, and ecosystem level in the Kosñipata valley in south east Peru, on the eastern slope of the Andes (13º11’28’’S / 71º35’24’’W). Leaf traits are known to relate to foliar C-exchange, and compared with other altitudinal transect studies of TMCFs, the studied sites had similar altitudinal trends for foliar nitrogen (N) content (though not for phosphorus) and leaf mass per area (LMA), with N content decreasing and LMA increasing with altitude. N concentrations were relatively high and LMA values relatively low, but this observed relationship was consistent with those found in global leaf trait surveys. Examining plant stoichiometry (i.e. N:P ratios), the data suggests that unlike the general hypothesis, the Kosñipata forests are not N limited, except for the study site at 2990 m a.s.l. At the 2990 m a.s.l. site, which is the focal study site of the thesis, photosynthetic parameters Vcmax (the carboxylation efficiency of the Rubisco protein) and Jmax (the electron transport efficiency) proved to be similar to those found in lowland tropical rainforest leaves when expressed on an area basis and standardised to 25 °C (55.6 ± 2.6 and 106.5 ± 5.2 mmol m-2 s-1, for Vcmax and Jmax, respectively). However, when standardised to the mean ambient TMCF temperature of 12.5 °C, both photosynthetic parameters were much lower than ambient tropical rainforest Vcmax and Jmax values. The TMCF Jmax -Vcmax relationships were steeper than found in other tropical biomes, indicating a possible adaptation to the lower light availability in TMCFs because of frequent cloud cover, or a consequence of little atmospheric evaporative demand, which is also due to the humid conditions in this forest type. Although N-Vcmax relationships were significant (P<0.05), the fit was not very strong and the relationship between nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and Vcmax indicates that TMCF species can be regarded as a different plant functional type compared with other tropical forest types. Diurnal measurements of net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf water potential (Yleaf) showed that different TMCF species experienced non-contrasting diurnal patterns of Yleaf and gs in the dry season. The observed patterns suggest that some TMCF species can be classified as isohydric species, while others behave anisohydrically. Additionally, in situ gs was not very responsive to these to the range of experienced photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), vapour pressure deficit (VPD) or soil water content (SWC), leading to the conclusion that in the studied TMCF, drought stress does not play a role in C-uptake. When using the measured photosynthetic parameters for up-scaling C-uptake to stand scale with a Soil-Plant-Atmosphere model, simulated annual gross primary productivity (GPP) was 16.24 ±1.6 T C ha-1 yr-1, which is about half the GPP observed in neotropical lowland rainforests. Analyses of the modelled results showed that GPP in this TMCF is mostly controlled by temperature, PAR and leaf area index (LAI) and when increasing these three factors to values found in tropical lowland forest, GPP increased up to 75%. In addition, the modelled results indicate that hydraulic limitations on TMCF C-uptake are very unlikely under current climatic conditions. The modelled results also showed that increases in radiation as a result of less cloud cover do not translate to straightforward increases of GPP. The cloudy conditions of TMCFs, which reduced incident PAR in TMCFs, should therefore not be regarded simply as a negative control on TMCF GPP. Instead, the increase in fraction of diffuse radiation partially offsets the decrease in GPP following the reduction in PAR. Overall, the results of this study show that leaves of Andean TMCF forests have similar C-uptake capacity to tropical lowland rainforests when standardized to similar temperatures, but that for in situ C-uptake temperature, radiation and LAI are the key controls.

Background: Patients with anorexia nervosa have been consistently reported to show impairments in set shifting ability. Such deficits may be associated with characteristics commonly observed in this patient group, such as obsessive thoughts and behaviours around eating, maladaptive problem solving and a rigid thinking style. Objective: Much of the preceding literature on set shifting ability has involved inpatient samples meeting strict diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa. However most eating disorder patients are outpatients and commonly do not meet full criteria for anorexia nervosa. This study thus aimed to investigate the relationship between set shifting ability and psychological characteristics in a community sample of outpatients with symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Methods: Performance on selected measures of set-shifting ability (Wisconsin Card Sort Test, WCST; Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System, Hayling & Brixton) were compared between an eating disorders group comprising 17 female outpatients with symptoms of anorexia nervosa and a control group comprising 27 students. Set shifting performance was then correlated with eating disorder severity (Eating Disorders Examination), obsessive-compulsive symptoms (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale), and the Social Problem Solving Inventory. Results: The eating disorder group demonstrated significantly worse set shifting ability than the healthy control group on the primary outcome measure (WCST), with 47% of eating disorder participants showing impairment on this measure. Severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and an impulsive and careless approach to problem solving were associated with poorer scores on the WCST in the eating disorder group. Although the eating disorder group were significantly more impaired in set shifting than controls, set shifting ability was not associated with eating disorder severity. Conclusions: The results indicate that set shifting impairments are present in outpatients with eating disorders with anorexic symptoms, and may be trait characteristics. Impaired set shifting was associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms and maladaptive problem solving. These findings highlight a need for neuropsychological assessment of eating disorder outpatients in order to identify individuals who may benefit from psychological interventions to reduce the impact of these impairments.

