M.A. / The exegetical traditions as reflected in Targum Jonathan (TJ) may assist with the renewal and supplementation of the historical connection between the Second Temple period and the age of formative Judaism. In this, translation techniques play a decisive factor. The aim of this research study is to seek to identify translation techniques used in TJ to the Prophets, and to systematically explore how these techniques were applied by the Targumist in his translation of the book of Malachi from the Hebrew into Aramaic. In this comparative study between the Masoretic text (MT) of the book Malachi and its rendering in TJ, translation techniques as identified by past researchers on other parts of TJ to the Prophets, are noted and applied to the context of TJ Malachi specific. In the same, the consistency of the Targumist’s application of these translation techniques in Malachi is investigated. The focus is also on enigmatic passages in MT Malachi as identified by modern scholars. The aim is to ascertain whether perspectives of the Targumist as translator and theologian can shed further light on how the MT of Malachi was propagated to be understood, either in distinction from modern scholarly, or similar. The argument is that ancient texts did not exist in isolation but always in relation or reaction to other texts/translations and it therefore may be taken that other texts/translations can supply additional insight into the understanding and interpretation of a source text. It is shown that TJ discloses the hypothesis of its translators through deviations from the source text in the same tendency as other translations of the Hebrew Scriptures. Further, the literal style of TJ Malachi reveals the limits of the translator’s freedom, but through the use of explanations and expansions, targumic theology is revealed. An attempt is made to categorise distinct translation techniques in TJ Malachi where the focus is on how the Targumist made use of them to interpret and resolve inherent incongruities in the MT. In the same, the study seeks to find a link between these and other obscurities surrounding TJ such as its stages of composition, dating, theology, dependency on other ancient witnesses of the Old Testament as well as its life-setting.

The main aim of this thesis is to examine translation practices in Saudi Arabia as “socially situated” activities in the second half of the 20th century. Drawing on Bourdieu’s sociological model, the study situates the translation activities of academic, private, and literary institutions in their socio-political context of cultural production. Conceptual tools of analysis derived from Bourdieu, such as field, habitus, capital, doxa, and homology, are used to analyse book translation as a set of emerging sub-fields in Saudi Arabia.The study identifies academic institutions and private publishers as the principal agents contributing to the definition of the field of translation. It analyses the positions they occupy in the field(s) of cultural production and types of capital that have value in the context of their struggles. An expanding range of translation practices by faculty members in academic institutions, especially those undertaken in King Saud University, points to an emerging network of translation-specific positions, which can be referred to as the sub-field of academic translation. The dictates of this sub-field are influenced by strong homologous relations with the encompassing academic field. The capital sought by agents is primarily cultural and symbolic, and is readily convertible to economic capital.The thesis also identifies three private publishers who occupy positions in the second emerging sub-field of translation within the publishing field. These agents display different interests in a variety of stakes and types of capital. Jarir’s focus on translating self-help books demonstrates a heavy influence of the heteronomous dictates of the local and global markets, i.e. the economic field, situating it within the heteronomous pole of large scale circulation. Translation practices undertaken by Dar al-Mareekh and Obeikan position them nearer to the autonomous pole of small-scale circulation, where agents target smaller groups of readership and prioritise cultural and symbolic forms of capital. A heteronomous influence exercised by the political field is also detected in Obeikan’s focus on political works critical of US foreign policy, which situates these products within the heteronomous pole of politics.A translation by Obeikan of Niall Ferguson’s 2004 Colossus is examined in detail as a case study to further illuminate translation strategies as sociological phenomena situated within the field of power. Paratextual engagements reflect discourses of anti-Americanism that have circulated in the Saudi social space since US presence in the Kingdom intensified in 1990. The concepts of orthodoxy and heterodoxy are used to analyse a series of textual interventions at the micro level. Typographic signalling of censored sections that undermine the political authorities is found to reflect the agent’s positioning in relation to the heterodoxic, pro-American stance in the political field. The publisher’s position in this respect aligns with and reflects the orthodoxic stance of the pan-Islamist, religious-cum-nationalist field, whose agents have protested the continued military cooperation between the Kingdom and the US.

