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In this research, we propose two different frameworks combining outputs from multiple on-line machine translation systems. We train the language model and translation model from IWSLT07 training data. The first framework consists of several modules, including selection, substitution, insertion, and deletion. In the second framework, after selection, we use a maximum entropy classifier to classify each word in the selected hypothesis according to Damerau-Levenshtein distance. According to these classification results, each word in the selected hypothesis are processed with different post-processing. We evaluate these combination frameworks on IWSLT07 task. It contains tourism-related sentences. The translation direction is from Chinese to English in our test set. Three on-line machine translation systems, Google, Yahoo, and TransWhiz are used in the investigation. The experimental results show that first combination framework improves BLEU score from 19.15% to 20.55%. The second combination framework improves BLEU from 19.15% to 20.47%. These frameworks achieves absolute improvement of 1.4% and 1.32% in BLEU score, respectively.

Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Microbiology, 2003. / Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 94 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-94).

Computer hardware and software evolve very fast. With the advent of chip-multiprocessors and symmetric multithreading, multiprocessor hardware configurations are becoming prevalent. For software, new hardware and requirements such as security, performance and maintainability drive the development of new runtime environments, virtual machines and programming methodologies. These trends present problems when porting legacy software. Multiprocessor hardware require ports of uniprocessor operating system kernels while new software environments might require that programs have to be ported to different languages. This thesis examines the tradeoff between performance and development effort for software porting with case studies in operating system porting to multiprocessors and tool support for porting C and C++ applications to Java virtual machines. The thesis consists of seven papers. The first paper is a survey of existing multiprocessor development approaches and focuses on the tradeoff between performance and implementation effort. The second and third papers describe the evolution a traditional lock-based multiprocessor port, going from a serialized “giant locked” port and evolving into a coarse-grained implementation. The fourth paper instead presents an alternative porting approach which aims to minimize development effort. The fifth paper describes a tool for efficient instrumentation of programs, which can be used during the development of large software systems such as operating system kernels. The sixth and seventh papers finally describe a binary translator which translates MIPS binaries into Java bytecode to allow low-effort porting of C and C++ applications to Java virtual machines. The first main contributions of this thesis is an in-depth investigation of the techniques used when porting operating system kernels to multiprocessors, focusing on development effort and performance. The traditional approach used in the second and third papers required longer development time than expected, and the alternative approach in the fourth paper can therefore be preferable in some cases. The second main contribution is the development of a binary translator that targets portability of C and C++ applications to J2ME devices. The last two papers show that the approach is functional and has good enough performance to be feasible in real-life situations.

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the identities of the nucleotides that make up a molecule of DNA. The rapid pace of advancements in sequencing technologies in recent years have made it possible to simultaneously determine the sequences of hundreds of millions of short DNA fragments. The ability to perform sequencing with such high throughput has revolutionized the study of biological systems, but the types of questions that can be answered through sequencing-based experiments can be limited by the presence of different kinds of noise and biases in these experiments. One class of applications of high-throughput sequencing involves identifying genetic variation, such as finding rare mutations in the genomes of cancerous cells. In these applications, the sensitivity with which rare genetic variants can be detected is limited by the relatively high rate with which current DNA sequencing technologies incorrectly identify nucleotides. In the first half of this thesis, we present a method for dramatically reducing the rate at which these incorrect identifications occur. Our method, called circle sequencing, creates redundant copies of the sequence of each input molecule of DNA. This is accomplished by circularizing each DNA fragment and performing rolling circle amplification on these circles with a strand-displacing polymerase. The resulting products consist of several physically linked copies of the original sequence in each fragment. When these products are sequenced, this informational redundancy protects against random errors introduced during sequencing, allowing for highly accurate recovery of the original sequence of each input molecule. By eliminating the vast majority of incorrectly identified nucleotides from the resulting data, our method enables the sensitive detection of rare variants and opens up exciting new questions involving such variants to direct measurement by sequencing. An entirely different application of high-throughput sequencing is to selectively capture and sequence stretches of DNA or RNA that are participating in a process of interest within a cell. The accuracy of quantitative inferences made by this type of experiment can be severely impacted, however, by biases introduced during the experimental manipulations used to isolate biologically relevant fragments of DNA from cells. Ribosome profiling is an experimental technique that consists of sequencing short stretches of messenger RNAs that are protected from nuclease digestion by the presence of a bound ribosome. The resulting data represents millions of snapshots of the locations of actively translating ribosomes. In theory, these snapshots can be used to determine how long ribosomes take to translate each type of codon by quantifying how often ribosomes are observed positioned over that codon. In practice, different studies in yeast attempting to do this have reached contradictory and counterintuitive conclusions. In the second half of this thesis, we perform a large-scale comparative analysis of data from many different ribosome profiling experiments in order to resolve these contradictions. We identify a previously unappreciated source of systematic bias in a subset of these experiments. This bias prevents these experiments from accurately measuring ribosomes in proportion to how long they spend at each position in vivo. Understanding this bias provides insight into the true signatures of translation dynamics in yeast and offers important guidance for the future design and interpretation of sequencing-based approaches to measuring these dynamics.

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The subject of this thesis is the translation of children’s literature. It probes the issue of whether domesticating texts for the child reader is always in the best interest of the child. The thesis traces the origins of both domestication and foreignisation in the history of translation studies and illustrates how translation norms for children have developed to favour target text oriented translations that move the source text close to the child reader in order to facilitate comprehension. The thesis questions this practice through close examination of issues and strategies in examples taken from children’s books in translation. Three detailed case studies explore how these issues have been handled in the translations of the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling and two stories by Astrid Lindgren. The skopos theory in translation studies is also discussed and offered as a valuable approach when translating for children. It is suggested that the commission or the purpose for translating for children may also be to provide the child reader with a closer cultural encounter. Finally an attempt is made to produce a foreignising or non-domesticating translation that moves the target text closer to the source culture and potentially sends the child reader abroad.

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