Basé sur une enquête ethnographique multi-située, le présent travail de thèse aborde les pratiques circulatoires des migrants de nationalité malienne arrivés en Espagne à partir des années 1990. Les acteurs, les espaces, les stratégies, les conditions matérielles et symboliques de ces mobilités complexes font l’objet de ma recherche. En portant mon regard sur un vaste espace de circulation compris entre le Mali, ses pays limitrophes et plusieurs pays européens, j’ai pourtant identifié un terrain d’observation spécifique afin d'analyser l’inscription territoriale de la mobilité dans un contexte social pouvant être délimité. L’Espagne à l’époque de la crise économique, de la contraction du marché de l’emploi et de la précarisation sociale des populations migrantes correspond à cet espace-temps clé de ma démarche. Dans ce contexte en rapide évolution, on observe aujourd’hui l’essor d’un nouveau cycle de mobilités nationales et transnationales. Confrontés à l’érosion du salariat dans les secteurs qui les employaient autrefois, un nombre croissant de migrants maliens fait de la circulation une ressource capitale, permettant de saisir des opportunités d’affaires et d'embauches au sein d’un périmètre géographique élargi. Les mouvements pendulaires à la quête d’emplois précaires, les voyages dans le cadre d’entreprises d’importation de produits d’occasion, les déplacements saisonniers pour les travaux agricoles constituent autant d’exemples concrets d’une économie de la mobilité qui brouille les repères entre migration de travail et commerce transnational. J’ai prêté une attention particulière à la manière dont les acteurs interprètent leurs pratiques de circulation, ainsi qu'à l’évolution des représentations et des imaginaires mobilisés. Du point de vue des acteurs en mouvement, la mobilité semble souvent participer d’une stratégie de recomposition des parcours migratoires exposés à la précarité ; dans certains cas, elle devient une manière d’aborder graduellement le retour dans le milieu d’origine en échappant aux écueils d’une réinstallation à long terme. En suivant les itinéraires et recueillant les histoires de vie, on découvre la variété, l’effervescence, mais aussi la fragilité des différents équilibres sociaux, familiaux et économiques, bâtis sur la mobilité. Ces équilibres renvoient à l’urgence de reformuler la relation avec les espaces et les sociétés investis selon des configurations souvent inédites et en perpétuelle construction. / Based on a multi-sited ethnography, this thesis studies the movements of Malian migrants that arrived to Spain since 1990. The people, their strategies, the locations, and the material and symbolic conditions of their complex movements make also part of this research. Looking into the broad space of circulation, from Mali and their neighboring countries, to the European countries, I have identified a terrain for observing the mobility of migrants inside their social context. Spain, during the economic crisis, with the unemployment and social precariousness is the key point, in space and time, of my study.In this context of rapid evolution, we observe today a new cycle of national and transnational mobility. Facing the reduction of the economic sectors that used to provide work in the past, a growing number of Malian migrants make circulation and mobility their key resource, allowing them to engage in business deals and trade in a larger geographical area. The suburban trips looking for short term jobs, the trips to different countries to sell second hand products, or the seasonal trips for working in agriculture, are just few examples of an economy of the mobility, that blurs the limits between migration and international commerce. I made specific attention to the way the migrants understand their circulation practices, and to the evolution of the imaginary of mobility.From the migrant standpoint, mobility seems to make part of a strategy of reconstruction of emigrational paths exposed to precariousness; in some cases, it becomes a way to gradually face the return to their home countries avoiding the pitfalls of a long term stay there. Following these itineraries and gathering their histories we discover the variety and the thrill, but also the fragility of the different social, familiar and economic balances built on mobility. These balances take us to the urgency of reformulating the relationship with the spaces and the societies created around new and unusual situations and in constant evolution.

