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Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / The purpose of this thesis is to present Ernst Cassirer's philosophy of science and to show its relation to Kantian philosophy. In the first chapter, the basic theme of transcendental philosophy, the concept of unity, is developed. Then, finally, the se of "transcendental" and "empirical" is explained with respect to Kant's theory of experience. Here it is pointed out that the experience is an immanent mixture of transcendental and empirical elements. Experience and self-consciousness are systematically interconnected. The transcendental concepts serving as the ground of empirical determination merely represent the inherent unity of consciousness [TRUNCATED] / 2031-01-01

Thesis advisor: John Sallis / Martin Heidegger’s work centers on the task of retrieving the traditional problem of ontology, metaphysics, and first philosophy: the problem of Being. There has been a tendency in the scholarship to take Heidegger’s formulation and solution to the problem together as a whole. In contrast, I propose to differentiate between the two, and to engage Heidegger’s formulation of the problem as such, which takes shape as phenomenological ontology in the second half of the 1920s. I claim that the subject matter of phenomenological ontology, the problem of Being, is in fact the unitary articulation of four problems: the ontological difference, the basic articulation of Being, the possible modifications of Being, and the truth-character of Being. My analysis shows that these four problems are Heidegger’s problematization (following Brentano) of the four main senses of Being, traditionally associated with Aristotle and Aristotelianism: the difference between the incidental and the in itself; the articulation of being-at-work, potency, and being-at-work-staying-itself; Being in the sense of the categories; and Being in the sense of truth. Concerning its method, I claim that phenomenological ontology reformulates the problem of Being in three moments: reduction, construction, and destruction. My analysis shows that, with these three moments, Heidegger problematizes (following Husserl) the movement of ascent and descent traditionally associated with Plato and Platonism. Although Heidegger never makes it fully explicit, the problem of the phenomenologically reductive, constructive, and destructive unitary whole of the four basic problems of Being is in fact his problematization of a (the) perennial locus philosophiae—the unity of the four senses of Being in an ascent and a descent. Moreover, I claim that phenomenological ontology has a transcendental-architectonic character, in a Kantian sense. The problem of Being is formulated in three differentiated moments: the reductive fundamental ontology asks and answers the question of the sense of Dasein’s Being; the constructive transcendental science of Being asks and answers the question of the sense of Being as such; and the destructive groundwork of metaphysics asks and answers the question of the (historical) whole [καθ'ὅλου] of the Being of entities. Heidegger considers that his own architectonic is the historical outcome of the ontotheological orientation of the problem since Antiquity (Aristotle’s Metaphysics), during the Middle Ages (Suárez’s Disputationes), and throughout Modernity (Kant’s Critiques.) Because my interest lies in the problem itself, my aim is to problematize Heidegger’s ontotheological interpretation of the locus philosophiae. The first task in this direction is to clarify Heidegger’s incomplete construction of a unitary phenomenological ontology during the mid-late 1920s. The present text begins this clarification by outlining the reconstruction of fundamental ontology as projected upon the science of Being, and on the basis of the indicated locus. The reconstruction is a clarification in that it exhibits the simplest moments of the inner structure of phenomenological ontology. The dissertation is divided into two main parts. In the first part, I analyze the basic concepts of phenomenological ontology. I exhibit first the basic concepts of fundamental ontology (Chapter 1), and then the basic concepts of the science of Being (Chapter 2.) Through these first two chapters I show the correspondence between the concepts of fundamental ontology and the science of Being based on the projection of the former onto the latter. It is here that I argue that fundamental ontology and the science of Being are two stages in Heidegger’s architectonic reformulation of the problem of Being. I also argue that each of these stages reflects the whole problem from its own standpoint. In the second part, I begin the reconstruction of fundamental ontology as projected upon the science of Being. I claim that the analytic of Dasein is to be understood as the reduction of Dasein. The reduction of Dasein is articulated in two distinct moments that I call ‘ontological’ and ‘existential.’ I first characterize the reduction of Dasein as a whole (Chapter 3) and then its first moment—the ontological reduction (Chapter 4.) The text ends with an Appendix where I clarify Heidegger’s lexicon of Being. Here, I anticipate fundamental aspects of the existential reduction, and point toward the connection between Heidegger’s and Husserl’s accounts of the reduction. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Philosophy.

