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No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMCS.pdf: 1842426 bytes, checksum: 17216a1313f406228d0e6414935cf518 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This thesis describes the bio-ecology of Paralonchurus brasiliensis caught as bycatch for the shrimp trawling fishery targeting Xiphopenaeus kroyeri in Penha, Brazil. Series of 30 minute trawls were made between July/2013 and June/2014 at depths of 10, 20 and 30 meters during which 3040 specimens of P. brasiliensis were collected. All specimens were weighed(g) and measured total length (TL in cm) and from a subsample of 1219 specimens data was obtained for sex-ratio, gonad weight, gonadal maturity, stomach repletion and diet. Paralonchurus brasiliensis is abundant and very frequent, in the bycatch of X. kroyeri, with a ratio of approximately 1: 1 kg between its average biomass and that of the targeted shrimp. CPUE both in number and biomass/trawling did not suffer significant variations and there was no population stratification among the isobaths. In the captures, a large amplitude of Lt (2.7- 23.3cm) was obtained, with a higher number of juveniles and females, regardless of depth. Asymptotic length (L∞) was estimated for males at 33.6 cm, females (30.4 cm) and size of first gonadal maturation estimated for males (16.4cm) and females (15.8 cm). The closed period of shrimp trawling for X. kroyeri only protects the early stages of P. brasiliensis, a continuous yearlong breeding species with peaks between autumn (may) and spring (october). There were significant correlations between abundance versus sand and silt, biomass vs. bottom temperature and silt, as well as RGS-M vs. Silt. The positive allometric growth and relative condition factor close to 1.0 (kn=1), indicated a favorable physiological condition of the specie in the three isobaths. This species showed intense foraging activity, evidenced by the high percentage of stomachs with food (95.73%). The diet of P. brasiliensis is diversified, with greater consumption of polychaetes, crustaceans and ophiuroids, which enables us to classify it as a carnivorous species, predominantly invertivorous. Paralonchurus brasiliensis is a key benthic-demersal species and an opportunistic predator over a wide trophic range intersecting with a vast number of macro-benthic species on marine coastal food webs along the South Brazilian shorelines. Besides the characterization important bioecological aspects of P. brasiliensis, this work contributes to the discussion and understanding of the impact of trawling at the local and world level using the case of P. brasiliensis as a study model. / Esta tese descreve a bioecologia de Paralonchurus brasiliensis capturados na pesca de arrasto de camarão sete-barbas (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri), em Penha, Brasil. Foram realizados arrastos mensais, de 30 min cada, nas isóbatas de 10, 20 e 30m, entre julho/2013 e junho/2014. Dos 3040 exemplares capturados obtiveram-se peso (g) e comprimento total (Lt, em cm) e de 1219 exemplares subamostrados, registraram-se sexo, estádios de maturação e peso (Wt, em g) gonadal, repleção estomacal e a dieta. Paralonchurus brasiliensis é muito frequente, abundante no “bycatch” de X. kroyeri, com proporção aproximada de 1:1kg entre as biomassas anuais das duas espécies. As CPUEs em número e biomassa/arrasto não sofreram variações significativas e não se constatou estratificação populacional entre as isóbatas. Nas capturas obteve-se grande amplitude de Lt (2,7-23,3cm), com maior número de juvenis e fêmeas, independentemente da profundidade. O comprimento assintótico (L∞) foi estimado para machos em 33,6 cm, fêmeas (30,4cm) e o tamanho de primeira maturação gonadal estimados para machos (16,4 cm) e fêmeas (15,8 cm). O defeso de X. kroyeri protege apenas o início do ciclo reprodutivo de P. brasiliensis que se reproduz o ano inteiro, porém, com maiores picos entre outono (maio) e primavera (outubro). Ocorreram correlações significativas entre abundância versus areia e silte, biomassa vs. temperatura de fundo e silte, bem como RGS-M vs. silte. O crescimento alométrico positivo e fator de condição relativo próximo a 1,0 (kn=1), indicaram uma condição fisiológica favorável da espécie nas três isóbatas. Essa espécie demonstrou intensa atividade forrageadora, comprovada pelo elevado percentual de estômagos com alimentos (95,73%). A dieta de P. brasiliensis é diversificada, com maior consumo de poliquetas, crustáceos e ofiuróides, destacando-se como uma espécie carnívora, predominantemente invertívora. Paralonchurus brasiliensis é uma espécie-chave demersal bentônica, predadora, oportunista de amplo espectro trófico e que atua no controle de um grande número de espécies macrobênticas das teias tróficas marinhas costeiras, no sul do Brasil. Além de caracterizar aspectos bioecológicos importantes de P. brasiliensis, este trabalho contribui para a discussão e entendimento do impacto da pesca de arrasto em nível local e mundial utilizando-se o caso de P. brasiliensis como modelo de estudo.

