This thesis involves the study of Cicero’s translation of several Greek terms and concepts. In this analysis I examine some of the historical relations between Greek and Roman cultures in order to establish some of the factors that Cicero encountered when attempting to use Greek terms. This includes, in specific, an examination of Cato the Elder as an example of an elite Roman. The latter half of the thesis focuses on a series of specific Greek terms that deal with the Stoic theory of action. This section illustrates how Cicero introduced the Greek term, how he attempted to translate it into Latin, and any problems that occurred in the translation. Finally, I offer some explanations for any differences that I detected between the Greek Stoic meaning of the term and Cicero’s own translation. / February 2009

This paper is an analysis of the translation of metaphors in an English informative text and its Swedish translation. The English source text is entitled The Madonna of Stalingrad: Mastering the (Christmas) Past and West German National Identity after World War Two,and the Swedish target text is entitled Madonnan från Stalingrad: att behärska det (nazistiska) förflutna och västtysk identitet efter andra världskriget.The aim of this essay is to investigate how metaphors in an English informative text can be translated to Swedish. The analysis is based on translation strategies suggested by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), and Newmark (1988). The understanding of metaphors is based on theories by a number of scholars, such as Lakoff and Johnson (1980), and Knowles and Moon (2006). In this paper, metaphors are divided into two groups, referred to as “literal metaphors” and “aesthetic metaphors”. The point is to convey that metaphors are not always “poetic” but actually very common in everyday language; we usually do not reflect upon the fact that we use metaphors all the time. The result of the analysis shows that English and Swedish metaphors are often based on the same images, which indicates that English and Swedish Language cultures are similar. The analysis also shows that even though literal translation of English metaphors often is possible, in many cases transposition or especially modulation is required to make the metaphor idiomatic in Swedish. In most cases, the need for another solution than literaltranslation seems to be linked to context.

Problems of translating satire from english to telugu and vice versa

This thesis involves the study of Cicero’s translation of several Greek terms and concepts. In this analysis I examine some of the historical relations between Greek and Roman cultures in order to establish some of the factors that Cicero encountered when attempting to use Greek terms. This includes, in specific, an examination of Cato the Elder as an example of an elite Roman. The latter half of the thesis focuses on a series of specific Greek terms that deal with the Stoic theory of action. This section illustrates how Cicero introduced the Greek term, how he attempted to translate it into Latin, and any problems that occurred in the translation. Finally, I offer some explanations for any differences that I detected between the Greek Stoic meaning of the term and Cicero’s own translation.

This thesis involves the study of Cicero’s translation of several Greek terms and concepts. In this analysis I examine some of the historical relations between Greek and Roman cultures in order to establish some of the factors that Cicero encountered when attempting to use Greek terms. This includes, in specific, an examination of Cato the Elder as an example of an elite Roman. The latter half of the thesis focuses on a series of specific Greek terms that deal with the Stoic theory of action. This section illustrates how Cicero introduced the Greek term, how he attempted to translate it into Latin, and any problems that occurred in the translation. Finally, I offer some explanations for any differences that I detected between the Greek Stoic meaning of the term and Cicero’s own translation.

Centering my focus on a detailed translation of the poetry of Bai Juyi's New Yuefu, I will reconstruct the poet's world on the foundation of political allegory found within his verse. Bai Juyi once said that there are four elements that compose poetry as a whole: Likened to a blossoming fruit tree, the root of poetry is in its emotions, its branches in its wording, its flowers in its rhyme and voice, and lastly its final culmination in the fruits of its meaning. Moreover, I will carefully research Bai Juyi's correspondence with other members of the New Yuefu Movement such as Yuan Zhen. As a whole, the aim of this thesis is to illuminate what I view to be Bai Juyi's own unique brand of poetic theory as well as the sociological philosophy behind its creation.