Ce mémoire a pour objectif de cibler l’un des rapports possibles entre psychologie et philosophie, à travers la lecture que fait Carl Gustav Jung des textes d’Emmanuel Kant. La théorie de la connaissance de Kant, telle que présentée dans sa Critique de la raison pure, apparaît comme étant l’un des piliers philosophiques à la base des développements conceptuels jungiens. Le psychiatre l’a affirmé à plusieurs reprises, notamment dans son ouvrage autobiographique (Carl Gustav Jung, Ma vie, 1963). Il sera question, d’une part, d’évaluer la position scientifique de Jung en tant que construite à partir de celle proposée par Kant. Entre idéalisme et empirisme, Jung semble vouloir se frayer une place dans la science à la manière de l’idéalisme allemand. D’autre part, ce sera l’occasion d’étudier les structures élaborées par Jung, notamment l’inconscient collectif et les archétypes, qui selon lui, sont analogues à certains concepts de Kant tel que la chose en soi et les catégories a priori. Enfin, c’est à travers l’individuation, processus central de la recherche jungienne, que nous tenterons de comprendre de quelle façon les structures se dynamisent et peuvent faire écho à la dialectique de la Raison pure tel que présentée par Kant. Il sera dès lors possible de situer la psychologie analytique de Jung entre esthétique et éthique, telle une théorie éthique s’élaborant à même le développement du Soi. / This dissertation aims to target one of the possible relationships between psychology and philosophy, through Carl Gustav Jung's reading of Immanuel Kant's texts. Kant's theory of knowledge as presented in his Critique of Pure Reason appears to be one of the philosophical pillars at the basis of Jungian conceptual developments. The psychiatrist affirmed this on several occasions, notably in his autobiographical work (Carl Gustav Jung, Ma vie, 1963). To do so, on the one hand, we will evaluate Jung's scientific position as constructed from the one proposed by Kant. Between idealism and empiricism, Jung seems to want to make his own way in science like the manner of German idealism. On the other hand, it will be the occasion to study the structures elaborated by Jung, in particular the collective unconscious and the archetypes, which, according to him, are analogous to certain Kant’s concepts such as the thing in itself and the a priori categories. Finally, it is through individuation, the central process of Jungian research, that we will try to understand how structures are dynamized and can echo the dialectic of Pure Reason as presented by Kant. It will then be possible to situate Jung's analytical psychology between aesthetics and ethics, as an ethical theory formulated within the development of the Self.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho consiste em uma investigação sobre a contribuição da filosofia de Kant para a reabilitação do conceito de construção filosófica por ela mesma rejeitado. Esta aparente contradição se dilui quando compreendemos que, ao introduzir sob a perspectiva do criticismo os problemas da aplicação do método da matemática na filosofia, Kant reelabora de tal forma o conceito de construção matemática que, embora claramente não o almejasse, acaba por fornecer caminhos que permitiriam aos seus intérpretes-filósofos reconsiderar a possibilidade daquela aplicação. No primeiro capítulo, consideramos a argumentação de Kant sobre a impossibilidade de aplicação do método da construção na filosofia através de uma interpretação da metáfora do sistema de conhecimento como um edifício e de um exame dos limites desta metáfora a partir de uma análise do caso da construção geométrica. No segundo capítulo, a partir da observação do papel desempenhado pelo conceito de esquema, investigamos a relação entre o aspecto arbitrário do conhecimento matemático e o aspecto necessário do conhecimento filosófico mediante a análise da argumentação kantiana sobre a possibilidade de se definir conceitos puros sensíveis e a impossibilidade de se o fazer quanto aos conceitos puros do entendimento, estabelecida desde uma diferença considerada entre conceitos dados a priori e conceitos produzidos a priori. Finalmente, confrontamos os pressupostos desta comparação com a asserção de que a síntese pura representada universalmente dá o conceito puro do entendimento. Como a síntese é uma ação, o conceito de categoria enquanto conceito dado a priori é esmaecido pela hipótese de que os conceitos dados sejam, de modo parcialmente distinto dos conceitos puros sensíveis, também produzidos a priori. / This work is an investigation on Kants contribution to rehabilitate the concept of philosophical construction which is rejected by Kant himself. This apparent contradiction dissolves when we realize that by introducing the problems of applying the method of mathematical philosophy through the perspective of the criticism, Kant reworks