A pesca de fauna acompanhante, o âbycatchâ, pode ser considerada uma das maiores ameaÃas à vida nos oceanos. A influÃncia das capturas de fauna acompanhante nos ecossistemas marinhos faz com que esta seja uma das questÃes de conservaÃÃo da natureza mais importantes atualmente. Por vÃrias dÃcadas existiu na costa de Fortaleza uma intensa atividade da pesca de arrasto de camarÃo, que acidentalmente capturava raias, com o uso de embarcaÃÃes motorizadas. Tal atividade foi proibida a partir de 2003, pela Portaria no 35 do MinistÃrio do Meio Ambiente (Instituto do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais RenovÃveis). O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se a proibiÃÃo da pesca de arrasto de camarÃo utilizando-se embarcaÃÃes motorizadas em Ãreas costeiras (1) afeta a abundÃncia de raias demersais; (2) que parcela das populaÃÃes dessas raias està sujeita ao efeito da proibiÃÃo da referida atividade pesqueira; (3) se espÃcies consideradas pela LegislaÃÃo Brasileira atual como sob algum grau de ameaÃa tambÃm sÃo afetadas por esta proibiÃÃo. No presente estudo, foram realizadas 14 amostragens cientÃficas na enseada do Mucuripe, Fortaleza/CE, entre setembro de 2004 e novembro de 2010, cada uma com 10 arrastos de fundo a cerca de 14 m de profundidade, utilizando rede de arrasto-de-portas. Foram ainda, compilados dados nÃo publicados de abundÃncia de raias capturadas como fauna acompanhante da pesca de arrasto de camarÃo, utilizando-se embarcaÃÃo motorizada, na enseada do Mucuripe, entre 1997 e 1998. A proibiÃÃo da pesca de arrasto de camarÃo utilizando-se embarcaÃÃes motorizadas, em Ãreas costeiras, afeta positivamente a abundÃncia de raias demersais previamente impactadas por essa atividade. AlÃm disso, Ãrea costeira investigada abriga todas as classes de tamanho das raias Dasyatis guttata e Gymnura micrura e portanto pode ser considerada uma Ãrea importante para a reproduÃÃo destas espÃcies. Por fim, essa mesma Ãrea abriga, ainda, diversas espÃcies consideradas pela LegislaÃÃo Brasileira atual como ameaÃadas (n=4) ou sobreexplotadas ou ameaÃadas de sobreexplotaÃÃo (n=7). / Bycatch fisheries may be considered one of the greatest threats to marine life. The influence of these captures in marine ecosystems makes it one of the most pressing issues on nature conservation today. For decades, there was in Fortaleza, CE, a shrimp otter trawl fisheries activity conducted by motorized boats that accidently captured batoids. This activity has been prohibited by the Brazilian Ministry of Environment since 2003. The goal of the present study was to evaluate if the prohibition of shrimp otter trawl fisheries activity conducted by motorized boats on coastal areas (1) affects the abundance of demersal batoids; (2) which portion of these batoidsâ populations is under the effect of the prohibition of this fishery activity; and (3) if species considered by the current Brazilian legislation as under any level of threat also are effected by this prohibition. In the present study, fourteen scientific sampling were carried out on Mucuripe Bay, Fortaleza, CE, between September 2004 and November 2010. During each survey, 10 stations were sampled with otter trawl net, circa 14 m depth. In addition, unpublished data on the abundance of batoids captured as bycatch by shrimp fisheries in this same bay, between 1997 and 1998, were compiled. The prohibition of the shrimp fisheries using motorized boats, in coastal areas, affects positively the abundance of demersal batoids previously impacted by this activity. Furthermore, the coastal area studied is used by all size classes of the batoids Dasyatis guttata and Gymnura micrura and, therefore, it may be considered important for reproduction of these species. Lastly, this same Bay is also home for several species that currently are considered by the Brazilian legislation as endangered (n=4) or overexploited or threatened of overexploitation (n=7).

