Transitions of care is a model designed to ensure that patients have resources needed to assist them to care for themselves at home after hospital discharge, which helps to decrease preventable adverse events. For people with heart failure (HF) to transition home from the hospital successfully, specific education is needed that is individualized to the disease process, but most patients' educational needs after discharge are unmet. The purpose of this qualitative study, guided by the Meleis middle range theory of transition, was to explore the perspectives of people with HF about their educational needs in order to gather data that could inform better care practices for them once they are discharged from the hospital. Twelve participants with HF were interviewed post hospital discharge about their education experience at discharge and what they felt was needed for them to be successful in caring for themselves after discharge. Data were analyzed, and three themes emerged: discharge preparation, lifestyle changes, and transitions of care. Participants indicated that they had a positive experience with the education provided, that they had to make changes to their daily routines, and that the transition of care program was beneficial in helping them successfully care for themselves after discharge. Further studies should interview people of different ethnicities with HF, should include multiple sites in the study, and should extend the research to people with other illnesses to gain their perception of discharge education. Results contribute to positive social change because individuals with HF who know how to care for themselves at home will be able to improve their quality of life as they can effectively transition to home from the hospital setting.

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Children with cleft lip/palate receive team care which typically ends at eighteen. Young adults then need to transition into an adult centered model of care. A paucity of literature exists regarding their perspective on transition of care experience. This research explores the experiences young adults with CLP regarding their transition of care process, within the person centered ICF framework.

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa bland barn och unga utgör ett allvarligt folkhälsoproblem. Vuxenblivandet innebär förväntningar på att bli ekonomiskt oberoende, förmåga att fatta självständiga beslut och ansvarstagande. Övergången från barn till vuxen kan ses som en avgörande händelse i en ung persons liv. För unga vuxna med psykisk ohälsa spelar barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin (BUP) och vuxenpsykiatrin (VUP) en central roll i att hantera psykisk ohälsa hos unga vuxna. Specialistsjuksköterskor inom psykiatrisk omvårdnad kan underlätta denna övergång genom en positiv och stödjande attityd. Syfte: Att beskriva unga vuxnas upplevelser av övergången mellan barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin och vuxenpsykiatrin. Metod: Kvalitativ litteraturöversikt med ett systematiskt tillvägagångssätt. För litteraturöversikten har databaserna Pubmed, Cinahl och PsycInfo använts då dessa databaser är inriktade på forskning inom omvårdnad och psykologi. Induktiv tematisk resultatanalys utifrån Bettany-Saltikov och McSherrys (2016) innehållsanalys bestående av nio steg har applicerats. Samtliga artiklar har kvalitetsgranskas enligt CASP.  Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i följande teman; “De känslomässiga aspekterna av övergången”, “Vårdutmaningar under övergången”, "Patientcentrerad vård och vårdrelation under övergången”,  med tre respektive två subteman under varje huvudtema.  Betydelse:Författarna vill med denna studie identifiera kunskapsluckor, vilket förhoppningsvis kan bidra till en utveckling av omvårdnaden för unga vuxna med psykisk ohälsa under en period i livet som kantas av övergång och förändring. / Background: Mental health issues among children and youth constitute a serious public health problem. The transition to adulthood involves expectations on financial independence, the ability to make independent decisions, and taking responsibility. The transition from childhood to adulthood can be seen as a crucial event in a young person's life. For young adults with mental health issues, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) and Adult Mental Health Services (AMS) play a central role in managing mental health. Psychiatric nursing specialists can facilitate this transition through a positive and supportive attitude. Purpose:To describe young adults' experiences of the transition between child and adolescent psychiatry and adult psychiatry. Method: Literature review of qualitative research with a systematic approach. For the literature review, the databases PubMed, Cinahl and PsycInfo have been used, as these databases focus on nursing research and psychology. Inductive thematic result analysis based on Bettany-Saltikov and McSherry's (2016) content analysis consisting of nine steps has been applied. All articles have been quality-assessed according to CASP. Results: The results are presented in following themes; “The emotional aspects of the transition”, “Care challenges during the transition”, "Patient-centred care and the care relationship during the transition”, with three respectively two sub-themes under each main theme.  Meaning:The authors aim to identify knowledge gaps in this study, which hopefully can contribute to the development of care for young people with mental health issues during a period in life marked by transition and change.

Transitional care is an important process for professionals to consider, particularly as recent studies have shown how a mental health difficulty in adolescence will persist into adulthood. This indicates that a number of those seen in Child and Adolescent mental health services are likely to make the transition into Adult services. For professionals from both services, barriers can arise when supporting young people across service boundaries and recent studies have stated that the current practice of transitional care in mental health is deemed to be problematic. However at the time of conducting this study, there was a paucity of literature, therefore the aim of the study was to add to the existing knowledge. The study followed a Social Constructivist grounded theory (Charmaz, 2014) approach to explore the experience of stakeholders of the transition process. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals, young people and parents. There were a total of eight interviews which were transcribed and analysed. The findings present the core category as Facing the transition, with three sub- categories: Changing status, Manoeuvring the boundaries and Reflections on the process. The tentative theory explains how facing the transition involves stakeholders adjusting to the changing status of the service user. This category triggers the service transition but also describes how societal perceptions about adulthood influence the expectations placed on young people. Manoeuvring the boundaries describes and explains service transition, identifying a range of barriers and strategies to overcome these. One of the most significant barriers was identified as cultural differences between the two services. The third category describes how stakeholders make sense of their experiences, and how these are managed within the therapeutic relationship.

