This study looks at the translation process, certification and assent of legislation after it had followed the Parliamentary legislative process as required by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the Joint Rules of Parliament. This was done against the background of the history of South African languages, South African Parliament, legislative framework and the history of legal language translation. The study emphasised the fundamental role played by second-language translation in the legislative process. Even though the indigenous languages are still not awarded an equal status in Parliament, a lot has been done in ensuring that most of the new Bills and Acts are translated into the South African indigenous languages. An overview of translation strategies is highlighted to provide a contextual understanding of the functionalist approach to translation. In terms of legal translation, there is a great need that legal language translators be fully trained in the language of the law to be able to deliver an error-free translated legislation. Through observations and interviews, the study showed that Parliament needs to use all indigenous languages on a rotational basis when translating Bills, Acts and on all itsinternal daily papers to promote equality. Certification in English and one other second language translation will assist in creating a working relationship between legal advisers who draft legislation and translators who translate the drafted Bill. This process can lead to the birth of co-drafting in Parliament. The study found that there is a lack of dedication and vision in interpreting and enforcing the provisions stipulated in the Constitution and the legislation governing languages. Parliament of the Republic of South Africa is used as a case study to shed some light on what is happening in the translation unit and the problems that are faced by non-legal translators when translating legal documents. Recommendations are offered, among others, the need for Parliament to develop a training model that dwells more on the use of plain language in legislative drafting and translation. The study concluded by indicating the importance of working hand-in-hand with tertiary institutions in translator training as this will assist in keeping up with some of the developing trends in the legal language field.

The adoption of single-cell transcriptomic research methods has brought forth a new stage in cancer research. The increased cellular resolution granted by these methods over that of bulk transcriptomic methods has allowed researchers to implement new strategies to study cancer biology and oncological therapeutic approaches. From examining tumor microenvironments to verifying robust immune responses in response to cancer vaccination, single-cell transcriptomic methods and their relevant analysis pipelines have proven that they can reliably generate accurate transcriptional data while providing the framework for additional forms of analysis that bulk transcriptomic approaches cannot offer. Improvements and advancements in this field, like the introduction of single-cell spatial transcriptomics, will ensure that single-cell transcriptomics will continue to be heavily implicated in future advancements in cancer research and therapy.

The Dentin Matrix Protein (DMP1) is a critical regulator of bone and dentin mineralization and this protein is highly expressed in osteocytes and odontoblasts. Gs alpha (Gsα) protein, the main intracellular signal of a broad class of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), is highly expressed in bone cells, including osteocytes. We and others have demonstrated that mice lacking the Gsα expression, predominantly in osteocytes (DMP1-GsαKO mice), develop severe osteopenia driven by a marked reduction in osteoblast activity associated with a significant increase in SOST/sclerostin expression. In this study, we have examined the role of Gsα in the jaws and teeth of DMP1-GsαKO mice to investigate if the absence of Gsα expression in osteocytes and odontoblasts altered teeth and jaws morphology. Our previous studies showed that DMP1-GsαKO leads to a significant decrease in both trabecular and cortical bone content in the skeleton, as assessed by μCT and histomorphometric analysis. Here we characterize the dental and craniofacial phenotype of DMP1-GsαKO mice. Results showed that DMP1-GsαKO had decreased total mandibular bone mineral density (BMD), total mandibular mineral content (BMC), condylar BMD and total tooth mineralization as assessed by DEXA using a Lunar PIXImus II densitometer. Furthermore, μCT analysis revealed that condylar bone volume and tooth mineralization is reduced in DMP1-GsαKO mice compared to control littermate. μCT also showed that the overall skull size and specifically the zygomatic bone is larger in the control group. Next, we examined H&E histological sections of the jaws of DMP1-GsαKO and control mice, which confirmed the osteopenic phenotype. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining showed that the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts was increased in the DMP1-GsαKO mice compared to controls, suggesting increased bone resorption. In conclusion, our studies identified Gsa signaling in osteocytes and odontoblasts as important in maintaining normal bone and tooth homeostasis.

