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No description available.

This diploma thesis focuses on the transport analysis in the town Červený Kostelec in the Hradec Králové Region. The work contains analysis of transport modes, especially road transport and parking, concurrently proposes their optimization. The first part of the thesis provides basic informations of the town Červený Kostelec. Next there is described the current traffic situation in the town. The second part of the work focuses on the analysis and solution of the difficult places.

The wavefront reconstruction of a light wave transformed by a microscope objective is the main subject of this diploma thesis together with the design and assembly of a~measuring device and the development of a computational algorithm. The purpose is to determine optical aberrations and to compare a quality of objectives with identical parameters. The term wavefront is explained and its description using Zernike polynomials is introduced in the first part of the thesis. The following part summarizes possible methods for wavefront reconstrucion. Two methods were chosen for experimental determination of a wavefront shape – shearing interferometry and solution of the transport of intensity equation. For each method a brief characteristic is provided together with possible applications, mathematical apparatus, image processing, computational procedure, setup description and proposition and results of experiments. The suitability of both methods for optical aberration determination and microscope objective comparison is discussed. Based on the obtained results, both methods were found to be suitable for comparison of microscope objectives. The suitability for optical aberration determination is possible with certain restrictions.

Zur vollständigen Beschreibung eines monochromatischen Wellenfeldes ist die Kenntnis über die Amplituden- und Phasenverteilung unabdingbar. Während sich die messtechnische Erfassung der Amplitudenverteilung durch lichtempfindliche Sensoren recht einfach realisieren lässt, gestaltet sich die Bestimmung der Phasenverteilung weitaus schwieriger. Die Phasenverteilung eines optischen Wellenfeldes kann nur über indirekte Verfahren gewonnen werden. Es ergibt sich ein sogenanntes phase retrieval Problem. Zur Lösung dieses Problems bieten sich verschiedene Verfahren aus dem Bereich der berührungslosen und zerstörungsfreien optische Messtechnik an. In dieser Arbeit wird ein deterministisches Verfahren zur Phasenrekonstruktion mit Hilfe Greenscher Funktionen vorgestellt. Die erste Greensche Identität dient als Grundlage zur Entwicklung einer Gleichung, welche in der Lage ist, bei der Rekonstruktion einer Phasenverteilung spezifische Randbedingungen zu berücksichtigen. Dies ermöglicht unter anderem eine genaue Charakterisierung von Phasenobjekten bzw. ihren optischen Eigenschaften, wie beispielsweise der Brechzahlverteilung. Das vorgestellte Verfahren zur Phasenrekonstruktion basiert einerseits auf schnellen Algorithmen, welche die Leistung von parallelen Prozessoren ausnutzen und andererseits auf geschickten experimentellen Aufbauten, mit welchen die notwendigen Eingangsdaten zur Lösung der Gleichung simultan gewonnen werden können. Es ergibt sich damit die Möglichkeit, die Amplituden- und Phasenverteilung eines Wellenfeldes in Echtzeit zu bestimmen und daraus folgend ein Mittel zur quantitativen Bewertungen und Analyse von dynamischen Prozessen sowohl in der Industrie als auch im Bereich der Life Sciences. / In order to describe a monochromatic wave field entirely, knowledge about the amplitude and phase distribution is elementary. While it is easy to measure the amplitude distribution of an optical wave field by the use of photosensitive detectors, the determination of the phase distribution is by far more difficult. Due to the fact, that the phase distribution can not be measured directly, a problem of phase retrieval is presented. This problem may be solved by applying a non-contacting and non-destructive optical metrology technique. In this thesis a deterministic method for phase retrieval based on Green''s functions will be introduced. Green''s first identity serves as a starting point to derive an equation for phase retrieval considering different boundary conditions. Among others, this allows an exact characterization of phase objects, or their optical properties, as for example the refractive index distribution. On the one hand, the presented phase retrieval technique is based on fast algorithms which take advantage of the performance of parallel processors. On the other hand, skilful experimental setups allow the simultaneous acquisition of the input data, which are necessary to solve the phase retrieval equation. It follows that the presented technique is able to determine the amplitude and phase distribution of a wave field in real-time. Hence this technique enables the quantitative evaluation and analysis of dynamic processes in industry as well as in the area of life sciences.

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This thesis presents a new optical imaging technique which measures the structure of objects without the use of lenses. Termed diffraction-contrast imaging (DCI), the method retrieves the object structure from a Fresnel diffraction pattern of the object, using a deconvolution algorithm. DCI is particularly adept at imaging highly transparent objects and this is demonstrated by retrieving the structure of an almost transparent cloud of laser-cooled atoms. Applied to transparent Bose-Einstein condensates, DCI should allow the non-destructive imaging of the condensate while requiring only the minimum possible apparatus of a light source and a detector. (For complete abstract open document)