<p> Intertextuality refers to the textual space where texts intersect and new (hyper)texts emerge. It is the shaping of a text&rsquo;s meaning by other (inter)texts present in it. As a literary device taking forms like allusion, quotation, pastiche, translation, etc., it depends on the presupposition of the presence of intertexts (or hypotexts) in (hyper)texts and on the reader&rsquo;s recognition of such presence. For the recognition of intertexts, authors usually rely on shared cultural knowledge with the reader. The presence of intertexts in a text can either open it to interpretations or direct the reader towards a one in particular. If such recognition can possibly be missed intraculturally, the possibility is doubled when the reading is intercultural, as in translation. To minimize the loss of the intertextual context of the source text (ST), translators adopt certain translation strategies (such as analogous intertexts, paratextual devices, and exegetical translation) that ensure such context is relayed into the target text (TT) and recognized by the target reader. While the semantic equivalence can neutralize the linguistic difference, relaying the intertextual relations in the ST remains the daunting problem encountered by the translator.</p><p> I argue in this dissertation that intertexts, particularly Quranic references, in the Arabic novel are a source of semantic density and pose a considerable challenge to the translator. Since semantic equivalence alone does not guarantee that the ST intertextual relations are maintained in the TT, a synthesis of other translation strategies is required to relay the ST intertextual relation into the TT. Drawing on Kristeva&rsquo;s (1986) &lsquo;vertical intertextuality,&rsquo; Fairclough&rsquo;s &lsquo;manifest intertextuality&rsquo; (Momani et al., 2010), Derrida&rsquo;s &lsquo;iterability&rsquo; and &lsquo;citationality&rsquo; (Alfaro, 1996), Bakhtin&rsquo;s &lsquo;reaccentuation&rsquo; or &lsquo;double-voicing&rsquo; (Kristeva, 1986), I opted for paratextual devices to ensure that the TT reader will capture those relations. Bracketed explanations were used extremely economically to avoid producing an enlarged translation.</p><p>

CK2 is a serine/threonine kinase, with 2 catalytic subunits (α and α’) and 2 regulatory subunits (β). CK2 phosphorylates and activates substrates in several pathways implicated in cancer progression such as PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT pathways; thus increased CK2 activity can promote cancer growth. Abnormally high levels of CK2 expression at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels have been found in many studies of several different cancer types. Inhibition of CK2 using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) designed to target various CK2 subunits and thus inhibit phosphorylation of CK2 substrates decreases signaling through the various pathways implicated in cancer progression. As such, treatment with CK2 ASOs leads to decreased cancer cell proliferation, cell-cycle arrest, as well as decreased cell viability. CK2 inhibition using specific inhibitors such as TBB, CIGB-300, CX-4945, quinalizarin, emodin has achieved similar efficacy in inhibiting CK2, displaying reduction of cell viability, decreased cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of PI3K/AKT, NF-kB, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways in several cancer cell models. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT and NF-kB pathways was demonstrated by presence of decreased phosphorylated active forms of CK2 substrates, as well as reduced amounts of other phosphorylated substrates downstream. Use of these CK2 inhibitors in vivo has also shown promising results, as mice inoculated with solid tumors from a wide range of cancer types have responded promisingly to treatment with CK2 inhibitors. Mice treated with CK2 inhibitors in these studies show improved survival, decreased cell proliferation, and reduced tumor volume in comparison to vehicle-treated control mice. In addition, these mice have lower quantities of phosphorylated CK2 substrates, including those in the PI3K/AKT, and NF-kB cascades. Further, CK2 inhibition has proven to be efficacious when used in combination with other chemotherapeutics, with combination treatment often showing greater efficacy when compared to either monotherapy (CK2 inhibition alone or chemotherapy alone) in both cell models and in xenograft mice. In cells models, these combination therapies have shown significantly greater reduction in cell viability and proliferation, and induced apoptosis to a greater extent that either CK2 inhibition or chemotherapy administered alone, with these trends observed in cell lines that are typically resistant to the chemotherapeutic being used (e.g. cisplatin, or paclitaxel). Similarly, xenograft mice treated with combination dosing regimens of CK2 inhibitor and a traditional chemotherapeutic have also shown greater anti-cancer effects when compared to mice treated with either therapy alone; combination treatment mice often have decreased tumor volume, less tumor growth, and a significant increase in survival, as well as apparent inhibition of CK2-dependent phosphorylation cascades. CK2 inhibitors CX-4945 and CIGB-300 have also been used in human patient clinical trials, with CIGB-300 showing tolerability and efficacy when used for treatment of invasive cervical cancer via intralesional injection.