Abstract The purpose of this essay was to examine what methods might be used in translation from English to Swedish of two informative newspaper articles about current events, which took place in 2010 and 2011, viz. the publishing of secret documents on the Internet by JulianAssange and WikiLeaks. The study is based on Lakoff and Johnson’s theories on metaphorical concepts, presented in their work Metaphors We Live By (1980/2003), and the focus of the translation study is on metaphors and metonomy. The texts contain a large number of metaphors. Almost 100 of those have been listed in an Appendix, attached to this paper, and a great many of these metaphors were analysed. The special metaphor types of metonomy and personification were studied separately, as well as together with the rest of the metaphors. The theoretical model used was Vinay and Darbelnet’s theories of direct and oblique translation, comprising the following seven strategies: literal translation, borrowing, calque, transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation. Other theorists, whose professional expertise and experience proved useful in this work, were Munday, Newmark and Ingo. Parallel texts, monolingual dictionaries and the Internet were also most valuable in the translation process. Choosing the appropriate and correct vocabulary and expression in the target language was not always an easy task, and certain words and passages translated were revised on several occasions. As for the translation strategies used, equivalence was the most interesting one, and transposition should perhaps have been used to a larger extent. Literal translation was probably used most of them all.

In December 2010, the National Post published an article discussing the rather costly enterprise of state-sanctioned official bilingualism in Canada. According to statistics provided by the Fraser Institute (2006), translation and interpretation represented 15% of the total federal government budget spending allocated to bilingualism, a cost that many Canadian commentators deemed “unnecessary.” Shifting demographics and diverse immigration flows (Census data, 2011) are also having a significant impact on Canada’s linguistic landscape, forcing policy-makers to consider whether the Official Languages Act (and thus translation) would benefit from innovative reform. Using this contextual backdrop as its main impetus, this dissertation argues that translation, as defined and practiced in Canada, needs to be broadened for a number of reasons, including accounting for technological advancements, for the increasingly web-based dissemination of translated materials, and for the reality of evolving markets. Tymoczko (2008) has championed *translation as an open-cluster concept, a theoretical perspective that has found resonance in this project, given that the notion is the central premise upon which three additional conceptualizations (i.e. *translation sub-types) are founded. The first sub-type, intersemiotic translation, is explained at length and constitutes the focal point of the project. Instead of using a Peircean approach, the dissertation develops a model based on visual social semiotics in order to facilitate the application of intersemiotic translation in not only professional settings but research contexts as well. The second sub-type, cultural translation, builds on insights from the 1980s and 90s cultural turn, with a specific focus on the relationship between the representation of Canadian micro-cultures and intersemiotic translation. In other words, the effects of these translation processes will also be analyzed. Finally, civic translation is proposed as a third *translation sub-type, which offers a potential framework for multicultural management in democratic countries facing the challenges of globalization. A case study using content from the 2006-2008 debate surrounding reasonable accommodation—with specific attention given to the activities of the Consultation Commission on Accommodation Practices Related to Cultural Differences (also known as the Bouchard-Taylor Commission)—is woven through each chapter, illustrating all three sub-types of *translation. The case study provides compelling examples of why translation practices in Canada should move beyond verbal and state-sanctioned definitions. The novelty and contribution of this research project are manifold: it transcends traditional verbocentric approaches in TS; it responds to other scholars’ claims that there is a lack of case studies that involve text-image relationships and/or explore the role of translation in the news media in a Canadian context; it explores multimodality and its significance for TS in an era of increased Web presence; it showcases a Canadian case study; and, finally, it explores cultural representation through a translation-based framework.