Knowledge about dispersion is of utmost importance for understanding populations’ reaction to changes in the environment. Expansion of a population range brings with it both spatial sorting and over time, spatial selection. This means that dispersion rates increases over time at the expanding edge. Most studies have so far been performed on continuously expanding populations. This study aims to bring more knowledge about dispersal biology in dynamic systems. I studied dispersal traits in two permanent and two seasonal vegetation habitats of an isopod (Asellus aquaticus), for which differentiation between habitat types has previously been shown. I quantified differences in displacement (dispersal rate) and three morphological traits, head angle (body streamline) and leg of the third and seventh pair of legs. Isopods from the seasonal vegetation had higher displacement rates than animals from permanent vegetation. This inclines that mechanisms driving spatial selection in expanding population ranges also exist in dynamic systems. The more streamlined isopods found in seasonal sites further points towards spatial sorting by dispersion capability. Because no effect of permanence was found on leg length and there was no correlation between streamlining and displacement, the higher dispersion among animals from seasonal habitats most likely derives from behavioral differences.

<p>Nivo zadovoljstva karijerom predstavlja fenomen kojem se u poslednje vreme pri&scaron;lo sa ozbiljnijim interesovanjem. Utvrđivanje odnosa crta ličnosti, strukture radne motivacije za zadovoljstvo karijerom, uspe&scaron;nih ljudi predstavlja plodno tle za polje savetovanja u karijeri. Danas je fokus istraživača pomeren i zadržan na intrinzičkim kriterijumima uspeha u karijeri, gde se pored crta ličnost, strukture radne motivacije sa posebnom pažnjom ispituju i uticaji organizacije ali i ravnoteže između porodičnih i radnih uloga na ukupno zadovoljstvo karijerom. U cilju &scaron;to boljeg razumevanja strukture ličnosti u organizacijskim u konceptu zadovoljstva karijerom, pored osnovnih, aktuelno je prisutan i koncept &bdquo;dodatnih&ldquo; crta ličnosti. Pregled savremene literature ukazuje na nedovoljnu proučenost međusobnog odnosa navedenih fenomena, pogotovo primene teorije samodeterminacije u ovakvomm istraživačkom konceptu.<br />Da bismo detaljnije ispitali značaj crta ličnosti i strukture radne motivacije za zadovoljstvo karijerom, pristupili smo ispitivanju crta ličnosti, strukture radne motivacije u odnosu na nivo zadovoljstva karijerom i to kod uspe&scaron;nih ljudi. Zadovoljstvo karijerom je definisano kao evaluacija ličnog napretka u odnosu na lične ciljeve u karijeri. Povodom ovog rada, konstruisan je utpinik namenjen ispitivanju zadovoljstva karijerom, ZAK i koji je na pilot uzorku dao prihvatljive metrijske karakteristike. Uzorak ispitanika je sastavljen od ukupno 110 osoba sa vrlo uspe&scaron;nom karijerom u oblasti obrazovanja, bankarstva i biznisa u Republici Srbiji. Njihova karijera je ocenjena kao uspe&scaron;na na osnovu sledećih kriterija: akademskog postignuća &ndash; status profesora univerziteta; rukovodeće pozicije u bankama i internacionalnim kompanijama; kao i vlasni&scaron;tvo kompanija koje su imale iznad deset zaposlenih i pozitivan bilans u prethodnim godinama poslovanja. Četrnaest ispitanika je bilo srednjeg obrazovnog nivoa, 22 sa vi&scaron;om stručnom spremom, a sa visokom ukupno 74, od toga sa VII/1 stepenom 37 i VII/2 i VIII stepenom takođe 37 ispitanika. Najmlađi ispitanik je imao 26 godina, najstariji 68, dok je prosečna starost bila 47 godina. Najduži radni staž je bio 44 godine, a prosečan 21 godinu. Primenjeni su sledeći instrumenti: LEKSI 70, namenjen ispitivanju crta ličnosti baziranih na konceptu &bdquo;velikih pet&ldquo; plus dva; SRM-1, za ispitivanje strukture radne motivacije; kao i ZAK, upitnik koji ispituje nivo zadovoljstva karijerom.<br />Nakon primene serije analiza utvrđeno je da su prediktori zadovoljstva karijerom kod vrlo uspe&scaron;nih osoba osobina ličnosti pozitivna emocionalnost, stanje ispunjenosti karijerom, intrinzička motivacija i regulacija identifikacijom. Slično tome, pronađena je veza između crta savesnost i otvorenost sa regulacijom identifikacijom i intrinzičkom motivacijom i zadovoljstvom karijerom. Glavni prediktori zadovoljstva i ispunjeno&scaron;ću karijerom kod vrlo uspe&scaron;nih osoba su izražena crta ličnosti otvorenost i sniženje crte negativna emocionalnost Osoba sklona izbegavanju posla ima manje izraženu savesnost, povi&scaron;enu negativnu emocionalnost, pokazuje sklonost ka introjektovanoj regulaciji. Pored toga, osoba sa izraženom negativnom emocionalno&scaron;ću ima tendenciju ka promeni karijere. Dužina radnog staža sugeri&scaron;e zaključak da su osobe sa dužom uspe&scaron;nom karijerom manje neprijatne i vi&scaron;e savesne. Obrazovni nivo ispitanika je bio u vezi sa ispunjeno&scaron;ću karijerom, tako &scaron;to su najobrazovaniji ispitanici bili zadovoljniji od manje obrazovanih. Ispitivanje značaja oblasti karijere na relacije osobina i strukture motivacije na zadovoljstvo pokazuje da se grupe međusobno razlikuju po tome &scaron;to grupe menadžera i univerzitetskih profesora u odnosu na bankare pokazuju veći stepen zadovoljstva karijerom i imaju izraženije crte otvorenost i pozitivna valenca, dok im je ekstrinzička radna motivacija niža u odnosu na grupu bankara.