Chez les eucaryotes, le génome est organisé en chromatine, une structure nucléoprotéique essentielle pour la régulation de l’expression génique ainsi que pour le maintien de la stabilité du génome. Les ciliés sont d’excellents organismes modèles pour étudier les mécanismes généraux qui maintiennent l’intégrité du génomes eucaryote. Chez Paramecium tetraurelia, la différentiation du génome somatique à partir du génome germinal est caractérisée par des événements massifs et reproductibles d’élimination d’ADN. D’une part, des éléments répétés (transposons,régions minisatellites), de plusieurs kilobases de long, sont imprécisément éliminés.D’autre part, 45000 séquences courtes et uniques, appelées IES, sont précisément éliminées au nucléotide près. Une classe de petits ARN, appelé scnRNAs, est impliquée dans la régulation epigénétique de l’élimination d’ADN, mais comment les scnRNA contrôlent l’élimination d’ADN reste mystérieux. Nous avons testé l’hypothèse selon laquelle une organisation particulière de la chromatine, en particulier des modifications post-traductionelles des histones associées à des formes répressives de la chromatine, est impliquée dans le processus d’élimination d’ADN. Nous avons montré que la triméthylation de l’histone H3 sur la lysine 9 et la lysine 27 (H3K9me3 et H3K27me3)apparaît transitoirement dans le noyau somatique en développement au moment où se produisent les événements d’élimination d’ADN. Nous avons identifié la protéine de type Polycomb, Ezl1, et montré qu’elle est une histone methyltransferase qui présente une dualité de substrat et catalyse à la fois la mise en place de K9me3 et K27me3 sur l’histone H3. Nous avons montré que la déposition de H3K9me3 et H3K27me3 dans le noyau en développement requiert les scnRNAs. Des analyses de séquençage haut débit ont montré que Ezl1 est requise pour l’élimination des longues séquences répétées germinales, suggérant que les scnRNA guident la déposition des marques d’histones au niveau de ces séquences. Au contraire des régions répétées du génome, les IES montrent une sensibilité différente aux scnRNAs et à Ezl1, suggérant que plusieurs voies partiellement chevauchantes sont impliquées dans leur élimination. Notre étude montre que des caractéristiques intrinsèques des séquences d’ADN, telles que leur taille, peut contribuer à la définition des séquences germinales à éliminer. De manière intéressante, nous avons aussi montré que Ezl1 est requise pour la répression transcriptionnelle des éléments transposables. Nous suggérons que les voies H3K9me3et H3K27me3 coopèrent et contribuent à préserver le génome somatique de Paramecium des parasites génomiques. / Eukaryotic genomes are organized into chromatin, a complex nucleoprotein structureessential for the regulation of gene expression and for maintaining genome stability.Ciliates provide excellent model organisms with which to gain better understandinginto the regulation of genome stability in eukaryotes. In the ciliate Parameciumtetraurelia, differentiation of the somatic genome from the germline genome ischaracterized by massive and reproducible programmed DNA elimination events. Longregions of several kilobases in length, containing repeated sequences and transposableelements are imprecisely eliminated, whereas 45,000 short, dispersed, single-copyInternal Eliminated Sequences (IESs) are precisely excised at the nucleotide level. Aspecific class of small RNAs, called scnRNAs, is involved in the epigenetic regulation ofDNA deletion. How scnRNAs may guide DNA elimination in Paramecium remains tobe discovered. Here, we investigated whether chromatin structure, in particular histonepost-translational modifications known to be associated with repressive chromatin,might control DNA elimination. We showed that trimethylated lysine 9 and 27 onhistone H3 (H3K9me3 and H3K27me3) appear in the developing somaticmacronucleus when DNA elimination occurs. We identified the Polycomb-groupprotein, Ezl1, and showed that it is a dual histone methyltransferase that catalyzes bothH3K9me3 and H3K27me3 in vitro and in vivo. Genome-wide analyses show thatscnRNA-mediated H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 deposition is necessary for theelimination of long, repeated germline DNA. Conversely, single copy IESs displaydifferential sensitivity to depletion of scnRNAs and Ezl1, unveiling the existence ofpartially overlapping pathways in programmed DNA elimination. Our study revealsthat cis-acting determinants, such as DNA length, also contribute to the definition ofgermline sequences to delete. We further showed that Ezl1 is required fortranscriptional repression of transposable elements. We suggest that H3K9me3 andH3K27me3 pathways cooperate and contribute to safeguard the Paramecium somaticgenome against intragenomic parasites.

