A sustentabilidade é um tema complexo, que tem demandado mudanças dos indivíduos, das organizações e da sociedade. Diante disso, os cursos relacionados à área de gestão têm um importante papel, uma vez que formam grande parte dos gestores que conduzem as organizações. Logo, podem prepará-los para conduzi-las de forma que estejam mais comprometidas com o meio ambiente e a sociedade. Sendo assim, mudanças têm sido observadas nestes cursos para a inserção de questões relacionadas à sustentabilidade. Contudo estas são ainda incipientes e, muitas vezes, relacionadas à manutenção do status quo, representando apenas o acréscimo de mais uma disciplina no currículo para tratar do tema, sem significar a sua reconstrução ou o avanço para propostas interdisciplinares e mesmo transdisciplinares. Portanto, é pertinente compreender quais alterações seriam necessárias nos cursos relacionados à área de gestão para a inserção da sustentabilidade para além do status quo, levando a uma transformação. Esta está relacionada a uma mudança de paradigma, que é o que propõe a aprendizagem transformadora, que se refere a alterações que vão além do nível comportamental, representando um desafio às crenças e às ideias existentes, e promovendo a reconstrução de significados. Assim, a presente pesquisa, embasada nos princípios da Teoria da Complexidade, tem como objetivo principal a proposição e aplicação de um framework do processo de mudança nos cursos relacionados à área de gestão para a inserção da sustentabilidade, visando à aprendizagem transformadora tanto no nível individual quanto organizacional. Para tanto, inicialmente, foram identificadas distintas compreensões da sustentabilidade, suas bases teóricas e sua relação com as diferentes visões dos indivíduos e das organizações. Num segundo momento, caracterizaram-se os diversos níveis de aprendizagem individual e os diferentes níveis de mudança organizacional, ambos relacionados à sustentabilidade, o que permitiu estabelecer ligações com as diferentes visões da sustentabilidade, dos indivíduos e das organizações dando origem ao Framework da Aprendizagem Transformadora Sustentável (FATS). Além disso, das discussões teóricas originou-se uma proposta de ampliação do modelo integrado de aprendizagem organizacional para a inserção da aprendizagem de terceiro nível. Para a aplicação do framework, foram realizados dois estudos de caso na Inglaterra em cursos relacionados à área de gestão que têm em suas propostas a inserção da sustentabilidade. Para a definição das categorias de análises, com base no FATS, foi desenvolvida a Matriz Complexa para a Análise da Aprendizagem Transformadora Sustentável (MCAATS), que relaciona os processos de ensino-aprendizagem (representando o nível individual), de gestão (referente à organização) e de mudança para a sustentabilidade. Adicionalmente, foram identificadas as barreiras para a transformação nos cursos de gestão que buscam uma orientação para a sustentabilidade, e seus condutores. Assim, a pesquisa contribui no sentido de auxiliar instituições de ensino, cursos, coordenadores e professores a integrarem a sustentabilidade na educação e a promoverem a aprendizagem transformadora, apresentando elementos-chaves para isso. Tem-se que, para uma mudança profunda exigida pela sustentabilidade, é importante que as transformações nas IEs aconteçam não apenas em sala de aula, mas também na organização e em seus processos de gestão, de modo a promover, apoiar e ampliar ações sustentáveis, tendo impacto na comunidade e na sociedade como um todo. Logo, para a transformação requerida pela sustentabilidade, tanto os cursos de gestão, quanto as IEs e os indivíduos que dela fazem parte, principalmente os professores que podem ser os principais condutores deste processo, precisam estar abertos à mudança, questionando as bases epistemológicas sob as quais constroem a gestão institucional e o ensino. / Sustainability is a complex issue, which has imposed individual, organizational and social changes. Therefore, courses related to management play an important role, since they form a large part of managers leading organizations. They can prepare them to lead more sustainability-committed organizations. Thus, changes have been observed in these courses for the inclusion of sustainability issues. However these are still incipient, and often about maintaining the status quo and they represent only the addition of another subject to the curriculum to address the issue, without meaning to rebuild or to advance to interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary proposals. Therefore, it is pertinent to understand what changes would be needed in management courses for