the concept of mathematical construction in such a way that he ends up providing paths that would allow his interpreters philosophers to reconsider the possibility of such an application. In the first chapter, we consider Kant's argument about the impossibility of applying the method of construction in philosophy by interpreting the metaphor of the system of knowledge as a building and by examining the limits of this metaphor by analyzing the concept of geometric construction. In the second chapter, observing the role played by the concept of schema, we investigate the relationship between the arbitrary aspect of mathematical knowledge and the necessary aspect of philosophical knowledge through the analysis of Kant's argument on the possibility of defining pure sensible concepts and the impossibility of doing the same with pure concepts of understanding. This argument is drawn from a considered difference between given a priori and produced a priori concepts. Finally, we confront the assumptions of this comparison with the assertion that the universally represented pure synthesis gives the pure concept of understanding. As the synthesis is an action, the concept of category as a concept given a priori is dimmed by the hypothesis that the given concepts are, in a partially different way in relation to the pure sensible concepts, also produced a priori.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho consiste em uma investigação sobre a contribuição da filosofia de Kant para a reabilitação do conceito de construção filosófica por ela mesma rejeitado. Esta aparente contradição se dilui quando compreendemos que, ao introduzir sob a perspectiva do criticismo os problemas da aplicação do método da matemática na filosofia, Kant reelabora de tal forma o conceito de construção matemática que, embora claramente não o almejasse, acaba por fornecer caminhos que permitiriam aos seus intérpretes-filósofos reconsiderar a possibilidade daquela aplicação. No primeiro capítulo, consideramos a argumentação de Kant sobre a impossibilidade de aplicação do método da construção na filosofia através de uma interpretação da metáfora do sistema de conhecimento como um edifício e de um exame dos limites desta metáfora a partir de uma análise do caso da construção geométrica. No segundo capítulo, a partir da observação do papel desempenhado pelo conceito de esquema, investigamos a relação entre o aspecto arbitrário do conhecimento matemático e o aspecto necessário do conhecimento filosófico mediante a análise da argumentação kantiana sobre a possibilidade de se definir conceitos puros sensíveis e a impossibilidade de se o fazer quanto aos conceitos puros do entendimento, estabelecida desde uma diferença considerada entre conceitos dados a priori e conceitos produzidos a priori. Finalmente, confrontamos os pressupostos desta comparação com a asserção de que a síntese pura representada universalmente dá o conceito puro do entendimento. Como a síntese é uma ação, o conceito de categoria enquanto conceito dado a priori é esmaecido pela hipótese de que os conceitos dados sejam, de modo parcialmente distinto dos conceitos puros sensíveis, também produzidos a priori. / This work is an investigation on Kants contribution to rehabilitate the concept of philosophical construction which is rejected by Kant himself. This apparent contradiction dissolves when we realize that by introducing the problems of applying the method of mathematical philosophy through the perspective of the criticism, Kant reworks the concept of mathematical construction in such a way that he ends up providing paths that would allow his interpreters philosophers to reconsider the possibility of such an application. In the first chapter, we consider Kant's argument about the impossibility of applying the method of construction in philosophy by interpreting the metaphor of the system of knowledge as a building and by examining the limits of this metaphor by analyzing the concept of geometric construction. In the second chapter, observing the role played by the concept of schema, we investigate the relationship between the arbitrary aspect of mathematical knowledge and the necessary aspect of philosophical knowledge through the analysis of Kant's argument on the possibility of defining pure sensible concepts and the impossibility of doing the same with pure concepts of understanding. This argument is drawn from a considered difference between given a priori and produced a priori concepts. Finally, we confront the assumptions of this comparison with the assertion that the universally represented pure synthesis gives the pure concept of understanding. As the synthesis is an action, the concept of category as a concept given a priori is dimmed by the hypothesis that the given concepts are, in a partially different way in relation to the pure sensible concepts, also produced a priori.