<p>Krüppel-related zinc finger proteins constitute the largest single class of transcription factors within the human genome. Members of this protein family have the ability to either activate or repress transcription depending on the presence of specific activator or repressor domains within the protein. Approximately one third of the Krüppel-related zinc finger proteins contain an evolutionarily well-conserved repressor domain termed the KRAB domain. This domain acts as a potent repressor of transcription by interacting with the co-repressor protein, TIF1β. TIF1β then, in turn, recruits HP1 proteins, HDACs and probably other proteins involved in gene silencing. In order to identify novel KRAB-containing zinc finger proteins, one mouse monocytic cDNA library and two testis cDNA libraries were screened for novel members of this multigene family. Six novel KRAB-ZNF cDNAs, four mouse and two human, were isolated. The corresponding proteins were all shown to contain N-terminally located KRAB domains as well as varying numbers of C-terminally located zinc finger motifs. An extensive comparative sequence analysis of the KRAB domains of these proteins together with KRAB domains from a large number of previously identified KRAB-ZNF proteins resulted in a clear subdivision into three different subfamilies, A+B, A+b and A. Later, we also isolated a fourth KRAB box, which is present downstream of the KRAB A box in a few proteins of the KRAB A family. This module was named KRAB C. Potential functional differences between these different subfamilies were investigated. In line with previous observations, the KRAB A box was shown to repress transcription, an activity which was enhanced by the presence of the KRAB B box. However, addition of neither the KRAB b box nor the KRAB C box had any effect on repression. Moreover, all KRAB A motifs had the ability to bind TIF1β, and this binding was increased both by the presence of the KRAB B box and by the KRAB C box. The KRAB b box, however, did not seem to contribute to TIF1β-binding. One of the novel human cDNAs, HKr19, was found to be a member of the large ZNF91 family of KRAB zinc finger genes. Interestingly, the expression of HKr19 and a number of other closely related genes were restricted to lymphoid cells, indicating that these genes may be involved in regulating lineage commitment. The effect of HKr19 on cell viability was investigated by transfection into human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293). The results indicated that HKr19, or its zinc finger domain in isolation, were toxic to these cells when expressed at high levels. The MZF6D protein, on the other hand, showed a testis-specific expression. <i>In situ</i> hybridization analysis located this expression to meiotic germ cells, suggesting a role for this protein in spermatogenesis. Further, the evolutionary perspectives of this large gene family were addressed, and its enormous expansion throughout evolution probably includes numerous duplication events. The results from two extensive sequence analyses give clues to how the repetitive nature of the ZNF motif has given rise to both internal duplications of single motifs as well as duplications of entire genes resulting in gene clusters.</p>

Krüppel-related zinc finger proteins constitute the largest single class of transcription factors within the human genome. Members of this protein family have the ability to either activate or repress transcription depending on the presence of specific activator or repressor domains within the protein. Approximately one third of the Krüppel-related zinc finger proteins contain an evolutionarily well-conserved repressor domain termed the KRAB domain. This domain acts as a potent repressor of transcription by interacting with the co-repressor protein, TIF1β. TIF1β then, in turn, recruits HP1 proteins, HDACs and probably other proteins involved in gene silencing. In order to identify novel KRAB-containing zinc finger proteins, one mouse monocytic cDNA library and two testis cDNA libraries were screened for novel members of this multigene family. Six novel KRAB-ZNF cDNAs, four mouse and two human, were isolated. The corresponding proteins were all shown to contain N-terminally located KRAB domains as well as varying numbers of C-terminally located zinc finger motifs. An extensive comparative sequence analysis of the KRAB domains of these proteins together with KRAB domains from a large number of previously identified KRAB-ZNF proteins resulted in a clear subdivision into three different subfamilies, A+B, A+b and A. Later, we also isolated a fourth KRAB box, which is present downstream of the KRAB A box in a few proteins of the KRAB A family. This module was named KRAB C. Potential functional differences between these different subfamilies were investigated. In line with previous observations, the KRAB A box was shown to repress transcription, an activity which was enhanced by the presence of the KRAB B box. However, addition of neither the KRAB b box nor the KRAB C box had any effect on repression. Moreover, all KRAB A motifs had the ability to bind TIF1β, and this binding was increased both by the presence of the KRAB B box and by the KRAB C box. The KRAB b box, however, did not seem to contribute to TIF1β-binding. One of the novel human cDNAs, HKr19, was found to be a member of the large ZNF91 family of KRAB zinc finger genes. Interestingly, the expression of HKr19 and a number of other closely related genes were restricted to lymphoid cells, indicating that these genes may be involved in regulating lineage commitment. The effect of HKr19 on cell viability was investigated by transfection into human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293). The results indicated that HKr19, or its zinc finger domain in isolation, were toxic to these cells when expressed at high levels. The MZF6D protein, on the other hand, showed a testis-specific expression. In situ hybridization analysis located this expression to meiotic germ cells, suggesting a role for this protein in spermatogenesis. Further, the evolutionary perspectives of this large gene family were addressed, and its enormous expansion throughout evolution probably includes numerous duplication events. The results from two extensive sequence analyses give clues to how the repetitive nature of the ZNF motif has given rise to both internal duplications of single motifs as well as duplications of entire genes resulting in gene clusters.