the inclusion of sustainability beyond the status quo, leading to transformation in a paradigm shifting level. This paradigm shift is the proposal of transformative learning, which refers to changes that go beyond the behavioral level, posing a challenge to existing beliefs and ideas, and promoting the reconstruction of meanings. Thus, this research, based on the principles of Complexity Theory, aims to propose and implement a framework of the change process in management courses for the inclusion of sustainability aiming at transformative learning at both individual and organizational level. To this end, initially, the different understandings of sustainability have been identified, its theoretical basis and its relationship to the different views in terms of individuals and organizations. Secondly, the various levels of individual learning and the different levels of organizational change were characterized, both related to sustainability, which allowed to establish relationships with different views of sustainability, individuals and organizations leading to the Framework of Sustainable Transformative Learning (FATS). For the FATS application, two case studies were conducted in England in courses related to the field of management that have in their proposals the inclusion of sustainability. For the definition of the categories of analysis, based on FATS, the Complex Matrix for the Analysis of Sustainable Transformative Learning (MCAATS) was developed. It relates the teaching-learning processes (representing the individual level), the management process (referring to the organization) and the change for sustainability. In addition, the barriers and the drivers for transformation in management courses seeking an orientation towards sustainability were identified. Thus, the research contributes with educational institutions, courses, coordinators and teachers in order to integrate sustainability education and to promote transformative learning, presenting key elements for this. For the deep change required by sustainability, it is important that changes in Educational Institutions (EIs) happen not only in the classroom but also in the organization and its management processes in order to promote, support and expand sustainable actions that will have an impact on the community and society as a whole. Thus for the transformation required for sustainability, management courses, EIs and individuals who are part of those organizations, especially teachers who may be the key drivers for this process, must be open to change, questioning the epistemological bases under which they build institutional management and teaching.

A aprendizagem torna-se vital para gestores que atuam em ambientes organizacionais envoltos em mudanças, complexidade, paradoxos e incertezas, permeados por inovações tecnológicas e desafiados por questões éticas, políticas, ambientais e econômicas. Este estudo propõe-se compreender os processos de aprendizagem de gestores e as implicações destas transformações em suas aprendizagens, nele integrando-se a teoria da aprendizagem transformadora, que enfatiza a reflexão crítica e o pensamento autônomo para analisar estas questões. Investigam-se, pela abordagem de história de vida, processos de aprendizagem de sete gestores e suas coletividades, em macrocontextos e em contextos específicos, integrando níveis de interação, aspectos objetivos e subjetivos. Os resultados revelam a interligação entre as aprendizagens ocorridas nos âmbitos profissional, pessoal e familiar, bem como entre desenvolvimento e aprendizagem, ao longo da vida. Destacam-se as aprendizagens envolvendo mudanças de esquemas de significados e transformações de perspectivas em mudanças profundas, além do papel da intuição e da emoção nesses processos. As mudanças contemporâneas que demandam aprendizagens incluem globalização e seus reflexos no contexto brasileiro; novas tecnologias; maior participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho; responsabilidade sócio-ambiental. A análise das entrevistas dos sujeitos pesquisados evidenciou que estas mudanças implicam novos pensamentos, atitudes e sentimentos, nas carreiras e nos arranjos familiares. Neste movimento, são relevantes aprendizagens autodirigidas, constantes reciclagens de conhecimentos e superação de expectativas para o crescimento profissional. As carências de aprendizagem centram-se na ampliação de competências sociais relacionadas às interações (na gestão de pessoas, na criação e manutenção de networks e no equilíbrio entre as suas esferas de vida); à percepção de mudanças e previsão do futuro; ao autodesenvolvimento de paciência, de tolerância, de confiança e do controle