Smokefree environment created by smokefree policies is associated with smoking reduction; however, there is paucity of literature on the relationship between smokefree home rules and smoking intensity in low-and-middle income countries (LMICs), and how smokefree policy affects smoking behavior of smokers at different stages of smoking cessation. This study examined the relationship between smokefree home rules and average number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) among daily smokers at different stages of the transtheoretical model (TTM) of change. Data from 18,718 current daily cigarette smokers from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) conducted from 2011 to 2017 in 20 LMICs were analyzed. Weighted multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted using the log of CPD as the outcome variable with smokefree home rules as the exposure variable, controlling for selected covariates. Approximately 15% of the participants were in precontemplation, 5% were in preparation, 15% lived in partial smokefree homes, and 30% lived in complete smokefree homes. The average number of CPD was 12.3, 12.0, and 10.6 among participants living in homes where smoking was allowed, partial smokefree homes, and complete smokefree homes, respectively. Compared to living in homes where smoking was allowed, living in complete smokefree homes were associated with 22.5% (95%CI = 18.4%–26.5%), 17.9% (95%CI = 8.4%–27.3%), and 29.3% (95% CI = 17.1%–41.5%) fewer CPD among participants in precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages, respectively. These findings suggest that complete smokefree home policy will benefit smokers in LMICs irrespective of their intention to quit smoking in addition to protecting non-smokers from secondhand smoke exposure.

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I Sverige når många invånare inte rekommendationerna för fysisk aktivitet trots de positiva effekterna. En beteendeförändring kan vara svårt - många faktorer kan underlätta eller försvåra förändringen. Studiens syfte var att undersöka deltagare i en Börja träna-kurs upplevelser av motivationsfaktorer och strategier för fortsatt träning. Studien är deskriptiv kvalitativ. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fyra deltagare. Intervjusvaren analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet omfattar sju motivationsfaktorer: träningsupplägg, gemenskap (med gruppen), stöd från familj, investera i sig själv, effekter av träning, träningsglädje samt överkomma rädslor. Fyra strategier för fortsatt träning framkom: Göra träningen roligare, Anpassa träning till nuvarande funktionsnivå, Planera för träning samt Motstånd att hantera. Kategorierna matchades med Transteoretiska modellens handlingssätt, vilket visar att träningsupplägget motsvarade följande handlingssätt: Consciousness-raising, Self re-evaluation, samt Helping relationship. Resultatanalysen visar att deltagarnas upplevelser stimulerat till bättre tillit till sin förmåga, samt att upplevelsen att de ”kommit igång” med träning underlättar för fortsatt fysisk aktivitet. Brist på liknande studier ger möjlighet till fortsatta studier inom ämnet. / In Sweden, a big part of the population is unable to fulfill the recommendations for physical activity despite the positive effects. Behavioral change can be hard and several factors can facilitate or complicate the change. This study aims to examine participant’s, of a start exercising-class, experience of motivational factors and strategies for continued exercise. It’s a descriptive qualitative study. Semistructured interviews were conducted with four participants. A qualitative content analysis was made based on the answers. The results include seven motivational factors: Training schedule, Communion (with the group), Support from family, Invest in itself, Effect of exercise, Joy of training and Overcome fears. Four strategies for continued exercise were identified: Make exercising fun, Customize training to the current level of functioning, Plan for exercise and Barriers to manage. The categories were matched with the transtheoretical model’s processes of change which showed that the class’s approach corresponded to: Consciousness-raising, Self re-evaluation and Helping relationship. The result analysis shows that the experiences of the participants stimulated to a better self-efficacy for physical activity. Also, the feeling of being “under way” with exercise facilitates continued physical activity. A lack of similar studies allows for further studies of the subject.