AGAMOUS-Like 15 (AGL15) encodes a MADS-domain transcription factor that is preferentially expressed in the plant embryo, and may function as a regulator in embryonic developmental programs. A number of direct downstream targets of AGL15 have been identified, and while some of these target genes are induced in response to AGL15, others are repressed. Additionally, direct target genes have been analyzed that exhibit strong association with AGL15 in vivo, yet in vitro, AGL15 binds only weakly. Taken together these data suggest that AGL15 may form heterodimers, or ternary complexes with other proteins, thus modulating the specificity and function of AGL15 in planta. Yeast two-hybrid screens were undertaken to identify novel proteins able to interact with AGL15, and a number of interesting and potentially biologically important AGL15-interacting partners are reported here. These include members of a histone deacetylase complex, a COLD SHOCK DOMAIN (CSD)-containing protein, a Khomology domain/CCCH type zinc finger containing protein, a bZIP transcription factor, a homeobox-leucine zipper protein, a LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES (LOB) domain containing protein, and an Agenet domain containing protein. Interactions between AGL15 and other MADS domain factors that are expressed in embryonic tissue, including SEPALLATA 3 (SEP3) have also been indentified. The regions of AGL15 that mediate interactions with the aforementioned proteins were mapped, and the capacity of these proteins to interact with other plant MADS-domain proteins tested. It is reported herein that AGL15 interacts with members of the SWI-INDEPENDENT 3/HISTONE DEACETYLASE (SIN3/HDAC) complex, and that AGL15 target genes are also responsive to an AGL15 interacting protein that is also a member of this complex, SIN3 ASSOCIATED POLYPEPTIDE OF 18 KD (SAP18). AGL15 can repress transcription in vivo, and a region essential to this repressive function contains an LxLxL motif that is conserved among putative orthologs of AGL15. What is more, the aforementioned motif mediates the association of AGL15 with SAP18 in yeast two-hybrid assays, thus providing a possible mechanism for explaining how role AGL15 regulates gene expression via recruitment of a histone deacetylase complex.