da ansiedade, entre outros aspectos pouco contemplados pela educação gerencial. / Due to change, complexity, paradox and uncertainty in the organizational context, faced with technological innovations and with global ethical, political, environmental and socioeconomic problems, managerial learning becomes vital. The study aims to understand management learning processes and the implications of these transformations in their learning, integrating transformative learning theory, which emphasizes critical thinking and independent thought to analyze these issues. The life history approach is used to investigate processes of learning in macro contexts and in specific contexts, including levels of interaction, objective and subjective aspects of seven managers and their communities. The results show the link between learning occurring at the professional, personal and family levels as well as between development and lifelong learning. The study highlights learning process involving changes in meaning schemes and perspective transformation in deep changes, the role of intuition in complex problems and of emotion in these processes. Contemporary changes that require learning include globalization and its consequences in the Brazilian context, new technologies, the increased participation of women in the labor market and socio-environmental responsibility. These changes involve new thoughts, attitudes and feelings, in careers and family arrangements of the subjects studied. They also emphasize selfdirected learning, constant recycling of knowledge and the overcoming of expectations for professional growth. The learning needs focus on the development of social skills related to interactions (in the management of people, in the creation and maintenance of networks, and in the balance between their spheres of life); to the perception of changes and prediction of the future; to the self-development of patience, tolerance, control of anxiety and selfconfidence among other issues lacking in management education.

A sustentabilidade é um tema complexo, que tem demandado mudanças dos indivíduos, das organizações e da sociedade. Diante disso, os cursos relacionados à área de gestão têm um importante papel, uma vez que formam grande parte dos gestores que conduzem as organizações. Logo, podem prepará-los para conduzi-las de forma que estejam mais comprometidas com o meio ambiente e a sociedade. Sendo assim, mudanças têm sido observadas nestes cursos para a inserção de questões relacionadas à sustentabilidade. Contudo estas são ainda incipientes e, muitas vezes, relacionadas à manutenção do status quo, representando apenas o acréscimo de mais uma disciplina no currículo para tratar do tema, sem significar a sua reconstrução ou o avanço para propostas interdisciplinares e mesmo transdisciplinares. Portanto, é pertinente compreender quais alterações seriam necessárias nos cursos relacionados à área de gestão para a inserção da sustentabilidade para além do status quo, levando a uma transformação. Esta está relacionada a uma mudança de paradigma, que é o que propõe a aprendizagem transformadora, que se refere a alterações que vão além do nível comportamental, representando um desafio às crenças e às ideias existentes, e promovendo a reconstrução de significados. Assim, a presente pesquisa, embasada nos princípios da Teoria da Complexidade, tem como objetivo principal a proposição e aplicação de um framework do processo de mudança nos cursos relacionados à área de gestão para a inserção da sustentabilidade, visando à aprendizagem transformadora tanto no nível individual quanto organizacional. Para tanto, inicialmente, foram identificadas distintas compreensões da sustentabilidade, suas bases teóricas e sua relação com as diferentes visões dos indivíduos e das organizações. Num segundo momento, caracterizaram-se os diversos níveis de aprendizagem individual e os diferentes níveis de mudança organizacional, ambos relacionados à sustentabilidade, o que permitiu estabelecer ligações com as diferentes visões da sustentabilidade, dos indivíduos e das organizações dando origem ao Framework da Aprendizagem Transformadora Sustentável (FATS). Além disso, das discussões teóricas originou-se uma proposta de ampliação do modelo integrado de aprendizagem organizacional para a inserção da aprendizagem de terceiro nível. Para a aplicação do framework, foram realizados dois estudos de caso na Inglaterra em cursos relacionados à área de gestão que têm em suas propostas a inserção da sustentabilidade. Para a definição das categorias de análises, com base no FATS, foi desenvolvida a Matriz Complexa para a Análise da Aprendizagem Transformadora Sustentável (MCAATS), que relaciona os processos de ensino-aprendizagem (representando o nível individual), de gestão (referente à organização) e de mudança para a sustentabilidade. Adicionalmente, foram identificadas as barreiras para a transformação nos cursos de gestão que buscam uma orientação para a sustentabilidade, e seus condutores. Assim, a pesquisa contribui no sentido de auxiliar instituições de ensino, cursos, coordenadores e professores a integrarem a sustentabilidade na educação e a promoverem a aprendizagem transformadora, apresentando elementos-chaves para isso. Tem-se que, para uma mudança profunda exigida pela sustentabilidade, é importante que as transformações nas IEs aconteçam não apenas em sala de aula, mas também na organização e em seus processos de gestão, de modo a promover, apoiar e ampliar ações sustentáveis, tendo impacto na comunidade e na sociedade como um todo. Logo, para a transformação requerida pela sustentabilidade, tanto os cursos de gestão, quanto as IEs e os indivíduos que dela fazem parte, principalmente os professores que podem ser os principais condutores deste processo, precisam estar abertos à mudança, questionando as bases epistemológicas sob as quais constroem a gestão institucional e o ensino. / Sustainability is a complex issue, which has imposed individual, organizational and social changes. Therefore, courses related to management play an important role, since they form a large part of managers leading organizations. They can prepare them to lead more sustainability-committed organizations. Thus, changes have been observed in these courses for the inclusion of sustainability issues. However these are still incipient, and often about maintaining the status quo and they represent only the addition of another subject to the curriculum to address the issue, without meaning to rebuild or to advance to interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary proposals. Therefore, it is pertinent to understand what changes would be needed in management courses for the inclusion of sustainability beyond the status quo, leading to transformation in a paradigm shifting level. This paradigm shift is the proposal of transformative learning, which refers to changes that go beyond the behavioral level, posing a challenge to existing beliefs and ideas, and promoting the reconstruction of meanings. Thus, this research, based on the principles of Complexity Theory, aims to propose and implement a framework of the change process in management courses for the inclusion of sustainability aiming at transformative learning at both individual and organizational level. To this end, initially, the different understandings of sustainability have been identified, its theoretical basis and its relationship to the different views in terms of individuals and organizations. Secondly, the various levels of individual learning and the different levels of organizational change were characterized, both related to sustainability, which allowed to establish relationships with different views of sustainability, individuals and organizations leading to the Framework of Sustainable Transformative Learning (FATS). For the FATS application, two case studies were conducted in England in courses related to the field of management that have in their proposals the inclusion of sustainability. For the definition of the categories of analysis, based on FATS, the Complex Matrix for the Analysis of Sustainable Transformative Learning (MCAATS) was developed. It relates the teaching-learning processes (representing the individual level), the management process (referring to the organization) and the change for sustainability. In addition, the barriers and the drivers for transformation in management courses seeking an orientation towards sustainability were identified. Thus, the research contributes with educational institutions, courses, coordinators and teachers in order to integrate sustainability education and to promote transformative learning, presenting key elements for this. For the deep change required by sustainability, it is important that changes in Educational Institutions (EIs) happen not only in the classroom but also in the organization and its management processes in order to promote, support and expand sustainable actions that will have an impact on the community and society as a whole. Thus for the transformation required for sustainability, management courses, EIs and individuals who are part of those organizations, especially teachers who may be the key drivers for this process, must be open to change, questioning the epistemological bases under which they build institutional management and teaching.