The aim of the study was to investigate the experiences of individuals who had received physical activity on prescription. The questions that were relevant for the study were what the method had contributed with, if physical activity on prescription had affected the motivation towards a physically active lifestyle and if motivation was sufficient to lead to permanent active action. The method used to collect data was through interviews. Two men and two women who had received a prescription of physical activity participated in the study. Data was analyzed using a manifest content analysis and four categories emerged. The results indicated that the prescription was a tool for becoming physically active and also receiving support from others proved to be important for all informants. The health effects that physical activity contributed with for the informants was increased self-esteem and well-being, improved quality of life and a stronger body. The results also showed that there were both positive and negative attitudes regarding the method. The conclusion of the study was that there existed both barriers and possibilities for the continuation of physical activity. Some informants also indicated that the motivation for a permanent physically active lifestyle was missing. / Det övergripande syftet var att undersöka vilka erfarenheter personer som fått fysisk aktivitet på receptet hade av metoden. Det centrala i studien var deras erfarenheter av metoden, vad de ansåg att metoden hade bidragit med, om FaR påverkade motivationen till en fysiskt aktiv livsstilsförändring och om motivationen var tillräcklig för att leda till en varaktig, aktiv handling. Metoden som användes för att samla in datamaterialet var genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studien inkluderade fyra deltagare, två män och två kvinnor, där inklusionskriterierna var att de skulle ha fått motion ordinerat. Det insamlade datamaterialet analyserades med hjälp av en manifest innehållsanalys och därefter utformades fyra kategorier. Resultatet visade att metoden var ett hjälpmedel till att bli fysiskt aktiv och att det var ett motivationshöjande sätt för att utöva den fysiska aktiviteten som förskrevs. Även att få det stöd som behövdes till att utföra sin ordine-rade aktivitet visade sig vara av betydelse för samtliga informanter. De hälsoeffekter som fysisk aktivitet bidrog med för informanterna var ökat självförtroende och välbefin-nande, förbättrad livskvalité och starkare kropp. Resultatet visade dock att det fanns både positiva och negativa åsikter om metoden samt att det fanns vissa brister gällande arbetsmetoden. Slutsatsen var att det fanns både hinder och möjligheter vid ordination av fysisk aktivitet och några av informanterna menade att motivationen till en varaktig fysiskt aktiv livsstil saknades.

En el marc del model transteòric de canvi (Prochaska, DiClemente i Norcross, 1992) i del model de l'autocontrol (Rachlin, 1989), s'examinen les característiques de la conducta de fumar així com la percepció de la magnitud i la demora de les conseqüències positives i negatives d'aquest consum, a fi de conèixer la seva relació amb l'etapa de canvi en la cessació tabàquica.Amb aquest objectiu s'entrevista a una mostra representativa de 281 membres (54,8% homes i 45,2% dones; mitjana d'edat = 37,26 anys, DT = 8,77; 48,8% no fumadors, 27,4% fumadors i 23,8% exfumadors) del personal acadèmic i d'administració i serveis de la Universitat de Girona.Els resultats mostren que més de la meitat dels fumadors es troben a l'etapa de Precontemplació (sense intenció ferma d'abandonar el consum de tabac en els propers 6 mesos) i la majoria d'exfumadors se situen a l'etapa de Manteniment (mínim de sis mesos sense fumar).També s'observen diferències en algunes de les variables examinades segons l'etapa de canvi de manera que els fumadors en Contemplació-Preparació (amb intenció ferma d'abandonar el consum de tabac en els propers 6 mesos) presenten un elevat índex de perjudicis percebuts, informen d'haver rebut més consell mèdic i realitzen amb major freqüència inhalacions a cada cigarreta.En canvi, els fumadors en Precontemplació són els qui més responen consumir tabac baix en nicotina mentre que els exfumadors en Acció o Manteniment són els qui més tendeixen a relacionar de manera immediata fumar i les seves conseqüències negatives a curt i mitjà termini, i els qui presenten major puntuació en l'índex de beneficis percebuts. Aquestes dades corroboren la importància de les intervencions clíniques específiques en les diferents etapes de l'abandonament del consum de tabac, suggereixen que les campanyes preventives s'haurien de focalitzar preferentment en les conseqüències negatives immediates de fumar i apunten a la conveniència de tenir en compte la notable valoració positiva dels beneficis de fumar per part dels exfumadors en els programes de prevenció de recaigudes. Així mateix, la constatació del poder explicatiu de la variable demora en la diferenciació dels subjectes en funció de l'etapa de canvi, planteja la conveniència d'incloure aquesta variable en les avaluacions dels pros i contres de fumar a fi de conèixer amb major precisió els seus pesos relatius. / Whitin the frame of the transtheoretical model of change (Prochaska, DiClemente and Norcross, 1992) and the self-control model (Rachlin, 1989) the features of smoking cessation are studied as well as the perception of the magnitude and delay of both positive and negative consequences of this consumption, in order to know its relation with the changing stage when giving up smoking.To reach this goal a representative sample of 281 people are interviewed (54,8% men and 45,2% women; average age: 37,26 years old, SD: 8,77; 48,8% non-smokers, 27,4% smokers and 23,8 ex-smokers) of the academic and administrative staff at the University of Girona.The results show that more than a half of smokers are at the Precontemplation stage (without a strong intention of giving up smoking within the next six months) and most of ex-smokers are at the Maintaining stage (six months minimum without smoking).Some differences are also observed in some of the examined variables according to the changing stage, in a way that smokers who are at the Contemplation-Preparation stage (with a strong intention of giving up smoking within the next six months) show a high index of perceived cons of smoking and they also inform they have been given more medical advice. On the other hand, ex-smokers who are in the Action stage or Maintaining stage are those who tend closely relate smoking and its inmediate and delayed consequences, also those who show the highest scoring on the perceived benefit index. This data corroborates the importance of specific clinical actions in the different stages of giving up smoking process, it also suggest that preventive campaigns should focus preferably on the inmediate negative consequences of smoking and write down the convenience of taking into account the notable positive valuation of the benefits of giving up smoking on behalf of the exsmokers in the preventive relapse programs.Also this data evidence the convenience of including the delay parameter in the pros and cons of smoking evaluation with the aim of knowing with more precision their relative weights.