&nbsp;Ustanovljeno je i da grupa bankara ima izraženiju introjektovanu regulaciju i intrinzičku motivaciju od grupe profesora i grupe menadžera</p> / <p>The level of the satisfaction with the career is a phenomenon that has been lately analysed seriously and with attention. To determine the relationship between personality traits and structures of work motivation for career satisfaction with successful people is a good basis for the field of advising. Up to now it was only discussed in the context of objective, external criterion of satisfaction. Since the industrial-organizational psychology has become interested in the concepts of personality again by creating socio-cognitive approaches to motivation, this relation has occupied an important place in studies of organizational behavior. Today, the focus of researchers is shifted and held on the intrinsic criteria of the success in career and in addition to personality traits, structures of work motivation are examined with special attention in terms of organization and in terms of the influence of family/work balance on the level of satisfaction. Contemporary literature review indicates the insufficient study of the concepts mentioned above, especially the application of the theory of self-determination in this concept of research.<br />In order to examine the importance of personality traits and structure of work motivation we started examining personality traits and structure of work motivation in relation to the level of career satisfaction of successful people. Career satisfaction is defined as the evaluation of personal progress in relation to personal goals. The research included 110 people with very successful careers in fields of education, bankings and business in the Republic of Serbia. Their career was evaluated as successful on the following criteria: academic achievements &ndash; the status of the university professor, managing or senior positions in banks and international companies; entrepreneurs and company owners that have more than ten employees and the positive balance in previous years. Fourteen examinees had secondary school education, 22 with Bachelor&rsquo;s degree, total of 74 with university degree of which 37 had Master&rsquo;s degree and 37 of them PhD.<br />The youngest examinee was 26, the oldest 68, while the average age was 47. The longest years of service was 44 years, and average 21 year. The following tests were applied: LEKSI 70, test designed for testing personal traits based on the &rsquo;&rsquo;Big Five&rsquo;&rsquo; plus two; SRM-1, for testing the structure of work motivation; and For the purpose of this paper, a questionnaire is made to investigate the level of career satisfaction, ZAK which as the pilot sample had given acceptable psychometric characteristics.. After the application of series of results, the following are the most important to mention: the connection between personality traits and positive emotionality, factors for career satisfaction, intrinsic motivation and regulation through identification with successful people. Similarly, the connection between career satisfaction and regulation through identification and intrinsic motivation has been found between openness and conscientiousness. In addition, the quality of openness showed negative correlation with external regulation and conscientiousness with the factor of avoiding work. Examinees who were more prone to regulation through identification showed more distinctive positive emotionality and conscientiousness, but at the same time&nbsp;the higher level of unpleasantness/aggression. Years of service suggest that people with long and successful careers are less unpleasant and more conscientious. The relation between negative valence factors, psychosomatic symptoms, avoiding work and external control stands out as an important highlight. Examined group of managers and university professors in relation to bankers show the higher level of satisfaction with their careers, have more distinctive quality of openness and positive valence while at the same time their extrinsic motivation is lower than in the group of bankers. In addition, people with negative emotions had tendencies for a career change. The educational level connected to the career satisfaction showed that more educated people were more satisfied from less educated. In addition to basic personality traits and in order to understand better the structure of personality in organizational behavior, the concept of &#39;additional&#39; personality traits is also important.</p>