Cuisine is a topic worthy of interest because it is often associated with a specific national culture. Among the various national cuisines, Chinese cuisine is probably one of the most fascinating, all the more so because the culture-specific characteristics of Chinese cuisine have resulted in its typical diversity. Furthermore, Chinese cuisine can be considered diasporic and capable of breaking cultural boundaries as Chinese overseas communities have introduced their cuisine to various parts of the world over the past two centuries. In translation studies, culinary identity is viewed by scholars as an extension of translation activity. However, Chinese culinary identity hasn't received the same attention that other areas of research in translation studies have, probably because of its culture-specific traits. My thesis will focus on one example of this important phenomenon: the "translation" of Chinese culinary culture in Canadian food discourse. Renowned for its multiculturalism, Canada—perhaps more than any other country—has embraced "Chinese food" as one of its mainstream international cuisines, and Chinese cuisine, on the other hand, has adopted Canadian cultural values and has become practically inseparable from contemporary Canadian culture. In this respect, the question becomes to what extent has "Chineseness," which refers here to Chinese cultural identity, been constructed within the Canadian culinary sphere? My thesis involves an analysis of the translation of Chineseness by Chinese-Canadians in food discourse from a cultural perspective. In the first chapter, I will introduce the discussion of Chineseness in sociology and in translation studies. The second chapter deals with culinary identity in both food studies and translation studies. In the final chapter, I analyze Chineseness, as it is represented by culinary identity in the Canadian context, by observing HeartSmart Chinese Cooking, a cookbook written by a Chinese-Canadian chef in English for a Canadian readership.

Language can sometimes be an impediment in communication. Whether we are talking about people who speak different languages, students who are learning a new language, or people with language disorders, the understanding of linguistic representations in a given language requires a certain amount of knowledge that not everybody has. In this thesis, we propose "translation through pictures" as a means for conveying simple pieces of information across language barriers, and describe a system that can automatically generate pictorial representations for simple sentences. Comparative experiments conducted on visual and linguistic representations of information show that a considerable amount of understanding can be achieved through pictorial descriptions, with results within a comparable range of those obtained with current machine translation techniques. Moreover, a user study conducted around the pictorial translation system reveals that users found the system to generally produce correct word/image associations, and rate the system as interactive and intelligent.

Translation and subtitling has always been a complicated dimension of the motion picture industry for years. The problem of dealing with linguistic elements in films and conveying them to audiences of different languages across the globe encompasses many difficulties regarding forms and structures of other languages. One of the more highly researched topics in French linguistic studies has been the use of address pronouns and a range of aspects related to their use and interpretation. Many studies have been conducted over the last sixty years in order to determine and understand these variables. An analysis of several of these studies reveals the many complexities involved in second-person pronoun choice in the French language and the development of the idea of pronoun choice as an act of social identity. The focus of this study is to provide an analysis of the use of formal and informal address pronoun use in the French subtitling and dubbing of an American film, Maid in Manhattan, in order to add, on a broader level, a way to differentially examine perceived norms in a variety of contexts within this medium.

This thesis is divided into two main parts. The first part establishes the theoretical framework that served as a guide for my English translation of the short novel La débil mental by Argentinian author Ariana Harwicz, and consists of three chapters. Due to the novel’s narrative style and subject matter, my translation approach was centered on the topic of female madness in literature. Therefore, the first chapter examines feminist theories of translation and their relevance to the project at hand. The second examines the topic of madness in literature, and pays particular attention to depictions of women with mental illnesses in literary works. Then, in the third chapter, I will attempt to draw on the previous two chapters to develop an approach to translating female madness, and examine specific choices made in my translation of La débil mental in that light. Finally, the second main part of the thesis consists of my translation of the novel.

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女性主义和后殖民理论已于20 世纪80 年代介入翻译研究，并成为“效忠 取向”的翻译研究中的两大流派。但是，主流女性主义翻译研究和主流后殖民 翻译研究在缺乏自我反思立场的同时，在很大程度上分别体现了对种族维度和 性别维度的漠视，从而忽视了一些重要的研究问题。尽管已有极少数学者，从 结合性别和种族的后殖民女性主义视角看待了有关翻译现象，她们并没有考虑 将后殖民女性主义理论体系性地纳入翻译研究，同时也在很大程度上没有体现 自我反思。有鉴于此，本研究一方面以提出研究问题的方式，尝试体系性地将 后殖民女性主义理论纳入翻译研究，另一方面则以个案研究的方式，尝试如何 进行自我反思的后殖民女性主义翻译研究，并审视在很大程度上未被其他后殖 民女性主义学者所具体分析过的翻译现象。 在从后殖民女性主义视角提出一系列翻译研究问题之后，本研究继而选择 其中的两个问题作为个案研究对象，即考察西方女性主义出版社在出版第三世 界女性文本方面的翻译选材政治，以及西方女译者在处理第三世界女性主义文 本方面的翻译政治。在有关后殖民女性主义观点的启发下，以及在保持自我反 思立场的同时，本研究首先审视了美国女性主义出版社Aunt Lute Books 以及英 国女性主义出版社Virago Press，在翻译出版中国女性文本方面所体现的选材特 点。接着，本研究考察了美国白人女译者，在处理美籍华裔女作家严歌苓所著 《扶桑》中体现道家思想和佛教内涵的严歌苓式女性主义方面，所采用的翻译 方式。本研究表明，西方女性主义的话语殖民，西方女性主义与第三世界女性 主义之间及其背后文化理据之间的权力差异，以及相关主体所具有的白人女性 身份，以颇为复杂的形式，体现于涉及第三世界女性文本的翻译选材和翻译方 式。此外，通过上述讨论，本研究也展示了如何进行自我反思的后殖民女性主 义翻译研究，并凸显自我反思的翻译研究话语的内部冲突和暧昧之处。