In December 2010, the National Post published an article discussing the rather costly enterprise of state-sanctioned official bilingualism in Canada. According to statistics provided by the Fraser Institute (2006), translation and interpretation represented 15% of the total federal government budget spending allocated to bilingualism, a cost that many Canadian commentators deemed “unnecessary.” Shifting demographics and diverse immigration flows (Census data, 2011) are also having a significant impact on Canada’s linguistic landscape, forcing policy-makers to consider whether the Official Languages Act (and thus translation) would benefit from innovative reform. Using this contextual backdrop as its main impetus, this dissertation argues that translation, as defined and practiced in Canada, needs to be broadened for a number of reasons, including accounting for technological advancements, for the increasingly web-based dissemination of translated materials, and for the reality of evolving markets. Tymoczko (2008) has championed *translation as an open-cluster concept, a theoretical perspective that has found resonance in this project, given that the notion is the central premise upon which three additional conceptualizations (i.e. *translation sub-types) are founded. The first sub-type, intersemiotic translation, is explained at length and constitutes the focal point of the project. Instead of using a Peircean approach, the dissertation develops a model based on visual social semiotics in order to facilitate the application of intersemiotic translation in not only professional settings but research contexts as well. The second sub-type, cultural translation, builds on insights from the 1980s and 90s cultural turn, with a specific focus on the relationship between the representation of Canadian micro-cultures and intersemiotic translation. In other words, the effects of these translation processes will also be analyzed. Finally, civic translation is proposed as a third *translation sub-type, which offers a potential framework for multicultural management in democratic countries facing the challenges of globalization. A case study using content from the 2006-2008 debate surrounding reasonable accommodation—with specific attention given to the activities of the Consultation Commission on Accommodation Practices Related to Cultural Differences (also known as the Bouchard-Taylor Commission)—is woven through each chapter, illustrating all three sub-types of *translation. The case study provides compelling examples of why translation practices in Canada should move beyond verbal and state-sanctioned definitions. The novelty and contribution of this research project are manifold: it transcends traditional verbocentric approaches in TS; it responds to other scholars’ claims that there is a lack of case studies that involve text-image relationships and/or explore the role of translation in the news media in a Canadian context; it explores multimodality and its significance for TS in an era of increased Web presence; it showcases a Canadian case study; and, finally, it explores cultural representation through a translation-based framework.

No description available.

No description available.

Book series are large and dynamic structures that allow us to reflect on concepts such as systems, rewriting, agency and materiality, while offering rich data to advance the history of translation. This research focuses on an emblematic Mexican paperback series called Sepan Cuantos… (SC, hereafter), initiated in 1959 and still ongoing. My overarching aim was to understand the transformation of translation practices in the series throughout time in view of the context in which it was developed and the agents that were involved in it. The development of SC goes hand in hand with the development of the publishing industry in Mexico. Throughout its lifespan, national book production has greatly expanded, affecting the demands of the market where this series has circulated. Additionally, SC’s history is inscribed in the broader dynamics of the Hispanic publishing industry, where Spain has maintained hegemony over the production of translations, and the language and ideology represented in them. In order to understand how SC related to this context, archaeological work was required. The questions What was translated? By whom? and How were translations presented? guided the analysis. My findings reveal a wide spectrum of approaches to translation in SC. On one side of the spectrum there is the series as a commercial endeavour, unconcerned with producing terse, ad hoc rewritings of foreign literature for a Mexican audience by favouring the repurposing of pre-existing Spanish translations and paratexts. This is translation in the age of mass production. On the other side of the spectrum, there are the sporadic cases of assumed agency, where the limits of the repertoire are challenged and where the opportunity to produce original translations and prefaces is highly exploited. There is no overarching translation policy in SC, and this gives rise to a basic tension between the homogeneity expressed by the series’ format and the heterogeneity of the translation and prefatory practices observed in the volumes. Focused on the disorder hidden behind the uniformity of these books' covers, this thesis explores the transgressive bodies in which translations can reach their readers. Translation in 20th and 21st century Mexico has been thus far studied from the angle of its most dignified and ideologically coherent products and translators. However, the less terse translation practices in SC, a highly heterogeneous product that embodies a lot of discoursive tensions, cannot be overlooked. SC’s impossible combinations reflect how the hybridity that is characteristic of Latin American culture has touched translation too.

The present study explored the use of translation technology in second language (L2) writing by English as a Second Language (ESL) students at the University level. The appropriate role of translation, and specifically translation technology, in L2 curricula has been the subject of theoretical and practical debate. In order to address knowledge gaps relevant to this debate, the present study sought to document students’ current use of translation technology, specifically free online translation (FOT) tools, and their opinions about these tools. The study’s mixed-methods design included video observations and questionnaires regarding FOT use completed by 19 university students enrolled in a high intermediate-level ESL course. Semi-structured follow-up interviews were conducted with the six participants who were observed using FOT tools extensively on the video recordings. Results showed that high intermediate-level ESL students have a primarily positive attitude toward FOT tools. In addition, the majority of students reported using such tools regularly, even though only about one third of the students were actually observed using the tools significantly in the video recordings. Results are discussed in the context of the ongoing debate over whether and how translation technology should be used in L2 classrooms.