De nombreux gènes suppresseurs de tumeurs sont inactivés par hyperméthylation dans les cancers. Cette inactivation serait en partie initiée par la protéine, MBD2 (Methyl-CpG-Binding Domain protein 2). Cette protéine recrute au niveau de séquences méthylées des complexes enzymatiques capables de modifier la structure chromatinienne et crée ainsi des régions fonctionnellement inactives. Dès lors, ce répresseur apparaît être une cible potentielle pour combattre le cancer. Dans cette perspective, rechercher les cibles de MBD2 et comprendre sa capacité à contrôler l’expression génique semblent cruciales. Au cours de deux études gènes candidats, nous avons pu démontrer (i) une réelle spécificité de cible du répresseur méthylationdépendant MBD2 pour les loci hTERT et pS2/TFF1 ; et (ii) un nouveau rôle de la protéine MBD2 en tant que modulateur de l’expression génique. De plus, les actions antagonistes entre le répresseur MBD2 et le trans-activateur naturel du gène pS2, le récepteur aux oestrogènes α, ont été explorées. Puis, l’analyse globale des profils de distribution de MBD2, de la méthylation de l’ADN, ainsi que de l’ARN polymérase II, sur puce promoteur a montré que MBD2 possède toutes les caractéristiques d’un répresseur trancriptionnel méthylation-dépendant. En effet, 74% des promoteurs fixés par MBD2 sont méthylés et cette liaison est associée dans 65% des cas à une répression transcriptionnelle. / In the past few years, several clinical trials have shown that targeting DNA methylation machinery might be of interest in cancer therapy to restore tumor suppressor genes expression and inhibit tumor growth. The Methyl-CpG-Binding Domain protein 2 (MBD2) is an important constituent of the DNA methylation machinery since this protein is directly involved in the mediation of the epigenetic signal. Moreover, MBD2 seems to show some gene specificity, its inhibition reactivate a limited number of genes. Taken together these data suggest that MBD2 represents potential new target in cancer therapy and, therefore, new insights on MBD2 specificities are, in this context, of importance. To this end, we have developed two different approaches: a candidate genes analysis and a genome-wide analysis, using ChIP-on-chip method, in order to map MBD2 binding sites. The candidate gene approaches are strongly in favour of the “one gene – one MBD” hypothesis, at least for the genes analyzed. Indeed, our results indicate that MBD2 is specifically and directly involved in the transcriptional repression of hTERT and pS2/TFF1 genes. Furthermore, a new role of MBD2 in the fine-scale modulation of these genes was demonstrated, and the antagonist actions between MBD2 and the natural trans-activator of pS2 gene, the estrogen α, were explored. Genome wide distribution of MBD2 binding sites, DNA Methylation profiles, and silencing potential, showed that the MBD2 is a real methylation-dependant transcriptional repressor: 74% of the MBD2 binding promoters are methylated and 65% silenced.

The B cell population is one of the key components of the adaptive immune system, which protects the host from a tremendous variety of pathogens by producing antibodies. B cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells through a pathway known as B lymphopoiesis. This is a process accompanied by intensive gene expression reprogramming. By the end, genes appropriate for the B lineage are activated and those that are not are continuously repressed. The regulation of lineage gene expression is conferred by a network of transcriptional regulators. Although some key components have been defined, more factors, especially those orchestrating the repression of non-B lineage genes, remain to be identified. Chemically induced mutagenesis is a potent way of identifying genes with critical biological functions. Injection of n-ethyl-n-nitrosourea, a mutagen, has generated a unique point mutation in the mouse Gon4-like (Gon4l) gene that specifically causes a loss of peripheral B cells while maintaining the T cell population. The mutation is therefore named Justy for Just T cells. The goal of this thesis project is to analyze the Justy mice and provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the regulation of B lymphopoiesis. The work presented here demonstrates that the protein encoded by Gon4l is essential for early B lymphopoiesis, which is likely through the repression of non-B lineage genes. Gon4l protein contains conserved domains implicated in transcriptional repression and associates in a complex with the transcriptional repression mediators Yin Yang 1 and Sin3a/HDAC1, after these proteins are transiently expressed in cell lines. When bound to DNA, Gon4l is capable of repressing a nearby promoter and this function correlates with its ability to form a complex. Therefore, these results suggest that Gon4l may function as a transcriptional regulator by employing its associated co-factors in the identified complex. Lastly, a wide spectrum of tumors developed in Justy mice, indicating that Gon4l can also act as a tumor suppressor.

No description available.

No description available.