abstract: Employing narrative ways of inquiry, this study interrogated how a reform action--legal banning corporal punishment in schools, which was intentionally introduced into Taiwanese society by advocates as a social movement strategy at a time when the incidence rate of school corporal punishment was high--could contribute to ending educators' use of corporal punishment. From the narratives of the teachers who believed in corporal punishment, we see how the school system itself contributed to passing, mostly without educators' consciousness of doing so, from one generation to another, a punitive mind that deems punishment a necessity and humans to be incapable of self-regulation without extrinsic force. It is this punitive way of thinking, deeply rooted in Taiwanese culture that was challenged by the legal ban. The transformation of the punitive mind requires a psychological subject-object perspective move that allows the mind to break the identification with a previously built teacher identity submitting to coercive authority. Alternative values, beliefs, and ideas--particularly the caring, trusting, respectful and persuasive approaches to interpersonal relationship--must be brought into personal experiences in order to transform the punitive mind. However, the availability of alternatives does not guarantee transformation, nor does a pure logical reasoning of the alternatives make true transformation to happen. Transformation was discovered to happen in those moments, either in narrative critical reflection or in action, when the mind sees those stories of others or themselves that were once familiar but can be realized, interpreted, retold, or recreated if using a new set of assumptions and perspectives. The effects of the legal ban were mixed. It contributed to the decline of the most well-recognized form of corporal punishment--hitting students by sticks--and offered teachers who disbelieve corporal punishment, previously questioned and crowed out by their colleagues who hit, a strong backup to justify their opposition to sticks. And the ban created opportunities for teacher to learn alternatives. Nevertheless, because the wrongdoing-punishment disciplinary framework still dominates school campuses, the ban also led to the increase or creation of new forms of coercive and humiliating measures that could not be constrained by this legal ban. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Educational Psychology 2013

L’introduction des Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (TIC) en formation exige le développement de nouvelles compétences pour répondre aux nouveaux besoins. Cela nécessite de repenser la formation des formateurs. La formation inclut l’aspect de l’apprentissage, qui a comme objectif d’élaborer les significations que requièrent, pour l’apprenant adulte, les expériences de sa vie. L’expérience à valeur formative est incluse dans un processus d’autoformation. L’expérience se transforme. De l’expérience solide et cristallisée à la réflexion et l’explicitation, ce travail de transformation passe par l’expression orale ou écrite. L’expérience est une étape existentielle qui développe l’autonomie de la personne par l’exploitation du retour sur l’expérience.Dans cette perspective, cette thèse réunit un nombre d’expériences en relation avec la trajectoire du rédacteur. L’objectif est d’examiner la place de l’expérience dans le développement des compétences et de l’identité professionnelles dans un parcours de master. Notre hypothèse est que l’expérience a un rôle décisif dans le développement des compétences et l’acquisition de l’identité professionnelles. Dans un premier temps nous analysons le rôle de l’expérience dans la formation. Ensuite, nous étudions les compétences développées à l’issue d’une formation de master 2 professionnel. Puis, nous examinons comment se développe une identité professionnelle par le biais d’un parcours de master 2 professionnel en Sciences de l’éducation. Nous étudions comment il est possible qu’un formateur en Français langue étrangère (FLE) développe une certaine gamme des compétences à travers un certain nombre d’expériences de vie, de travail et de formation. Nous terminons en proposant une modélisation de formation en master professionnel en FLE-TICE/Ingénierie pédagogique en prenant comme exemple d’étude de cas l’aboutissement de l’expérience du rédacteur de cette thèse. / The introduction of Information Technology and Communication (ICT) in education requires the development of new skills to meet new needs. This requires rethinking the training of trainers. The training includes the aspect of learning, which aims to develop the meanings that require, for the adult learner, the experiences of his life. Experience with educational value is included in the process of self-study. The experience is changing. Strong experience and crystallized thought and explanation, is transformed through oral or written expression. Experience is an existential stage that develops the autonomy of the person operating the return on experience.From this perspective, this thesis combines a number of experiences related to the path of its author. The objective is to examine the role of experience in skills development and professional identity in a master’s degree course. Our hypothesis is that experience has a decisive role in the development of skills and acquisition of professional identity. At first we analyze the role of experience in training. Next, we study the skills developed having completed the training of two professional masters and we examine how to develop a professional identity in the process. We study how it is possible that a trainer in French as foreign language (FFL) is developing a certain range of skills across a number of life experiences, work and training. We end by proposing a model of a professional master’s degree program in FFL/TIC/ Training engineering using a case study of the writer’s as an example.