The embeddedness of Pentecostal/Charismatic tenets within contemporary global frameworks of transnational power reveals the ability of religion to shape the sociocultural and spiritual experiences of people on the move from one place to another. For this reason, sociologists of religion and scholars of World Christianity have noted the rapid missionary expansion of African Pentecostal/Charismatic movements to the northern hemisphere. Some have even referred to the missionary work of non-western forms of Christianity in the western world as the ‘Southernisation of European Christianity’. But if the aggressive strategies adopted by African Pentecostal/Charismatic churches in the western diaspora are intended to reawaken Christianity in Europe, what then is the motivation for intra-African Pentecostal/Charismatic movements in traversing national boundaries, with their distinctive version of the Christian faith, making Africa a theatre in which Christian missionaries are both sent and received? This thesis examines the intra-African missionary praxis of a highly influential Nigerian Pentecostal/Charismatic church, the Winners’ Chapel, and its accompanying power dynamics in Cameroon from 1996 to 2016. Using a qualitative research approach, the study examines the character of transnational Pentecostal/Charismatic movements in Africa, using Winners’ Chapel in Cameroon as a case study. After an investigation of the emergence of the church, the study examines the various strategies used to achieve and maintain control of the mother church in Nigeria over its daughter church in Cameroon, such as the deployment of Nigerian missionaries, the use of Nigerian-defined Winners’ Chapel tenets in Cameroon, the place of sermons and testimonies, and the role of the media. The thesis studies the conflicts of loyalty and contestations that emerge between Nigerian Winners’ Chapel missionaries to Cameroon and their Cameroonian colleagues in Cameroon. It concludes with an assessment of how far Winners’ Chapel can be said to contribute to the provision of social capital and empowerment in Cameroon. The findings in this study provide a significant and original contribution to the understanding of how power dynamics can operate within complex relationships between transnational Pentecostal/Charismatic actors (missionaries), and their receiving countries colleagues in the continent of Africa. It also contributes to the literature on African Pentecostalism but offers fresh insights into the encounters, contestations, and resistance that emerge between ‘founder-owners’ and recruited workers of intra-African Pentecostal/Charismatic Movements. By appropriating international relations concepts such as Joseph Nye’s ideas of ‘soft power’ and concepts in the sociology of religion such as Peggy Levitt’s ‘remittances’, popularised by Afe Adogame, the study potentially unveils the nexus between international relations, the sociology of religion and development within Pentecostalist transnational discourses in Africa.

This dissertation examines transnational family practices between Kyrgyzstan and Russia. Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan experienced intensive internal and external mobilities. As one of the poorest Soviet republics, independent Kyrgyzstan continued to battle with poverty and high unemployment, which pushed nearly 20% of its population to seek jobs internationally. Transnational families have become a norm for Kyrgyzstan that receives the equivalent of one-third of its GDP in remittances. Using the transnational perspective, I explored the role of migration in reconstituting 'family practices' (Morgan, 1996, 2013). In a multi-sited ethnography of family life between Alcha village and Yakutsk city, the study demonstrates the everyday lives of transnational family members maintaining ties across time and space. Treating families as groups of configurations, rather than households, the study illustrates the multitude of family and kin relationships and networks that family members are embedded in. Through the examination of remittances and monetary ties, communal celebrations, arrangements of caregiving in migrants' absence, the study describes the contradictory effects of migration. I argue that migration has dramatically transformed and reconstituted family life. Divided and fragmented, Kyrgyzstani transnational families continued to maintained strong ties with home. I demonstrate that transnational families coped with the contradictory consequences of migration that shifted the family meanings, practices, constitution, and architecture of Kyrgyz family lives. The dissertation argues that Kyrgyzstani families, characterized by extended family relations, are nonetheless increasingly engaged in nuclear family type of relations in the transnational social fields.

