Johann Philipp Kirnberger's Grundsätze des Generalbasses als erste Linien zur Composition (1781), translated from German to English and edited by Robert Michael Fling.

The spatio-temporal regulation of translation is critical to the proper development of all organisms. The presence of Translational Control Elements (TCEs) in Un-Translated Regions (UTRs) is one feature common to all regulated eukaryotic mRNAs examined to date. These TCEs serve as binding sites for sequence specific proteins or small regulatory RNAs that recruit other accessory proteins that inhibit translation. Xnos1, a localized RNA in the germ plasm of Xenopus, is negatively regulated by an unknown mechanism. We used in vivo and in vitro translation assays, competition assays, and ribosome binding assays in order to determine the location of the Xnos1 TCE and its mechanism of repression. The Xnos1 TCE is located in the open reading frame, a departure from the canonical translational regulation mechanisms. This TCE is predicted to form conserved secondary structures in the first 75 nucleotides of the open reading frame (ORF). In vitro translation assays demonstrated that the repression can be partially relieved by either denaturing the transcripts or by introducing point mutations that weaken the secondary structure. This TCE cannot be relieved by competition and therefore is likely not to require the presence of a repressor protein. The structural regulation of translation by a TCE in the open reading frame is a novel mechanism of repression for a eukaryotic mRNA.

Early embryonic development proceeds without zygotic transcription. Genetic control is executed by maternally inherited mRNAs that are expressed in a temporally regulated manner. To set up the body plan, it is pivotal to both exert translational regulation of maternal mRNAs and to integrate maternal signals that drive cell fate determination. Xenopus nanos1, dead end (dnd) and VegT are maternal messages critical for the germline and somatic development. nanos1 and dnd localize to the germ plasm at the vegetal cortex of oocytes, while VegT occupies a cortical region overlapping with, but broader than, that of the germ plasm. In this dissertation, we observed that unlike other mRNAs, synthetic nanos1 RNA translates very poorly if at all after injection into Xenopus oocytes. We find that a RNA secondary structural element immediately downstream of the AUG start site is both necessary and sufficient to prevent ribosome scanning in the absence of a repressor. nanos1 is translated shortly after fertilization, pointing to the existence of a developmentally regulated activator. These observations unravel a new mode of nanos1 regulation at the post-transcriptional level for eukaryotes that is essential for normal development. Further studies showed that co-injection of dnd and nanos1 into oocytes resulted in nanos1 activation. Consistent with Dnd being the activator, Nanos1 expression was attenuated in the absence of dnd activity. Recombinant Dnd interacted directly with nanos1 RNA in vitro and possessed ATPase activity. Our findings suggested that Dnd is the potential activator for nanos1 translation by directly disrupting the repressive structural element. We previously showed that VegT, the maternal transcription factor, is normally inherited by the primordial germ cells (PGCs). VegT is the endoderm determinant and must be silenced in PGCs to preserve the germline. We showed that a classic Pumilio Binding Element (PBE) within the VegT 3’UTR mediated translational repression of a fluorescent reporter in the germline. Accordingly, a direct interaction between Xenopus Pumilio1 RNA binding domain and the VegT PBE was demonstrated in a band shift assay. The Pumilio protein belongs to the Pum-FBF family that functions in translational repression. We show that Pumilio represses VegT in vivo. Our results suggest that the germline stays unresponsive to the somatic determinant VegT in part by Pumilio- and Nanos-mediated translational repression.

Background: There is strong level I evidence that in most patients, mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) is not required. Despite this, physician behaviour has been slow to change in favour of omitting preoperative MBP. Methods: A knowledge translation strategy including: guideline development, consensus, education by opinion leaders, audit and feedback and reminder cards, was used in this study. Results: Overall, 81.1% of patients in the “before” arm and 88.4% in the “after” arm received MBP in compliance with the guideline (p=0.038). Normal diet use was compliant with the guideline in 45.6% of the patients in the “before” arm and 55.8% in the “after” arm (p=0.080). The use of enemas was compliant with the guideline in 88.5% of “before” patients and 94.2% of “after” patients (p<0.001). Conclusions: The results of this study reveal that a tailored, multi-faceted knowledge translation strategy can be used to change surgeon behavior in this clinical scenario.

Background: There is strong level I evidence that in most patients, mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) is not required. Despite this, physician behaviour has been slow to change in favour of omitting preoperative MBP. Methods: A knowledge translation strategy including: guideline development, consensus, education by opinion leaders, audit and feedback and reminder cards, was used in this study. Results: Overall, 81.1% of patients in the “before” arm and 88.4% in the “after” arm received MBP in compliance with the guideline (p=0.038). Normal diet use was compliant with the guideline in 45.6% of the patients in the “before” arm and 55.8% in the “after” arm (p=0.080). The use of enemas was compliant with the guideline in 88.5% of “before” patients and 94.2% of “after” patients (p<0.001). Conclusions: The results of this study reveal that a tailored, multi-faceted knowledge translation strategy can be used to change surgeon behavior in this clinical scenario.