A sustentabilidade é um tema complexo, que tem demandado mudanças dos indivíduos, das organizações e da sociedade. Diante disso, os cursos relacionados à área de gestão têm um importante papel, uma vez que formam grande parte dos gestores que conduzem as organizações. Logo, podem prepará-los para conduzi-las de forma que estejam mais comprometidas com o meio ambiente e a sociedade. Sendo assim, mudanças têm sido observadas nestes cursos para a inserção de questões relacionadas à sustentabilidade. Contudo estas são ainda incipientes e, muitas vezes, relacionadas à manutenção do status quo, representando apenas o acréscimo de mais uma disciplina no currículo para tratar do tema, sem significar a sua reconstrução ou o avanço para propostas interdisciplinares e mesmo transdisciplinares. Portanto, é pertinente compreender quais alterações seriam necessárias nos cursos relacionados à área de gestão para a inserção da sustentabilidade para além do status quo, levando a uma transformação. Esta está relacionada a uma mudança de paradigma, que é o que propõe a aprendizagem transformadora, que se refere a alterações que vão além do nível comportamental, representando um desafio às crenças e às ideias existentes, e promovendo a reconstrução de significados. Assim, a presente pesquisa, embasada nos princípios da Teoria da Complexidade, tem como objetivo principal a proposição e aplicação de um framework do processo de mudança nos cursos relacionados à área de gestão para a inserção da sustentabilidade, visando à aprendizagem transformadora tanto no nível individual quanto organizacional. Para tanto, inicialmente, foram identificadas distintas compreensões da sustentabilidade, suas bases teóricas e sua relação com as diferentes visões dos indivíduos e das organizações. Num segundo momento, caracterizaram-se os diversos níveis de aprendizagem individual e os diferentes níveis de mudança organizacional, ambos relacionados à sustentabilidade, o que permitiu estabelecer ligações com as diferentes visões da sustentabilidade, dos indivíduos e das organizações dando origem ao Framework da Aprendizagem Transformadora Sustentável (FATS). Além disso, das discussões teóricas originou-se uma proposta de ampliação do modelo integrado de aprendizagem organizacional para a inserção da aprendizagem de terceiro nível. Para a aplicação do framework, foram realizados dois estudos de caso na Inglaterra em cursos relacionados à área de gestão que têm em suas propostas a inserção da sustentabilidade. Para a definição das categorias de análises, com base no FATS, foi desenvolvida a Matriz Complexa para a Análise da Aprendizagem Transformadora Sustentável (MCAATS), que relaciona os processos de ensino-aprendizagem (representando o nível individual), de gestão (referente à organização) e de mudança para a sustentabilidade. Adicionalmente, foram identificadas as barreiras para a transformação nos cursos de gestão que buscam uma orientação para a sustentabilidade, e seus condutores. Assim, a pesquisa contribui no sentido de auxiliar instituições de ensino, cursos, coordenadores e professores a integrarem a sustentabilidade na educação e a promoverem a aprendizagem transformadora, apresentando elementos-chaves para isso. Tem-se que, para uma mudança profunda exigida pela sustentabilidade, é importante que as transformações nas IEs aconteçam não apenas em sala de aula, mas também na organização e em seus processos de gestão, de modo a promover, apoiar e ampliar ações sustentáveis, tendo impacto na comunidade e na sociedade como um todo. Logo, para a transformação requerida pela sustentabilidade, tanto os cursos de gestão, quanto as IEs e os indivíduos que dela fazem parte, principalmente os professores que podem ser os principais condutores deste processo, precisam estar abertos à mudança, questionando as bases epistemológicas sob as quais constroem a gestão institucional e o ensino. / Sustainability is a complex issue, which has imposed individual, organizational and social changes. Therefore, courses related to management play an important role, since they form a large part of managers leading organizations. They can prepare them to lead more sustainability-committed organizations. Thus, changes have been observed in these courses for the inclusion of sustainability issues. However these are still incipient, and often about maintaining the status quo and they represent only the addition of another subject to the curriculum to address the issue, without meaning to rebuild or to advance to interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary proposals. Therefore, it is pertinent