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Thesis (MPhil (Dept. of Ancient Studies) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Mention is yet again made of a new translation of the Bible into Afrikaans. The question is: Which translation approach must be followed in order to ensure effective communication of this age-old message? In 2002 and 2003, a project was launched in Stellenbosch during which translation teams prepared four different draft translations of parts of the Bible from the original languages. A new translation model was used, namely Gutt's direct and indirect translation strategies, which were applied within Nord's functionalistic approach as framework. After the review of some of the most important Bible translations through the ages, main features of Nida's translation model are explained. It is indicated that the basis of his translation approach, the code model of communication, is regarded as insufficient for describing translation as a phenomenon. New developments in linguistics, namely Sperber and Wilson's exposition of Relevance Theory, and Translation Studies, namely Ernst-August Gutt's application of Relevance Theory to translation and Christiane Nord's version of the Skopos Theory, are discussed. The conclusion is made that these developments have been taken into account in the translation model of the Stellenbosch translation project and that the model is indeed theoretically well founded. Based on the annotations of the translation products, it was found that this abstract theoretical model can indeed be applied successfully in practice. The results of the empirical study indicate that the average reader does not always prefer the same type of translation on a specific kind of occasion, but has a need for an informal as well as a formal Bible translation. Following the findings of this study, proposals are made that can be applied during a possible new translation of the Bible into Afrikaans.

published_or_final_version / Literary and Cultural Studies / Master / Master of Arts

I declare that this research project is my own unaided work. It is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Arts in translation, at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other university. / This projeot examines Clive Wake's translation of Xala a neo-colonial French African novel by Sembene Ousmane' (1973) focusing on the manner in which the ideological content of the novel is approached and dealt with in translation. A comparison of passages in the source text chosen on the basis of their ideological contribution to the novel with the corresponding passages in this large text, forms the basis of the study. (Abbreviation abstract) / Andrew Chakane 2018

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of English

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of English

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of English

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of Portuguese

Introduced in 1993, the IBM translation models were the first generation Statistical Machine Translation systems. For the IBM Models, only IBM Model 1 is a convex optimization problem, meaning that we can initialize all its probabilistic parameters to uniform values and subsequently converge to a good solution via Expectation Maximization (EM). In this thesis we discuss a mechanism to generate an infinite supply of nontrivial convex relaxations for IBM Model 2 and detail an Exponentiated Subgradient algorithm to solve them. We also detail some interesting relaxations that admit and easy EM algorithm that does not require the tuning of a learning rate. Based on the geometric mean of two variables, this last set of convex models can be seamlessly integrated into the open-source GIZA++ word-alignment library. Finally, we also show other applications of the method, including a more powerful strictly convex IBM Model 1, and a convex HMM surrogate that improves on the performance of the previous convex IBM Model 2 variants.