The Dentin Matrix Protein (DMP1) is a critical regulator of bone and dentin mineralization and this protein is highly expressed in osteocytes and odontoblasts. Gs alpha (Gsα) protein, the main intracellular signal of a broad class of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), is highly expressed in bone cells, including osteocytes. We and others have demonstrated that mice lacking the Gsα expression, predominantly in osteocytes (DMP1-GsαKO mice), develop severe osteopenia driven by a marked reduction in osteoblast activity associated with a significant increase in SOST/sclerostin expression. In this study, we have examined the role of Gsα in the jaws and teeth of DMP1-GsαKO mice to investigate if the absence of Gsα expression in osteocytes and odontoblasts altered teeth and jaws morphology. Our previous studies showed that DMP1-GsαKO leads to a significant decrease in both trabecular and cortical bone content in the skeleton, as assessed by μCT and histomorphometric analysis. Here we characterize the dental and craniofacial phenotype of DMP1-GsαKO mice. Results showed that DMP1-GsαKO had decreased total mandibular bone mineral density (BMD), total mandibular mineral content (BMC), condylar BMD and total tooth mineralization as assessed by DEXA using a Lunar PIXImus II densitometer. Furthermore, μCT analysis revealed that condylar bone volume and tooth mineralization is reduced in DMP1-GsαKO mice compared to control littermate. μCT also showed that the overall skull size and specifically the zygomatic bone is larger in the control group. Next, we examined H&E histological sections of the jaws of DMP1-GsαKO and control mice, which confirmed the osteopenic phenotype. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining showed that the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts was increased in the DMP1-GsαKO mice compared to controls, suggesting increased bone resorption. In conclusion, our studies identified Gsa signaling in osteocytes and odontoblasts as important in maintaining normal bone and tooth homeostasis.

The Buddhist avadanas comprise a body of literature of enormous extent. Found in rudimentary form in the sutragamas, by the early centuries of the Common Era, they began to circulate as independent narratives. The Theravadin school incorporated them into their commentaries (afthakathas) on the pitakas. Other schools, such as the Sarvastivadins, included them in their Vinaya. Thousands of Sanskrit avadanas are extant in manuscript collections, but most remain unedited and untranslated. Yet considerable evidence attests to their popularity over a period of several centuries. The Pur~avadana is one of half a dozen avadanas found in all the extant recensions of the Divyavadana. Moreover, it is one of only two avadanas which invariably occurs in the same place (as the second story) in all the recensions. The Purna-story is also found in the Tibetan translation of the Mulasarvastivadin Vinaya, in a number of versions in the Pali commentaries, and elsewhere. The principle aims of this thesis are twofold: (1) to provide for the first time an English translation of the Purnavadana; and (2) demonstrate, through a 'close reading' of the text, the validity of literary analysis as an approach to the study of the avadana-literature. Literary analysis has become increasingly important in the study of Biblical narrative. However, studies of Buddhist narrative have remained largely historical and text-critical. In studying the Purnavadana, my working assumption is that the fullest understanding of the text as a religious document is dependent upon fully comprehending how it functions as a literary work. This requires analysis of narrative point-of-view, allegorical elements, patterns of imagery, dialogue, irony, diction, narrative analogy, 'type-scenes', and other literary strategies. At the same time, I recognize that in order to be correctly interpreted, a text requires a context, and in Parts I-III as well as in the annotations to the translation I have provided necessary historical, philological, generic and doctrinal information. The avadana-literature is the largest corpus of Buddhist Sanskrit texts available to us. It is also one of the more extensive bodies of ancient Indian story-literature. The avadanas were widely disseminated and presented people with foci for piety and ritual, educated them in the doctrine, provided models for personal conduct, depicted paradigmatic forms of religious practice, served to authenticate local Dharma traditions, celebrated important figures in the tradition, and, last but not least, entertained. This study points to a new direction in Buddhist textual studies, for a considerable proportion of Buddhist literature is narrative of one sort or another, and much can be learned by adopting a literary approach to the study of a variety of Buddhist texts, canonical and noncanonical. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)