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-27T14:57:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Barbosa Acioli de Oliveira.pdf: 1281699 bytes, checksum: af3b5b3f4c17c790ad47750c27fe13be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:57:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Barbosa Acioli de Oliveira.pdf: 1281699 bytes, checksum: af3b5b3f4c17c790ad47750c27fe13be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27 / The objective of this study was to obtain information regarding tuna fish quality captured in the northwestern coast of Brazil from December 2007 until December 2008. The levels of histamine in export type tuna caught in the coast of Rio Grande do Norte by the technique of pelagic trawl were determined. It was investigated the efficiency of two objective parameters of quality, levels of bioactive amines and color evaluation, which were related to the classification performed by a trained evaluator. The influence of the capture of live or dead fish on the quality of meat was also investigated. Among the 180 samples of fresh tuna analyzed, 95% did not contain histamine. Only nine samples contained histamine at levels that ranged between 4.92 and 6.90 mg/kg. The results indicated that the practices of handling and fishing gear used by companies of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, ensured the achievement of good quality fish. The levels of bioactive amines in 68 samples of tuna categorized into six levels of quality by experienced painelist were determined. The polyamines(spermine and spermidine), were found, however, the levels did not differ suggesting that this parameter objective in itself was not sufficient to distinguish the different levels of quality of yellowfin tuna and bigeye tuna. No significant differences were found in the values of the colorimetric coordinates (CIEL*, CIEa*, CIEb* and CIEC*) in samples of tuna classification 1, 2+, 2H, 2, 2- and 3. The conditions dead or alive at the time of slaughter showed no influence on the production of bioactive amines indicating that other factors may be involved. However, the samples were in excellent state of freshness, because were found significant levels of spermine and spermidine, rather low levels of cadaverine, putrescine, histamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, agmatine, serotonin and tryptamine. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo obter informações sobre a qualidade dos atuns capturados na região nordeste do Brasil. Os teores de histamina de atuns tipo exportação capturados no litoral do Rio Grande do Norte pela técnica de espinhel pelágico foram determinados de dezembro de 2007 a dezembro de 2008. Investigou-se a eficiência de dois parâmetros objetivos de qualidade, teores de aminas bioativas e avaliação cor, que foram relacionados com a classificação realizada por um avaliador treinado. A influência da captura de peixes vivos ou mortos sobre a qualidade da carne também foi investigada. A presença de histamina não foi detectada em 95% das 180 amostras de atum fresco analisadas. Apenas nove amostras continham histamina em teores que variaram de 4,92 a 6,90 mg/kg. Estes resultados indicaram que as práticas de manipulação e a arte de pesca utilizadas pelas empresas do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, asseguraram a obtenção de peixes de boa qualidade. Os teores de aminas bioativas em 68 amostras de atum categorizadas em seis níveis de qualidade por avaliador experiente foram determinados. Foram encontradas as poliaminas espermina e espermidina, no entanto, os teores não diferiram entre si indicando que esse parâmetro objetivo por si só não era suficiente para distinguir os diferentes níveis de qualidade da albacora laje e albacora bandolim. Também não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos valores das coordenadas colorimétricas (CIE L*, CIE a*, CIE b* e CIE C*) nas amostras de atum da classificação 1, 2+, 2H, 2, 2- e 3. As condições vivo ou morto no momento de abate demonstraram não exercer influência sobre a produção de aminas bioativas indicando que outros fatores podem estar envolvidos, porém, as amostras encontravam-se em excelente estado de frescor, pois foram encontrados teores significativos de espermina e espermidina, em detrimento de baixos teores decadaverina, putrescina, histamina, tiramina, feniletilamina, agmatina, serotonina e triptamina.