翻译研究已经成为一门独立的学科，研究领域逐渐扩大，研究方法也在不 断完善；与此同时，巴赫金研究在世界范围内，也吸引了越来越多的目光和注 意力，为语言学、文学、文化研究、哲学等相关或相邻学科提供了丰富的理论 资源。在这样一个大背景下，本项研究采取了跨学科的研究模式，概念分析与个案研究相结合，力图说明巴赫金思想对翻译研究的适用性，在二者之间寻找理论挪用的契合点。 本文在回顾以往研究的基础上，提出了新的研究问题和假设，充分借鉴巴赫金思想，分析和解释与翻译相关的诸多问题和现象。本文提出从基于表述的主体间言语交际来看翻译过程，从杂语的角度来分析原文和译文，从声音的角 度来看译者的叙述在场及其主体性实现，从对话的角度来看翻译中涉及主体之间的主体间性，从声音和杂语的角度来思考翻译与身份认同的问题，从而对于我们理解翻译过程的实质、理解翻译过程的艰难、理解翻译中译者的主体性与翻译中的主体间性、理解翻译与身份认同的关系等等，试图提供可行的分析模 式和有意义的思考路径。在这个意义上来说，本项研究对于推进翻译研究具有一定的理论贡献。同时，本文借助文学翻译、电影字幕翻译等实际个案 (特别是台湾作家王祯和的长篇小说《玫瑰玫瑰我爱你》英语译本)，印证本文提出的分析模式的有效性和可行性。

“陌生化”(defamiliarization) 理论是二十世纪初俄国形式主义者Viktor Shklovskij 所提出。根据该理论，文学文本包含作者出于文学动因而扭曲常规语 言所致的偏离语言，这种语言被称为陌生化语言。陌生化语言除具有特殊文体效果外，还被用来深化文本的社会文化主题意义,历来是译者和翻译研究者关注 的对象。然而，由于受源语导向对等论和形式主义美学的束缚，以往研究者讨论文学陌生化语言翻译时带有约简和片面的倾向。他们只重形式而轻视或忽视 陌生化语言的文化意义，忽视目的语文本文化语境的特殊性，以致认为译者应该且可以通过“偏离对偏离”仿造陌生化形式、实现文学性对等。鉴于此，本研究深入分析跨文化语境下两种语言间的形式差异和文化意识形态差异对陌生 化语言翻译的影响，揭示从“偏离对偏离”到“陌生化形式仿造”再到“文学 性对等”这一推导的粗疏和内在矛盾，以此来批驳文学陌生化语言翻译就是要 仿造形式、再现文学性的观念。在此基础上，本文探讨了文学陌生化语言的几种翻译策略，提出这些策略并非转达文学性或文化意义，而是导致交互文化杂合，生成交互文化意识形态。 除绪论和结论外，全文共六章。第一章对陌生化理论作了整体介绍，第二 章主要关注有关源陌生化语言的阐释学，第三章着重讨论语言间的形式差异和目的语文本语境对仿造陌生化形式的制约，第四章和第五章探讨文化差异对源 陌生化语言翻译的影响以及不同翻译策略的文化意义生产，第六章讨论语言文 化差异使源陌生化语言翻译成为杂合，生产交互文化意识形态。本研究以理论 探究为主，以实例阐明为辅，采用多学科相融合 (multidisciplinary) 的研究方法，借鉴了英汉对比、文学理论、符号学和文体学等学科概念和/或理论原则。