to understand what changes would be needed in management courses for the inclusion of sustainability beyond the status quo, leading to transformation in a paradigm shifting level. This paradigm shift is the proposal of transformative learning, which refers to changes that go beyond the behavioral level, posing a challenge to existing beliefs and ideas, and promoting the reconstruction of meanings. Thus, this research, based on the principles of Complexity Theory, aims to propose and implement a framework of the change process in management courses for the inclusion of sustainability aiming at transformative learning at both individual and organizational level. To this end, initially, the different understandings of sustainability have been identified, its theoretical basis and its relationship to the different views in terms of individuals and organizations. Secondly, the various levels of individual learning and the different levels of organizational change were characterized, both related to sustainability, which allowed to establish relationships with different views of sustainability, individuals and organizations leading to the Framework of Sustainable Transformative Learning (FATS). For the FATS application, two case studies were conducted in England in courses related to the field of management that have in their proposals the inclusion of sustainability. For the definition of the categories of analysis, based on FATS, the Complex Matrix for the Analysis of Sustainable Transformative Learning (MCAATS) was developed. It relates the teaching-learning processes (representing the individual level), the management process (referring to the organization) and the change for sustainability. In addition, the barriers and the drivers for transformation in management courses seeking an orientation towards sustainability were identified. Thus, the research contributes with educational institutions, courses, coordinators and teachers in order to integrate sustainability education and to promote transformative learning, presenting key elements for this. For the deep change required by sustainability, it is important that changes in Educational Institutions (EIs) happen not only in the classroom but also in the organization and its management processes in order to promote, support and expand sustainable actions that will have an impact on the community and society as a whole. Thus for the transformation required for sustainability, management courses, EIs and individuals who are part of those organizations, especially teachers who may be the key drivers for this process, must be open to change, questioning the epistemological bases under which they build institutional management and teaching.

M.Ed. (Management and Leadership) / After the election of the new democratic government in 1994, bold steps were taken to transform the South African education dispensation, seeking for an appropriate approach to address the educational imbalances of the past. Transformational leadership emerged as the key focus in restricting the educational system. A qualitative research design was employed to answer the research question which would be integrated with the aim of the study in a logical way. The aim of the study was to explore leadership styles practiced by the principals in a changing educational system. Data was generated by means of interview to provide rich descriptions and explanations of how principals experience transformation in this particular context. The literature review revealed that principals as transformational leaders have an important role to play in setting the tone to provide direction, executing their tasks as leaders and managers and building democratic schools. To keep up and cope effectively with constant and rapid transformation, principals are also urged to demonstrate positive, supporting leadership and professionalism, and to acquire new learning and thinking skills to manage change. By developing a better understanding of transformation, the principals will be able to give effective direction and empower their staff, guiding and supporting them in the process of accepting transformation. While leadership skills are essential for providing effective leadership, principals must also possess a sense of purpose and direction. The challenge is to develop leaders’ sensitivity and knowledge so that they will know when to be directive and when to act within a collaborative framework, or to delegate responsibility to others. The research findings indicate that principals do fulfill their new roles and responsibility as educational leaders.