Globalization has had a well-documented impact on higher education (e.g. Giddens, 1990; Ginkle, 2003; Altbach and Knight, 2007). The attendant massive expansion of higher education both globally and at national level has brought with it increasing concerns regarding quality. One context within which such concerns are evident is that of Transnational Higher Education (TNHE). TNHE, also known as cross-border education, mainly refers to education that is provided to students residing in a country other than the one where the awarding institution is located (UNESCO/Council of Europe, 2001). TNHE takes various forms and serves multiple objectives but the multidimensional phenomenon can be described as an example of Policy Borrowing (Phillips and Ochs, 2003). Oman is a country whose modern educational system was established very recently (1970) and is still expanding rapidly. As elsewhere in the ‘developing world’, the Omani government has met the increasing demand for higher education in large part by encouraging private higher education provision. However, this has been associated with an increasing desire to build capacity and assure quality of provision. In response, the Omani Ministry of Higher Education turned to TNHE for solutions: private sector providers in Oman have been required to enter academic partnerships with internationally recognized universities. In this research, I investigate the rationales, approaches and perceptions of this process from a receiver country perspective and address the implications. Most published research on TNHE focuses on providers’ perspectives and activities, and the impact of TNHE has only been studied in a small number of generally sizeable countries. However, the Gulf States, especially Oman, have not received the same attention, mainly due to the fact that TNHE is a recent phenomenon in this part of the world. Research to date in Oman thus remains very limited (Ameen, Chapman and Al Barawani, 2010; Al Barawani, Ameen and Chapman, 2011). The main objective of the research at the centre of this Thesis was therefore to explore the expectations, experiences and conclusions of a sample of staff of three private sector universities in Oman regarding TNHE, within which their university was/is active. The topic is investigated in the context of national policy and institutional TNHE strategy. Data were generated through documentary analysis and qualitative interviews. In-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted in three stages: Stage one: desk research and pilot study to set the direction for the research (8 participants) Stage two: interviews carried out over multiple visits to the three private universities selected as the cases (29 participants) Stage three: interviews with policy- and decision-makers (6 participants), to help in the process of reviewing and contextualizing the data from Stage 2. Data analysis revealed variation from the existing literature on this topic when it comes to defining the concept of affiliation, which is central to the approach taken in Oman to TNHE, as well as inconsistency across the three case universities, highlighting the complex dynamic that exists, with hugely varied expectations, numerous rationales and motivations and varying experiences being reported. Findings also reveal that, as reported by the majority of interviewees, the key rationales for engagement with TNHE are building capacity and assuring quality, alongside other rationales such as generating revenue and increasing student recruitment, which form the main driving force on the part of receiver institutions. This is consistent with the overall national imperative of increasing the number of HE places available for Oman’s young people, although the focus on volume is seen by the informants in the institutions as falling short in terms of capacity building and the enhancement of quality. Many interviewees voiced concerns that foreign partners’ approaches do not necessarily contribute to capacity building and may remain limited in scope, impacting on the quality of teaching and learning in ways that are not necessarily positive. Indeed, concerns were reported that the original overarching educational rationales of improving quality and capacity building may have been displaced by a more instrumental emphasis, for example on income generation. Some informants were firmly in favour of developing indigenized systems and reducing reliance on foreign partners. This point is taken up in a concluding discussion of the implications of the findings for Omani universities currently dependent on Transnational Higher Education, and the implications of this dependency for the Omani higher education system as a whole.