<p> Kaiso is a unique member of the BTB/POZ (Broad complex, Tramtrak, Bric à brac,/Pox virus and zinc finger) zinc finger family of transcription factors with established roles in development and tumourigenesis. Kaiso was originally identified as a novel binding partner of the Armadillo catenin p120^ctn, a cytosolic co-factor and regulator of the cell-cell adhesion molecule and tumor suppressor E-cadherin. In addition to their roles in cell adhesion, the multifunctional Armadillo catenins also regulate gene expression, thus providing at least two mechanisms for their contribution to tumourigenesis. The discovery of a novel interaction between p120^ctn and the transcription factor Kaiso was therefore consistent with gene regulatory roles for Armadillo catenins. Interestingly, Kaiso represses transcription via a sequence-specific DNA binding site (TCCTGCnA) as well as through methylated CpG di-nucleotides, and one role of nuclear p120^ctn is to inhibit Kaiso DNA-binding and transcriptional repression. We recently identified sequence-specific Kaiso binding sites in a subset of Wnt/β-catenin/TCF tumour-associated target genes, and here we present data characterizing cyclin D1 as a putative Kaiso target gene.</p> <p> Kaiso binds the cyclin D1 promoter in vitro and in vivo, and artificial promoter assays revealed that Kaiso overexpression results in the repression of a cyclin D1 promoter luciferase reporter. Since cyclin D1 is highly amplified in ~50% of human breast tumours, and a cancer profiling array demonstrated that Kaiso is misexpressed in ~40% of human breast tumours, we hypothesized that Kaiso represses and regulates cyclin D1 expression to inhibit breast tumourigenesis. In fact, examination of Kaiso expression in human breast cell lines demonstrated that cyclin D1 mRNA levels were upregulated in Kaiso-depleted cells. My studies further revealed that methylation-dependent Kaiso-DNA binding may contribute to Kaiso's transcriptional repression of the cyclin D1 promoter. We also determined that Kaiso inhibits, while p120^ctn activates, β-catenin-mediated activation of the cyclin D1 promoter. These findings further support a role for Kaiso and p120^ctn in breast tumourigenesis via their modulation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway which is highly implicated in human tumourigenesis. Together these findings support our hypothesis that Kaiso regulates cyclin D1 expression. However, further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism employed by Kaiso to elicit cyclin D1 repression and to examine how this activity may contribute to breast tumourigenesis.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

About 70% of breast tumors express the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Antiestrogens (AEs) are used to treat all stages of ER+ breast cancer. There are two types of AEs: Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) and Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs). SERMs such as Tamoxifen (Tam) have tissue-specific partial agonist activity, while SERDs such as Fulvestrant or Faslodex (ICI182, 780) fully repress estrogen target genes regardless of the tissue and cell type. Previously, it has been reported that SERDs induce ERα ubiquitination and degradation. ERα is also SUMOylated in the presence of SERDs. Abrogating SUMOylation of ERα using a deSUMOylase (SENP1) resulted in a partial de-repression of estrogen target genes in the presence of SERDs. Mapping the domains using deletion mutagenesis in the presence of ICI 182,780 showed that C-terminal domain (CDEF regions) is required of the ICI induced modification but not the N-terminal domain (AB region). Thus, a detailed dissection of the structural determinants for the selective action of SERDs on ERα SUMOylation and ubiquitination remained unknown. Our work shows that pure antiestrogens like ICI182,780 induce SUMOylation and ubiquitination of ERα but not ERβ in live cells. Utilizing the fact that domains of ERα and ERβ display sequence homology, we designed chimeras to map the minimal domain required for ERα modification in the presence of antiestrogens. Interestingly, swapping domains between ERα and ERβ showed that the Ligand Binding Domain (LBD) of ERα is sufficient to confer the induction of ERα modification in the presence of AEs such as Raloxifene (Ral) and ICI182,780. Further dissecting this region, we also found that helices 3 to 6 (H3H6) located in the LBD region is sufficient to confer the induction of SUMOylation and ubiquitination in the ICI182,780. Importantly, the lysine residues in this region between ERα and ERβ are conserved, which suggests that conformational differences in the LBD determine the capacity of ICI182, 780 bound ERα to be modified by SUMO and ubiquitin. Replacement of Leucine at position 536 in helix 12 (H12) of ERα’s LBD by a Valine residue or mutating Aspartate at position 351 abolished the increase in SUMOylation and ubiquitination