O presente estudo analisou a pescaria direcionada ao camarão-sete-barbas no Litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo como um Sistema Sócio Ecológico, tendo sido descritas suas variáveis, interações e resultados. Foram realizados estudos específicos sobre a frota pesqueira, a economia envolvida e o perfil socioeconômico do pescador. Os resultados do estudo pesqueiro indicaram a existência de três grupos distintos de embarcações, que pescam da mesma maneira e nos mesmos pesqueiros, são fiéis às localidades de desembarque e apresentam rendimento diferenciado. O estudo econômico indicou que o óleo diesel foi a maior fonte geradora de despesas quanto ao custo de operação, para todos os grupos e, que a pequena diferença encontrada entre o lucro obtido por pescadores que atuam através de uma cooperativa em relação aos não cooperados, não apresenta vantagens diretas que estimulem adesões ao cooperativismo. O estudo socioeconômico salientou a alta dependência do pescador em relação ao recurso alvo, pois é sua principal fonte de renda. A aplicação do método de Sistema Sócio Ecológico evidenciou as medidas de desempenho social e a resiliência como indicadores de sustentabilidade deste sistema e também os pontos positivos e negativos que tendem a manter, aumentar ou reduzir a sustentabilidade do mesmo / The present study evaluated the sea bob shrimp [Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller, 1862)]-directed fishery off São Paulo State, Brazil as a socio-ecologic system. Research efforts included surveys on the inherent variables, interactions and results, including the related economic aspects and the socio-economic profiling of the fishers engaged in this fishery. Results indicated that there are three distinct fleets. Those fleets operated in similar ways, shared the same fishing grounds and landed the production at the same landing sites, but had differences regarding income. It was found that the fuel had the highest impact on the economic cost of the fishing operations for all fleets, and the small profit difference per fisher found between vessels associated to fishing cooperatives in relation to those independently funded do not encourage coop adherence. The socio-economic survey indicated that fishing profits represent the main source of income for the fishers households. The outputs of the socio-ecologic system method applied to the data suggest that social performance actions plus the regional ecosystem resilience are the leading indicators of the sustainability of this system. In addition, the positive and negative points that maintain, increase or decrease the sustainability were also identified

O presente estudo analisou a pescaria direcionada ao camarão-sete-barbas no Litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo como um Sistema Sócio Ecológico, tendo sido descritas suas variáveis, interações e resultados. Foram realizados estudos específicos sobre a frota pesqueira, a economia envolvida e o perfil socioeconômico do pescador. Os resultados do estudo pesqueiro indicaram a existência de três grupos distintos de embarcações, que pescam da mesma maneira e nos mesmos pesqueiros, são fiéis às localidades de desembarque e apresentam rendimento diferenciado. O estudo econômico indicou que o óleo diesel foi a maior fonte geradora de despesas quanto ao custo de operação, para todos os grupos e, que a pequena diferença encontrada entre o lucro obtido por pescadores que atuam através de uma cooperativa em relação aos não cooperados, não apresenta vantagens diretas que estimulem adesões ao cooperativismo. O estudo socioeconômico salientou a alta dependência do pescador em relação ao recurso alvo, pois é sua principal fonte de renda. A aplicação do método de Sistema Sócio Ecológico evidenciou as medidas de desempenho social e a resiliência como indicadores de sustentabilidade deste sistema e também os pontos positivos e negativos que tendem a manter, aumentar ou reduzir a sustentabilidade do mesmo / The present study evaluated the sea bob shrimp [Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller, 1862)]-directed fishery off São Paulo State, Brazil as a socio-ecologic system. Research efforts included surveys on the inherent variables, interactions and results, including the related economic aspects and the socio-economic profiling of the fishers engaged in this fishery. Results indicated that there are three distinct fleets. Those fleets operated in similar ways, shared the same fishing grounds and landed the production at the same landing sites, but had differences regarding income. It was found that the fuel had the highest impact on the economic cost of the fishing operations for all fleets, and the small profit difference per fisher found between vessels associated to fishing cooperatives in relation to those independently funded do not encourage coop adherence. The socio-economic survey indicated that fishing profits represent the main source of income for the fishers households. The outputs of the socio-ecologic system method applied to the data suggest that social performance actions plus the regional ecosystem resilience are the leading indicators of the sustainability of this system. In addition, the positive and negative points that maintain, increase or decrease the sustainability were also identified

Elasmobranchs are among the oldest and most successful predators in the ocean, yet one of the most vulnerable to the direct and indirect effects of fishing. Many populations are rapidly declining around the world, and an increasing number is listed as threatened or endangered. The broader ecosystem consequences of these declines, and whether other marine predators can replace sharks, are open questions. In this thesis, I used a diverse set of data and modeling techniques to analyze long-term changes in elasmobranch populations in the Mediterranean Sea, and the consequences of shark declines on marine ecosystems. Because of its long history of fishing, the Mediterranean offers a unique perspective on the response of marine communities to exploitation over long time scales. Here, I reconstructed the history of elasmobranch exploitation over the past 200 years in pelagic, coastal and demersal communities. Results were combined meta-analytically to derive a general pattern of change for the entire region. Overall, I detected multiple cases of regional species extirpations, a strong correlation between historical intensity of exploitation and the stage of community degradation, and some cases of compensatory species increases. My results suggest that compared to other marine ecosystems worldwide, the Mediterranean Sea might be in an advanced stage of overexploitation. To gain more general conclusions about the patterns and consequences of shark declines in the ocean, I reviewed and reanalyzed documented changes in exploited elasmobranch communities around the world, and synthesized the effects of sharks on their prey and wider communities. This work revealed that sharks are abundant and diverse in little exploited or unexploited marine ecosystems but vulnerable to even light levels of fishing. The decline in large sharks has reduced natural mortality in a range of their prey, contributing to changes in abundance, distribution, and behaviour of marine megafauna that have few other predators. In some cases, this has resulted in cascading changes in prey populations and food-web structure. Overall, my thesis greatly enhanced our knowledge about the critical state of elasmobranchs in the Mediterranean Sea and the consequences of the declines of these important marine predators on marine ecosystems.