O combate efetivo ao flagelo secular do terrorismo, ainda que possa se revestir de muitas formas, não prescinde da repressão penal de seus autores. Em vista da maciça internacionalização do terrorismo, a partir do Século XX, a cooperação jurídica internacional em matéria penal (aí incluída a extradição) consolida-se como instrumento de essencial importância para a repressão do terrorismo pela comunidade internacional, com a vantagem de resguardar o domínio do direito e, por conseguinte, de assegurar a paz e a segurança internacionais. A evolução do tratamento do crime de terrorismo pelo direito penal transnacional influenciada pelo direito da segurança coletiva, especialmente a partir dos atentados de 11 de setembro de 2001 exerceu expressivo impacto no direito extradicional. O entendimento desse efeito é fundamental para extrair-se do instituto da extradição todo o seu potencial para a repressão penal do terrorismo. Desde que presentes determinados requisitos, uma conduta de caráter terrorista à luz de parâmetros internacionais gera a obrigação estatal de extraditar ou processar seu autor, mesmo na ausência de tratado. Além disso, a extradição exercida ou não em decorrência de obrigação convencional tem seus princípios afetados pela obrigação internacional de repressão do terrorismo, particularmente no que se refere a questões como extraditabilidade, extradição por crimes políticos e extradição de refugiados. O direito brasileiro apresenta algumas vulnerabilidades para o cumprimento da obrigação aut dedere aut iudicare e a prática judicial brasileira relativa à extradição de acusados de atos de terrorismo poderia reportar-se mais ao direito internacional, com vistas a evitar o risco de violação de obrigações internacionais pelo Brasil. / Even though the effective struggle against the secular plague of terrorism can assume many forms, it cannot leave out the aspect of the criminal repression of its perpetrators. In view of the intense internationalisation of terrorism since the 20th Century, international legal co-operation in criminal matters (extradition included) consolidates itself as an instrument of crucial importance to the repression of terrorism by the international community, with the advantage of safeguarding the rule of law and, therefore, guaranteeing international peace and security. The evolution of the approach of the crime of terrorism by transnational criminal law influenced by the law of collective security, especially since the September 11th 2001 attacks exerted an expressive impact on extradition law. The understanding of this effect is essential to extract from the institute of extradition all its potential regarding the criminal repression of terrorism. Once certain requisites are present, a conduct of terrorist character according to international parameters creates the State obligation to extradite or prosecute its perpetrator, even in the absence of a treaty. Moreover, the extradition carried out or not as a consequence of a treaty obligation has its principles affected by the international obligation of repression of terrorism when it concerns particularly to matters such as extraditability, extradition for political offences and extradition of refugees. Brazilian law has vulnerabilities concerning the compliance of the aut dedere aut iudicare obligation and the Brazilian judicial practice regarding the extradition of accused of acts of terrorism could refer more to international law, in order to avoid the risk of violation of international obligations by Brazil.

In the first chapter, the term of transnational corporation has been defined, further the history of their development has been pursued, the classification of them according to different aspects and their strategies as well. In the second chapter, I deal with the emplacement of transnational corporations in the contemporary world economy; foreign direct investments and the largest transnational corporations has been pursued in this part as well. The last chapter is created by case study of transnational corporation called Regus.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has a long history; as a matter of fact, it has been developing at an unprecedented pace in the recent years. The swift development might be tempting for observers to suppose that CSR is evolving into a permanent phenomenon, embodying a new form of business-society relationship at both national and international level. Naturally, the reality is always more complex than it might seem at first sight.

This diploma thesis deals with selected methods that large companies can use to optimize their business results in the international environment. It focuses namely on methods of outsourcing, offshoring, tax optimization and cash flow management. The first part briefly describes globalization in the world economy and transnational corporations as its major players. The next two chapters are devoted to strategies which lead to cost reductions of enterprises due to outsourcing and offshoring. The fourth part characterizes the way offshoring enters into foreign markets in the form of foreign direct investments. The fifth section deals with tax optimizations for multinational companies. The sixth part mentions the measures taken so far in the area of tax coordination in the world and in particular the European Union and the last chapter briefly defines various options which can be used for cash flow optimization.