Through this research study my aim was to critically examine the ways in which multimodal, autoethnographic art can enhance and expand educational experiences in general education art classrooms. The study investigates how participants’ perceptions of self and others within culture transform over a semester-long qualitative arts-based study. The study’s goal was to uncover teaching and learning strategies that help to disrupt traditional academic boundaries using autoethnography to create an engaged, cooperative university classroom environment. The participants for this study included 77 students in a general education art and culture course and myself as the co-teacher and researcher. Autoethnographic data were collected throughout the course in the forms of art research journals, pre-and post course questionnaires, researcher field notes, recorded class discussions, on-line discussion boards, notes from one-on-one student/researcher communications and field notes from participants’ final multimodal, autoethnographic art pieces and presentations. The methods used for the study were a modified version of arts-based and grounded theoretical research models. A heavy emphasis was placed on the participants art-making and sharing their work with others in the study. The findings from the study indicated most of, many of participants experienced advancement in their understanding of self within culture and developments of new insights into the experiences and perceptions of others in the study. Results from the study confirm a steady growth in participant engagement and development of cooperative class environment throughout the semester. This study contributes to existing scholarship on the generation of new knowledge from arts-based research models, multimodal autoethnograpy as method, teacher/student relationships in academia, and risk-taking in teacher professional development. The findings from the study might provide support and encouragement for meaningful discussions about the significance of exploring self through art making and art sharing in academic settings. By highlighting the achievements of the use of autoethnography as a method of inquiry, this study will add to the larger discussion of teacher and student identity in art education classrooms.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics, and Health / Tandalayo Kidd / HIV and nutrition status are interrelated. Nutrition problems associated with HIV or its treatment occur in nearly all people living with HIV (PLHIV) and can be indicative of the stage and progression of infection. On the other hand, adequate nutrition ensures good nutrition status, immune function, improved treatment outcome, and quality of life. The growing problems of HIV and AIDS in Indonesia require health professionals, including dietitians, to mobilize for HIV care and control. However, studies have demonstrated health care workers to have prejudicial attitudes towards PLHIV, which may further jeopardize the quality of care. The objective of this study was to implement the attribution theory to improve HIV-related knowledge and attitudes among dietetics students. It is hypothesized that given the opportunity to revisit the antecedent of their stigma, dietetic students might be able to improve their attitudes and emotional reactions to HIV. Results from the cross-sectional study confirmed the attribution theory, showing that the stigmatizing attitudes were influenced by both personal values and environmental factors. The study also found that greater knowledge about HIV was associated with a better attitude toward PLHIV. This and the fact that universities differed in how they educated dietetic students about HIV, raise questions on the current dietetic curriculum in Indonesia and the teaching conduct in each dietetic school. These notions were studied in the second study, using a qualitative approach to inquire lecturers and school administrators. Four major themes emerged from the analysis confirming that HIV discourse in dietetic schools in Indonesia is very limited since it is not mandatory in the curriculum, lecturers are reluctant to talk about HIV, and there is apparent restriction to work with the key population. The way the lecturers attribute HIV with blames of personal responsibility and fear of contagion, heavily influence their teaching conduct. The intervention model with transformative learning supported the hypothesis that given the opportunity to reflect and re-question their judgment, students were able to improve their knowledge and reduce their stigmatizing attitudes. Overall, these studies give a warning to policy makers in health and education sectors as well as the school administrators that dietetics students have negative attitudes towards PLHIV and this stigma is associated with lack of knowledge about HIV, hence the need to improve response from both sectors. This study also serves as a strong call to provide more opportunities to students to learn about HIV and to reach out to the patients and key population to instill better understanding and acceptance to HIV.

Magister Educationis (Adult Learning and Global Change) - MEd(AL) / The purpose of this research paper is to explore and examine the nature of learning within the context of and situated within a social movement. Based on an exploratory qualitative study of learning within the Jyoti Jivanam Movement of South Africa, this research explores the nature and purpose/s of learning within a social movement. Accordingly, this study is guided by the research questions: How and why do adults learn as they collectively participate in social movements; and what factors facilitate, contribute, hinder and influence learning within social movement? This study confirms that social movements are important sites for. Collective learning and knowledge construction. For this reason, social movements need to be acknowledged as pedagogical sites that afford adults worthwhile learning opportunities. Furthermore, social movements, as pedagogical sites, not only contribute to conceptions of what constitute legitimate knowledge(s), social movements also contribute to the creation of transformative knowledge(s).