Cannabis is the illicit drug most widely used in the world (UN, 2011). After twenty years of increased consumption, there has recently been a decline or stabilization in use among young people and European adolescents (EMCDDA, 2011). However, given the impact that can result from its consumption in the health of the young, especially if it’s accompanied by the use of other drugs that can affect their development and learning, further investigation of cannabis remains as a priority. The main objective of this thesis is to determinate the prevalence and pattern of cannabis consumption in a sample of 2.137 university students from Girona aged between 17 and 35 years, and to consider some of the variables in this drug-taking. Quantitative methodology is used, as well as an own designed questionary which has been applied to the sample. The results indicate that 20,4% of participants are defined as cannabis consumers (24% males / 17,2% females). At the same time, while the age of the young is increasing, there are a smaller proportion of non cannabis consumers who have never tried the substance. The role of the consumer status of close friends and family is relevant on the age of first experimentation, the age of general consumption and on the young’s general consumption behaviour. Risk perception of cannabis is associated with the consumption status of the young consumer, so consumers and quitters consider less dangerous to use this substance compared with nonusers. As the youth goes through the different acquisition stages of cannabis (Pallonen, Prochaska, Velicer, Prokhorov and Smith, 1998) value of the negative aspects of the use of this substance decreases and raises the positive ones, while it also increases the degree of temptation to consume. These results show the need to avoid or delay the age of onset of cannabis consume, specially among children, to consider the youth's behaviour concerning to promote healthy behaviours, and to increase the perception of risk from consumption of this substance by providing them with adequate information about their effects and health implications / El cannabis es la droga ilegal de uso más extendido en el mundo (ONU, 2011). Después de veinte años de aumento del consumo de esta sustancia, recientemente se ha observado un descenso o estabilización en su uso, entre la población de jóvenes y adolescentes europeos (OEDT, 2011). No obstante ahondar en el estudio del consumo de cannabis por las repercusiones que puede comportar su uso en la salud del joven, sobre todo si se acompaña del consumo de otras drogas que pueden afectar a su desarrollo y aprendizaje, sigue siendo una prioridad. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es conocer la prevalencia y el patrón de consumo de cannabis en una muestra de 2.137 jóvenes universitarios de primer ciclo de la ciudad de Girona con edades comprendidas entre los 17 y 35 años, así como estudiar algunas de las variables relacionadas con este consumo. Se utiliza la metodología cuantitativa, y se aplica a la muestra un cuestionario de elaboración propia. Los resultados indican que un 20,4% de los jóvenes encuestados se definen como consumidores de cannabis, en mayor proporción los chicos (24%) que las chicas (17,2%). Asimismo, a medida que aumenta la edad del joven se halla una proporción menor de no consumidores de cannabis que no han probado nunca la sustancia. El papel del estatus de consumo de los amigos y familiares cercanos al joven es relevante en la edad de primera experimentación, la edad de consumo habitual y en la conducta de consumo del joven en general. La percepción de peligrosidad del cannabis se relaciona con el estatus de consumo del joven, de manera que los consumidores y los exconsumidores perciben menos peligroso el uso de esta sustancia en comparación con los no consumidores. A medida que el joven avanza en las etapas de adquisición del consumo de cannabis (Pallonen, Prochaska, Velicer, Prokhorov y Smith, 1998) disminuye la valoración de los aspectos negativos de su uso y aumenta la consideración de los aspectos positivos, asimismo se incrementa también el grado de tentación hacia su consumo. Estos resultados muestran la necesidad de evitar o retrasar la edad de inicio del consumo de cannabis, en especial entre los chicos, considerar los referentes de conducta del joven para promover conductas saludables, y aumentar la percepción de peligrosidad derivada del consumo de esta sustancia mediante una adecuada información de sus efectos y repercusiones en la salud

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