The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate clinical pharmacist interventions with the focus on methods aiming to improve the quality of drug therapy and increase patient safety. Adverse drug events caused by medication errors, suboptimal dosages and inappropriate prescribing are common causes of drug-related morbidity and mortality. Clinical pharmacists integrated in multi-professional health-care teams are increasingly addressing these issues. A randomised controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of clinical pharmacists’ interventions in reducing morbidity and use of hospital care for patients 80 years or older. The results showed that the intervention group had fewer visits to hospital and that the intervention was cost-effective. In a subsequent study based on the population in the RCT, the appropriateness of prescribing was assessed using three validated tools. The results indicated improved appropriateness of prescribing for the intervention group as a result of the intervention. The tools and the number of drugs at discharge were then tested for validity in terms of causal links between the scores at discharge and hospitalisation. No clear correlations between high scores for the tools or a high number of drugs and increased risk of hospitalisation could be detected. During the inclusion period of the RCT a survey based study was conducted where the perceived value of ward-based clinical pharmacists, from the perspective of hospital-based physicians and nurses as well as from general practitioners (GPs) was evaluated. The respondents were positive to the new collaboration to a high degree and stated increased patient safety and improvements in patients’ drug therapy as the main advantages. In the last study the frequency and severity of prescription and transcription errors, when patients enrolled in the multidose-dispensed medications (MDD) system are discharged from hospital, was investigated. The results showed that errors frequently occur when MDD patients are hospitalised.