Fischgemeinschaften in Seen sind zunehmenden Umweltveränderungen unterworfen. Die Analyse des Einflusses abiotischer und biotischer Faktoren auf die Größenstruktur von Fischgemeinschaften ist entscheidend, um die Entwicklung von Seeökosystemen im Zuge von Umweltveränderungen vorhersagen zu können. Es ist jedoch schwierig Fische in Seen zu beproben, da Fanggeräte selektiv sind. Die Qualität und Vergleichbarkeit von Fischfängen durch Angler, Kiemennetze, Schleppnetze und Hydroakustik wurden untersucht. Anglerfänge eignen sich begrenzt für vergleichende Fischbestandsuntersuchungen. Vertikale Hydroakustik eignet sich für die Fischbiomassequantifizierung in geschichteten Seen. Der Beprobungsaufwand von Kiemennetzen kann reduziert werden, wenn zeitnah hydroakustische Untersuchungen statt finden. Schleppnetze eignen sich für die Beprobung von pelagischen Fischen in tiefen Seen. Die Größenstruktur von Fischgemeinschaften unterschied sich auf regionaler und überregionaler Ebene entlang abiotischer und biotischer Gradienten. Die regionale Studie zeigte, dass tiefe nährstoffarme Seen mit hohen Raubfischabundanzen durch mehr große Fische gekennzeichnet waren. Nährstoffreiche Flachseen mit wenigen Raubfischen zeigten höhere Anteile von mittleren Fischgrößen. Im überregionalen Vergleich führten Temperaturpräferenzen der Fischarten zu zwei Fischgemeinschaften, die sich in ihrer Größenzusammensetzung unterschieden. Ein hoher Anteil großer Salmoniden war typisch für hochgelegene Kaltwasserseen im Norden und Süden Europas. Flachlandseen mit Kühl- und Warmwasserfischen zeichneten sich durch eine Dominanz von kleinen Fischen aus. Das lässt vermuten, dass Fischgemeinschaften in Flachlandseen relativ robust gegenüber Umweltveränderungen reagieren. Kaltwasserfischgemeinschaften könnten im Zuge der Klimaerwärmung starken Änderungen unterliegen, da eine Veränderung in der Artenzusammensetzung von einer Verschiebung in der Größenstruktur hin zu mehr kleinen Fischen begleitet sein wird. / Lake fish assemblages are increasingly exposed to environmental change in their habitats. The investigation of abiotic and biotic factors and their effects on the size structure of lake fish is essential for predicting the response of fish assemblages to environmental change. However, sampling of lake fish is challenging because sampling gears are selective. The quality and correspondence of fish catches from angling, gillnetting, trawling and hydroacoustics were analysed. Non-standardised catch data from recreational angling were of limited quality for a comparison of fish stocks. Vertical hydroacoustics is an efficient method to quantify fish biomass in stratified lakes. Sampling effort of multi-mesh gillnets can be reduced when fish abundance estimates are derived from contemporarily operating hydroacoustics. Trawling is useful to sample pelagic fish assemblages in deep lakes. The size structures of fish assemblages differed on a small and a large geographical scale along gradients of abiotic and biotic lake descriptors and differences in fish assemblage composition. At a small geographical scale assemblages in deep and less nutrient-rich lakes with high predator abundances were characterised by a higher proportion of large fish. Shallow nutrient-rich lakes with few predators were characterised by more medium-sized fish. At a large geographical scale thermal optima of fish generated two types of assemblages with different size structures. A high proportion of large salmonids was observed in coldwater lakes at high elevation sites in northern and southern Europe. Lowland lakes with cool- and warmwater fish were dominated by small-sized individuals. The results suggest that lowland lake fish assemblages are relatively robust against environmental change. Coldwater fish assemblages instead may suffer dramatic consequences from global warming as expected species shifts are likely to be accompanied by shifts in the size structure towards smaller individuals.