A preliminary overview of Husserl reading Kant shows that both thinkers represent two essentially different types of philosophies in their methods and reach. The judgement made by Husserl about Kant allows to state that we are facing two different privileged intuitions. Nevertheless, it also allows to state a family resemblance”–if not in their styles and methodology– in certain ground convictions regarding philosophy and reason’s finite nature. This paper approaches, from a Husserlian perspective, the relationship between experience and judgment” –proper to a Transcendental Theory of Elements”– and in that between science and philosophy” –corresponding to a Transcendental Theory of Method”. Furthermore, it will approach the distinction between natural and transcendental-phenomenological attitudes that allow Husserl to introduce two levels of philosophical interrogation and two types of philosophical anthropologies, corresponding to the splitting of the ego – a pure constitutive ego and a constituted one. This last will lead to the genetic problem of the ego’s self-constitution from the deepest strata of passive instinctive life (unconscious and irrational) towards rational life in a teleological ascending movement that enacts the Kantian problem of reason’s finitude. Despite of the incorporation that Husserl makes of a teleology of Leibnizian type that resolves the Kantian hiatus between sensible and intelligible world, the Kant connoisseurs will recognize his tracks in the configuration of the Husserlian trascendental phenomenology. / Una revisión preliminar de la lectura que hace Husserl de Kant muestra que ambos pensadores representan dos tipos de filosofía esencialmente distintas en sus métodos y alcances. El juicio que hace Husserl sobre Kant permite constatar que estamos ante distintas intuiciones privilegiadas. Empero, también permite constatar un aire de familia” –si no en los estilos y la metodología– en ciertas convicciones de fondo respecto de la filosofía y la naturaleza finita de la razón. En este trabajo se aborda, desde la perspectiva husserliana, la relación entre experiencia y juicio” –propia de una teoría trascendental de los elementos” –y entre ciencia y filosofía” –correspondiente a una teoría trascendental del método.”Asimismo, se hará ver la distinción entre las actitudes natural y fenomenológica-trascendental que permite a Husserl introducir dos niveles de interrogaciónfilosófica, y dos tipos de antropologías filosóficas, correspondientes al desdoblamientodel yo– un yo puro constituyente y otro constituido. Esto último conducirá al problema genético de la auto-constitución del yo desde lo más profundo dela vida instintiva pasiva (inconsciente e irracional) hasta la vida racional en un movimiento de ascenso teleológico, que da lugar al replanteamiento del problema kantiano de la finitud de la razón. A pesar de que Husserl incorpora una teleología de tipo leibniziano que resuelve el hiato kantiano entre mundo sensible e inteligible, los conocedores de Kant podrán reconocer sus huellas en la configuración de la fenomenología trascendental husserliana.

Present thesis attempts to lay foundations of interpretation of Deleuzeʼs project of transcendental empiricism as a transcendental critical philosophy which develops itself upon the critique of traditional metaphysics founded on representative thought. For understanding this project it is essential to grasp its relation to Kantʼs critical philosophy. Present thesis focuses mainly on the importance of Maïmonʼs critique of Kant and his suggested revision of Kantʼs philosophy for the Deleuzeʼs project. In the first chapter, critique of representative metaphysics and its consequences for Deleuzeʼs transcendental empiricism is pursued. Second chapter deals with the character of differential transcendental organization which Deleuzeʼs project develops. This organization will be interpreted as a symbolic structural space constantly changing in time, which represents Deleuzeʼs "philosophical interpretation" of Riemannʼs conception of continuous manifold. Third chapter will show the consistency of this unconscious transcendental space with our phenomenal subjective perspective and will sketch an explanation of its genesis through such transcendental organization.