The thesis addresses the translation process of organisational core values. Core values can be seen as the guiding principles that reveal how the organisation conducts its business. These are often written down as a part of the company’s philosophy and tend to be explicitly articulated to all their entities and functions throughout their organisation. By doing so, the organisation wish to benchmark certain behaviour among their employees. In this thesis, the purpose is to explore how the employees in a subsidiary translate and understand the core values of their Swedish employer. Our aim is to investigate what happens with the meaning of the core values when translated by the employees, as well as to see how these values are visible in the employees day-to-day actions. In this study, a qualitative approach have been used and a case study has been conducted in one of H&amp;M’s subsidiaries. Through 12 semi-structured interviews with employees with different roles in the organisation we have been able to create further understanding of the phenomenon of core value translation in a Chinese setting. H&amp;M is a large, multinational retail company with presence in 49 countries all over the world. This case study can serve the purpose guide managers wanting to understand how their Chinese colleagues accept and interpret their strategies, as more and more Swedish companies are expanding to China. The nature of the study is of abductive character, where we have used the ‘systematic combining’ approach. This enabled us to incorporate new theories and data throughout the research process to facilitate our understanding of our findings. The theoretical background has thus served as base for our understanding and have been constantly reviewed and revised during the research process. Our conclusion from this study is that the translation of the core values relies on the institutionalised organisational procedures and processes set in place. What supported the translation process were mainly the daily conversations with fellow colleagues and repeated procedures, such as meetings and interaction between positions. We also found that those values that had a clear practical usage, tended to be easier for the employees to translate into own actions. Our main finding is however, that the employees translated the core values into a guiding tool that supported and joined the workforce in their daily activities. All parts of the value ‘package’ had been re-contextualised to fit the employees in their local context and were visible in their actions in various ways, but with the common purpose to guide.

Se investiga la importancia relativa de cada uno de 40 habilidades y de conocimientos que necesitan los traductores que trabajan en las organizaciones intergubernamentales, con enfoque en los exámenes de selección de nuevos traductores. En base de una encuesta de traductores y correctores en diferentes organizaciones, se producen jerarquías de habilidades-conocimientos específicas para cada organización. Los actuales exámenes de selección se analizan a la luz de dichas jerarquías con el fin de identificar las modificaciones que podrían permitir que las organizaciones reclutan los candidatos más adecuados para perfiles necesitados. Para examinar más en profundidad las implicaciones de estos resultados, se escribe un examen nuevo, más adecuado a las jerarquías identificadas, y se comparan el modelo de los exámenes actuales. Se demuestra empíricamente que tanto estudiantes de Máster y como profesionales de las organizaciones reciben notas significativamente diferentes en los dos exámenes. De ahí las implicaciones importantes para la formación de traductores / This study investigates the relative importance of 40 skills and knowledge required by translators at inter-governmental organizations from the perspective of recruitment testing. On the basis of a survey conducted of translators and revisers at various organizations, specific skills-knowledge hierarchies required at individual organizations are drawn up. Current testing practice is examined in the light of the hierarchies to identify adjustments that could be made to help organizations select the candidates with the profile they need. To examine the implications of the findings further, the performance of a group of translators on a traditional recruitment test is compared with their performance on a “profile-adapted” test that is designed on the basis of measurement theory. The findings also have implications for translator training.

This essay deals with translation issues arising when translating a German source text dealing with the field of riding history into Swedish. More specifically, the analysis focuses on translation problems and solutions in regard to figures of speech, namely metaphors, metonymies and similies. The metaphors in the source text were divided into three categories depending on their origin, whether they were lexical, conventional or private metaphors. Also the translations of the figures of speech were divided into three categories depending on how the translations were made. The first is called sensu stricto, because the image in the source and the target language correspond here. The second category is called substitution because the image in the source language is shown with another image in the target language. The last category is called paraphrase because the image in the source language is translated with a non figurative expression.

This essay deals with the translation into Swedish of the ing-form in the popular novel The Da Vinci Code. The reason for looking at the -ing form is that it is a grammatical structure which is difficult to render in Swedish since there is no exact equivalent, at least not one which is used in the same manner as the English. The aim is to find out how the translator has dealt with the ing-form and also to find out whether there are any instances where the context has been altered due to the manner in which the translation has been carried out.

The purpose of this study is to explore the strategies and attitudes of students towards translation in the context of language learning. The informants come from two different classes at an Upper Secondary vocational program. The study was born from the backdrop of discussions among some English teachers representing different theories on translation and language learning, meeting students endeavoring in language learning beyond the confinement of the classroom and personal experiences of translation in language learning. The curriculum and course plan for English at the vocational program emphasize two things of particular interest to our study; integration of the program outcomes and vocational language into the English course - so called meshed learning – and student awareness of their own learning processes. A background is presented of different contrasting methods in translation and language learning that is relevant to our discussion. However, focus is given to contemporary research on reforms within the Comparative Theory, as expressed in Translation in Language and Teaching (TILT), Contrastive Analysis and “The Third Space”. The results of the students’ reflections are presented as attempts to translate two different texts; one lyric and one technical vocational text. The results show a pragmatic attitude among the students toward tools like dictionaries or Google Translate, but also a critical awareness about their use and limits. They appear to prefer the use of first language to the target language when discussing the correct translation as they sought accuracy over meaning. Translation for them was a natural and problem-solving event worth a rightful place in language teaching.