Contexte : Chaque année, au Canada, environ 1000 enfants âgés de 0 à 14 ans recevront un diagnostic de cancer. On estime qu’environ 80 % de ceux-ci vont survivre. La rémission implique un suivi à long terme basé sur la prévention et la promotion de la santé. Une fois adulte, ce type de suivi doit se poursuivre. Ces jeunes âgés de 18 ans devront donc effectuer un transfert de milieu de soins entre le centre pédiatrique et le centre adulte. Le passage à l’âge adulte étant déjà un moment de changement en soi, l’ajout de cette transition de milieu vers un milieu inconnu peut être anxiogène. Des patients qui ont une expérience acquise à naviguer dans le centre de cancérologie adulte pourraient venir en aide à leurs pairs sous forme d’accompagnement à la transition. Objectifs : Identifier les besoins spécifiques des patients en rémission d’une tumeur cérébrale diagnostiquée à l’enfance et qui devront transférer d’un centre pédiatrique à un centre adulte et ainsi, connaître leur intérêt face à une intervention comprenant un patient accompagnateur (PA). Identifier les facteurs favorables et limitants à la mise en place d’une intervention impliquant des PA lors de la transition vers un centre hospitalier adulte des patients en rémission d’un sarcome diagnostiqué à l’enfance. Puis, connaître la perception des parties prenantes qui gravitent autour de la transition de milieux de soins quant aux pistes d’amélioration à apporter, aux enjeux vécus, mais aussi à la possibilité d’impliquer des PA. Méthode : Un devis qualitatif de type exploratoire de faisabilité d’implantation est utilisé. Des entretiens sont conduits auprès de la population de recherche constituée de patients effectuant le transfert de milieu, d’un PA, de professionnels de la santé et des membres de bureaux du partenariat. L’analyse thématique est utilisée afin de faire ressortir les thèmes communs des entrevues autant pour les divergences de point de vue que pour les ressemblances. Résultats : Les membres des bureaux de partenariat voient des bénéfices à l’implication de PA, mais y voient certaines complexités vu le manque de ressource pour soutenir un tel programme. Ils accordent une importance particulière au suivi psychosocial des PA et l’implication des parents dans le processus. Quant aux professionnels de la santé, ils accordent une importance particulière au développement de l’autonomie des jeunes patients et un suivi conjoint entre les centres. Ils sont également sensibles au suivi psychosocial des patients et aux enjeux spécifiques à la transition. Ils voient des bénéfices à l’implication d’un programme de PA, mais soulèvent des réticences. Le patient nomme la différence d’encadrement entre les milieux et les difficultés de communication entre ceux-ci. Les lacunes de la communication transparaissent dans le transfert du dossier médical, une inquiétude soulevée par le patient. Il voit cependant des bénéfices à un programme impliquant des PA. Puis, le PA aborde les défis et les préalables à la réussite de ses interventions. Il soulève également le manque d’accompagnement pour les parents. Conclusion : La transition de milieux de soins génère de nouveaux défis pour les patients comme ceux diagnostiqués à l’enfance d’une tumeur cérébrale ou d’un sarcome. Une attention particulière doit être portée aux besoins de ces patients, mais aussi à l’amélioration du processus. De premier abord, l’implantation d’un programme de PA n’est pas ressortie comme un besoin exprimé par le patient. Il y voyait cependant que des bénéfices. Les données de cette étude sont trop restreintes pour déterminer si l’accompagnement serait bénéfique à la transition entre le milieu pédiatrique et adulte. Cependant, cette étude exploratoire de faisabilité d’implantation a permis de connaître les perceptions des parties prenantes qui gravitent autour de ce processus de transition entre les milieux face à des pistes d’amélioration du processus, des enjeux vécus et la perception de l’implication des PA. Mots clés: Tumeur cérébrale, sarcome, patient accompagnateur, transition de milieux de soins, pédiatrie, centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine, centre hospitalier universitaire de Montréal, hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont / Background: Every year, in Canada around 1000 kids between 0 and 14 years old will be diagnosed with a cancer. The survival rate is estimated around 80%. Remission involves a survivorship follow up based on prevention and health promotion. As an adult, their follow up must continue. The 18 years old young adult will transfer from pediatric care center to adult care center. Transition to adulthood is a turning point for them and the adding of adult care center transfer can be anxiety inducing. Patients who had experience navigating in the adult cancer care center can help reduce this anxiety by being mentor for the other patients. Objectives: Identify the needs of patients in remission from a brain tumor cancer diagnosed in childhood who will transfer from a pediatric center to an adult center and thus, know their interest in an intervention including a mentor patient. Identify the positive and limiting factors for the implementation of an intervention involving mentor patients during the transition to an adult hospital center for patients in remission from a sarcoma diagnosed in childhood. Then, know the perception of the stakeholders of the process as to the avenues for improvement to made, the issues experienced, but also the possibility of involving mentor patients. Design: A qualitative design of exploratory type of implementation feasibility is used. Interviews are conduct with patients, mentor patient, health care professionnal and paternership members. A content analysist is used to bring out the principal themes in the interviews and also the different and the similar points of view. Results: The members of the partnership offices clearly see the benefits of involving mentor patient but see certain complexities in it because of the lack of resources to support such program. They attach particular importance to the psychosocial follow-up of mentor patient and the involvement of parents in the process. As for health professionals, they attach a particular importance to the development of young patient’s autonomy and joint monitoring between the centers. They are also sensitive to the psychosocial follow-up of patients and to the specific issues of the transition. They see benefits in the involvement of a mentor patient program but raise some reservations. The patient raises the difference in supervision between the care centers and the communication difficulties between them. The gaps in communication are reflected in the transfer of the medical file, a concern of this patient. However, he sees only benefits to a program involving mentor patient. Then, the mentor patient discusses of the challenges and prerequisites for the success of his interventions. He also raises the lack of support for parents. Conclusion: The period when care environment change, being a time of new challenges for patients such as those diagnosed with a brain tumor or sarcoma in their childhood, special attention must be paid to their needs, by improving the process. At first, the implementation of a mentorship program did not emerge as a need expressed by the patient. However, he only saw benefits. The data from this study are too limited to determine whether mentor support would be beneficial to the transition between the pediatric and adult settings. However, this exploratory study made it possible to know the perceptions of the stakeholders who gravitate around this process of transition between the care centers which is improving the process, the issues experienced and the perception of the mentors’ patients. Key words: Brain tumor, sarcoma, mentor patient, transition of care settings, pediatrics, centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine, centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Maisonneuve-Rosemont hospital

Introduction Transition care clinics (TCCs) have proven to be effective in meeting the time-sensitive needs of patients in the post-discharge period and ensuring smooth transitions of patients from hospital to home. These clinics have led to lower readmissions, lower emergency department visits, cost savings, and lower rates of other adverse events following discharge. However, TCCs, including the East Tennessee State University Family Medicine (ETSU-FM) TCC have been facing high rates of patient no-shows. Aim The aim of this dissertation is to identify the different components and outcomes of TCC based on the literature. We further aim to analyze the TCC implementation process at the ETSU-FM clinic, identify gaps, and provide recommendations to address those gaps. Methods A scoping review was conducted using three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO) searches while following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews Checklist to identify different components of TCCs and the associated outcomes. Additionally, a mixed-methods study was conducted using patients and providers from the ETSU-FM clinic to identify different factors associated with patients’ no-shows to scheduled TCC appointments. Results Eighteen studies were analyzed and TCC components and patients’ outcomes were assessed. Predischarge communication with patients and caregivers, early post-discharge contacts, etc. were identified as some of the effective components of TCC. Our review also highlighted that TCC resulted in lower readmissions, lower ED visits, and cost-effectiveness. For the mixed-methods study, we included 520 patients in our quantitative analysis and interviewed 10 providers for the qualitative analysis. Several patient-level and system-level factors were found to be associated with TCC no-shows. A few of the factors that were deemed modifiable by the clinic have been identified and recommendations provided accordingly. Conclusion TCCs play a vital role in ensuring smooth care transitions of patients following discharge. It is crucial to conduct context-level studies to identify factors that are associated with TCC no-shows and design interventions accordingly. Doing so could lead to pursuit of the triple aim of healthcare: improving patients’ experience of care, improving the health of populations, and reducing the per capita cost of health care.