La thèse propose une étude de la notion de « monde de la vie » (Lebenswelt) telle qu’elle se déploie dans la pensée d’Edmund Husserl, fondateur de la phénoménologie. Prenant pour fil conducteur le problème qui est inscrit dans le nom même de cette notion (le problème d’une détermination du sens d’être du monde à partir de la vie intentionnelle du sujet), la thèse élucide la notion moyennant une approche fonctionnelle, fondée sur la distinction cardinale entre les régimes naturel et transcendantal de la vie intentionnelle. On montre en premier lieu que le monde de la vie se comprend comme monde corrélatif du passage d’une vie intentionnelle naturelle à la vie constituante de la subjectivité transcendantale (I), puis, à l’inverse, comme corrélat du recouvrement de cette vie transcendantale avec la vie naturelle de la conscience psychologique mondaine (II). Alors que la première partie rend compte de la genèse de cette notion dans la pensée de Husserl et montre qu’elle est indissociable du développement puis de la relativisation de l’idée d’une ontologie matérielle, la seconde partie montre que la notion de monde de la vie prend tout son sens lorsqu’elle est définie à partir des conditions de l’unité de la vie transcendantale et de la vie naturelle : on peut dès lors définir la phénoménologie husserlienne comme un positivisme transcendantal, au sein duquel le concept de monde de la vie reçoit des déterminations anthropologiques et biologiques tout en devenant le lieu d’une restitution transcendantale du sens de la positivité naturelle. / This PhD studies the concept of « life-world » (Lebenswelt) as it is developed in Edmund Husserl’s thought. Using as a leading clue the problem inscribed in the very name of the notion (the problem of a determination of the world’s mode of being from the intentional life of the subject), the PhD clarifies the notion through a functional approach, funded on the cardinal distinction between the natural and transcendental sides of the intentional life. First, it shows that the life-world can be understood as a world correlated to the transition from the natural intentional life toward the constituting life of a transcendental subjectivity (I) ; then, conversely, as the correlate of the unity between this transcendental life and the natural-psychological life of a worldly consciousness (II). In the first part, the PhD highlights the complex genesis of this notion in Husserl’s thought and shows that it is linked with the development and then the relativisation of the idea of a material ontology ; in its second part, it shows that the notion of life-world is the most significant when defined on the basis of the conditions of the unity of transcendental and natural life : the Husserlian phenomenology can therefore be defined as a transcendental positivism, in which the concept of life-world receives anthropological and biological determinations while allowing at the same time a transcendental restitution of the world’s natural positivity.

of thesis titled: Fichte's Transcendental Approach to Being 1801-02 submitted by Leonard Ip for the degree of Master of Arts in Philosophie in the programme Erasmus Mundus Master EuroPhilosophie, July 2021 This paper attempts to reconstruct the development of the problem of being within the framework of Fichte's Wissenschaftslehre after 1800 in its initial approach. Textually, it deals mainly with the Darstellung der Wissenschaftslehre from 1801/02. This text is considered the main document with which Fichte's so-called "late philosophy" begins after the first "Jena" period of his philosophising. The main result of the reconstruction presented is the demonstration of a "positive" concept of being, which goes beyond the concept of being explicitly determined as "negative" in Fichte's Jena Wissenschaftslehre and is defined in the Darstellung as "absolute being". In order to show that the positive concept of being is both demanded and legitimised on the basis of the Wissenschaftslehre as transcendental idealism, the reconstruction of this concept is carried out through an analysis of the first part of the Darstellung, i.e. the theory of absolute knowledge. The three chapters of this thesis carry out this analysis in three steps: in the first chapter, the systematic demand for absolute being is...