observed in the presence of Ral. This suggested that Ral, a SERM, required a different set of determinants than ICI182,780 present in the LBD of ERα. vi Our work has also showed that saturating concentrations (increasing the amount of drug added will not result in a higher response) of ICI 182,780 modified and fully repressed constitutively active mutations such as Y537C, N or S and D538G. Other mutation such V534E and L536R/Q mutants exhibited some residual activity and were not modified in the presence of saturating concentrations of ICI182,780. Interestingly, the loss of SUMOylation correlated with the partial resistance to AEs. Structure function analysis of residues at position 536 indicates amino acids with a bulky hydrophobic side chain residue at this position result in preservation of ERα modifications in the presence of ICI 182,780. However, Using BRET-FECT, we have demonstrated that ERαwt/L536R heterodimerize and have intermediate levels of SUMOylation compared to ERαwt in the presence of ICI 182,780. Our results shed light onto the molecular basis for the diverse pharmacological properties of antiestrogens and should help guide the design of novel SERDs for breast cancer treatment. / Environ 70% des cancers du sein expriment le récepteur des oestrogènes alpha (ERα). Les anti-oestrogènes (AEs) sont utilisés pour traiter tous les stades de cancer du sein ER+. Il y a deux types d’AEs : les Selective ER Modulators (SERMs) et les Selective ER Downregulators (SERDs). Les SERMs, comme le Tamoxifen (Tam), ont une activité agoniste partielle tissu-spécifique, alors que les SERDs, tel Fulvestrant ou Faslodex (ICI182,780), répriment entièrement les gènes cibles d’ER, quel que soit l’organe ou le type cellulaire. Il a précédemment été montré que les SERDs induisent l’ubiquitination et la dégradation d’ERα. ERα est aussi SUMOylé en présence des SERDs. Supprimer la SUMOylation d’ERα en utilisant une déSUMOylase (SENP1) résulte en une dérépression partielle des gènes cibles d’ER en présence de SERDs. La délétion successive des différents domaines d’ERα en présence d’ICI182,780 a révélé que la région C-terminale (domaines CDEF) est requise pour la modification induite par ICI, mais pas la région N-terminale (domaines AB). Ainsi, la dissection détaillée des déterminants structuraux responsables de l’activité sélective des SERDs pour la SUMOylation et l’ubiquitination d’ERα reste à entreprendre. Nos travaux montrent que les AEs purs comme ICI182,780 induisent la SUMOylation d’ERα, mais pas d’ERβ, dans des cellules en culture. Tirant profit de l’homologie de séquences des différents domaines d’ERα et ERβ, nous avons conçu des chimères pour cartographier la région minimale requise pour la modification d’ERα en présence d’AEs. De manière intéressante, l’interversion des domaines d’ERα et ERβ a montré que le domaine de liaison au ligand (LBD) d’ERα est suffisant pour permettre l’induction de la modification d’ERα en présence d’AEs tels le Raloxifene (Ral) et ICI182,780. En décortiquant davantage ce domaine, nous avons trouvé que les hélices 3 à 6 (H3H6) du LBD sont suffisantes pour induire la SUMOylation et l’ubiquitination d’ERα en présence d’ICI182,780. De manière importante, les résidus Lysine de cette région sont conservées entre ERα et ERβ, ce qui suggère que des différences conformationnelles entre les deux LBD déterminent la capacité d’ERα lié par ICI182,780 d’être modifié par SUMO et l’ubiquitine. La mutation de la Leucine à la position 536 dans l’hélice H12 du LBD d’ERα par une Valine, ou la mutation de l’Aspartate à la position 351 abolissent l’augmentation de la SUMOylation et l’ubiquitination observée en présence de iv Ral. Cela suggère que Ral, un SERM, requière différents déterminants structuraux du LBD d’ERα qu’ICI182,780. Nos travaux ont aussi montré que des concentrations saturantes (l’augmentation de la quantité de drogue ajoutée ne mènera pas à une réponse plus élevée) d’ICI182,780 modifient et répriment entièrement des mutants constitutivement actifs d’ERα comme Y537C, N ou S et D538G. D’autres mutants, tels V534E et L536R/Q, présentent une activité résiduelle et ne sont pas modifiés sous traitement avec des concentrations saturantes d’ICI182,780. De façon intéressante, la perte de SUMOylation corrèle avec la résistance partielle aux AEs. Une analyse structure – fonction des résidus à la position 536 indique que les acides aminés avec une chaine latérale hydrophobe volumineuse à cette position permettent de préserver les modifications d’ERα en présence d’ICI182,780. Cependant, en utilisant la technique BRET-FECT, nous avons démontré que les récepteurs ERα sauvage et L536R forment un hétérodimère qui présente des niveaux intermédiaires de SUMOylation en présence d’ICI182,780. Nos résultats révèlent les bases moléculaires des diverses propriétés pharmacologiques des AEs et devraient aider à guider la conception de nouveaux SERDs pour le traitement des cancers du sein.