A partir da perspectiva do fortalecimento da autonomia social dos diversos povos da Humanidade em relação ao Estado e às grandes corporações financeiras, a pesquisa aborda a atualidade dos conceitos e das práticas da educação integral e da ecologia social. Por um lado, procuro analisar criticamente a incorporação das ciências da educação e da ecologia no processo de transnacionalização do capital. Pelo outro lado, enfatizo as possibilidades de práticas de educação e ecologia na construção de relações sociais voltadas para as habilidades de auto-governo de comunidades e populações tradicionais. Assim, apresento alguns dos antecedentes históricos da educação integral e da ecologia social, e em seguida ressalto experiências inovadoras atuais nessas áreas do conhecimento. Durante este trabalho, destaco a experiência da Escola da Ponte, em Portugal. Finalmente, procuro estabelecer relações entre as novas formas de preconceito social e a visão urbanocêntrica de desenvolvimento humano, e alguns dos impactos sócioambientais e genocídios culturais contemporâneos sofridos pelas pessoas que não concordam com este caminho de existência humana. / Under the perspective of strengthening of the social autonomy of the various peoples of humanity in relation to the State and to the financial corporations, the research is about the actuality of the concepts and the practices of the integral education and the social ecology. On one hand, I intend to analyse in a critical way the incorporation of the sciences of education and ecology in the movements of transnationalization of the capital. On the other hand, I enphasize the possibilities of the practices of education and ecology in the building up of social relation towards the self-government habilities of the communities and traditional peoples. So, I introduce some of the historical antecedents of the integral education and the social ecology, and therefore resilience some of the actual innovate experiences in these fields. During this work, I highlight the school experience at the Escola da Ponte, Portugal. Finally, I intend to establish relations between the newest forms of social prejudice and the vision of the human development urbancentric, and some of the social ambiental impacts and contemporaneous cultural genocides suffered by the people that do not agree with that way of human existence.

A abertura econômica vivenciada pelo Brasil com a implementação de medidas liberalizantes nas décadas de 1980 e 1990 e a intensa expansão da economia nacional, nos anos 2000, inseriram o país em um cenário global jamais vivenciado. Em termos nacionais, tanto o setor de telecomunicações como o metalúrgico experimentaram processos de reestruturação com o ingresso de empresas transnacionais e a proliferação de empresas brasileiras atuando no exterior. Para os sindicatos, intensificavam-se desafios em uma arena que extrapolava os limites nacionais. A partir desse cenário, este estudo analisou a internacionalização de organizações sindicais brasileiras e suas lideranças desde os anos 1980 até os 2000. De um lado o foco reside, inicialmente, no Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos do ABC, mas se amplia à Confederação Nacional dos Metalúrgicos e à Central Única dos Trabalhadores. Do outro, centra-se no Sindicato dos Trabalhadores em Telecomunicações de São Paulo, filiado à Força Sindical. Constatou-se que a entrada destas organizações na arena global desenvolveu-se em diferentes ritmos e características, na passagem de uma etapa em que, nos anos 1980, consumiam relações internacionais para outra, nos anos 2000, em que passaram a ter um papel mais ativo, protagônico. Enquanto que para os metalúrgicos este processo é orgânico e paulatino, para as telecomunicações intensificou-se como reação às privatizações. Para ambos, observam-se mudanças em referenciais que estavam voltados à esfera nacional, ampliam-se os percursos possíveis para as carreiras sindicais e a divisão do trabalho sindical por meio de um processo que reforça uma seleção social, a qual se constitui de forma coletiva e individual. / In Brazil, the economic opening experienced with the implementation of liberalization measures in the 1980s and 1990s and the intense expansion of the national economy in the 2000s, brought the country into a global setting never previously experienced. Both the Brazilian telecommunications and the metalworking sectors have gone through re-structuring, the entry of transnational corporations and the proliferation of national companies operating abroad. For the trade unions, challenges have intensified beyond national boundaries. On that basis, this study has analyzed the internationalization of Brazilian trade unions and their leaders from the 1980s until 2000s. On one hand, the focus is initially on the ABC Metalworkers\' Trade Union (SMABC), but is extended to the Brazilian National Confederation of Metalworkers (CNM) and the Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT). On the other, it focuses on the Telecommunications Workers Union of São Paulo (SINTETEL), affiliated to Força Sindical (FS). It was found that their entry into the global arena was developed at differing speeds and with different characteristics, in a transition from a stage where, in 1980s, they consumed international relations, to another, in the 2000s, in which they have a more active and protagonistic role. While for the metalworkers this process was organic and gradual, for the telecommunication sector it became intensified as a reaction to the process of privatization. In both cases, changes to the references that were once related to a national sphere were observed, as well as the widening career paths available to trade unionists. Also, trade unions division of labor widened as a result of a process that reinforced a social selection constituted both collectively and individually.