Within a restricted geographical area of British Columbia, a detailed examination was conducted in I960 and 1961 of 9-lakes having similar morphometric and climatic influences, but exhibiting a wide dissolved nutrient range (50 to 1460 ppm). Attempts were made to relate total dissolved solids as well as other chemical and physical indices, to biological factors indicating or influencing lake productivity. Measurements were made of standing crops of plankton, bottom fauna and fish as well as hypolimnial oxygen deficits, sedimentation rates and gross primary productivity. Standing crops of plankton appeared related to oxygen deficits and perimeter to area ratios. Furthermore, total dissolved solid content correlated with gross primary productivity estimates based on Light and Dark Bottle techniques. Total dissolved solid content of lakes was not correlated with standing crops of plankton, bottom fauna or fish. Ranking of selected physical or chemical indices of productivity failed to agree with ranking based on standing crops or other biological measurements of productivity. A number of possible factors which interact to modify the expression of primary correlates of productivity are discussed. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Evolutions in microprocessor technology require the use of a high-frequency synchronous buck converter (SBC) in order to achieve low cost, low profile, fast transient response and high power density. However, high frequency also causes more power loss on MOSFETs. Optimization of the MOSFETs plays an important role in the system performance. Circuit and device modeling is important in understanding the relationship between the device parameters and the power loss. The gate-to-drain charge (Qgd) is studied by a novel nonlinear model and compared with the simulation results. A new switching model is developed, which takes into account the effect of parasitic inductance on the switching process. Another model for dv/dt-induced false triggering-on relates the false-trigger-on voltage with the parasitic elements of the device and the circuits. Some techniques are proposed to reduce the simulation time of FEA in the circuit simulation. Based on this approach, extensive simulations are performed to study the switching performance of the MOSFET with the effect of the parasitic elements. Directed by the analytical models and the experience acquired in the circuit simulation, the MOSFET optimization is realized using FEA. Different optimization algorithms are compared. The experimental results show that the optimized MOSFETs surpass the mainstream commercialized products in both cost and performance. / Ph. D.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1991 / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-195) / Microfiche. / xxii, 195 leaves, bound ill., maps 29 cm

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Santa Cruz, 1982. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 247-256).

The motivation of this study is to understand the seismic anisotropy observations from various subduction regions of the world. In subduction zone backarcs both trench-parallel and trench-normal seismic anisotropy, or fast wave polarization direction of shear wave, are observed. In the mantle the general assumption is that seismic anisotropy is caused by Lattice Preferred Orientation (LPO) of olivine minerals and that the direction of anisotropy is an indicator of the direction of mantle flow. The complex pattern of seismic anisotropy observations suggests that the flow geometry in the vicinity of subduction zones differs at different subduction zones with some subduction zones having trench perpendicular flow, consistent with corner flow in the mantle wedge while other subduction zones have trench parallel flow, consistent with a mode of flow where material from the mantle wedge flows around the edges of the slab. It should be noted that the direction of LPO orientation can also be modified by the presence or absence of water, pressure, and temperature in the mantle and that it is possible that the difference in anisotropy observations reflects a difference in water content or thermal structure of back arcs. The aim of this study is to test whether the flow geometry of mantle in numerical subduction calculations can influence the direction of seismic anisotropy and if we parameters that control the pattern of flow can be identified. In this study we explicitly assume that seismic anisotropy occurs only due to plastic and dynamic re-crystallization of mantle mineral forming LPO. To approach the problem two different models are formulated. In one of the models the trench evolves self-consistently, with no prescribed artificial zones of weakness. The self-consistent model has a sticky-air layer at the top of the model domain that mimics a "free-surface." The other model has the same initial conditions but a trench-migration velocity boundary condition is imposed to the model. The mantle flow pattern for the self-consistent model is consistent with the 2D corner flow with no flow around the trench and no trench migration. However when the trench-migration velocity boundary condition is imposed, 3D flow around the mantle is observed. The stress field from these simulations are used to calculated instantaneous strain axis directions which correlate with LPO directions. The LPO orientations are measured from the models showing that the seismic-anisotropy direction is primarily trench-perpendicular for both models. Because the models have different flow patterns, the trench-perpendicular anisotropy alignment that is calculated for both the models is a bit puzzling. It could be that factors such as high temperature and non-linear rheology cause the LPO direction to align trench perpendicular in both the cases. It can also be possible that the 3D vertical flow is not strong enough to cause change in orientation of the LPO direction. From the present study it can be concluded that by looking at the LPO direction nature of mantle flow might not be predicted. This suggests that in addition to flow direction other factors such as the presence of water in mantle wedge, pressure, and high temperature due to viscous coupling modify the seismic anisotropy directions. / Master of Science

A higher demand in power output from modern land based gas turbines has resulted in an increase in combustor exit temperatures. High temperatures in turn have resulted in flatter profiles at the combustor exit warranting the need for sufficient cooling of the endwall region. Endwall cooling is affected by the coolant flow through certain design features. A typical endwall design includes a leakage slot at the interface between the combustor and the vane, a leakage slot at the vane-to-vane interface and film-cooling holes. In addition, with the increase in energy demands and depletion of natural gas resources, alternate fuels such as coal derived synthetic gas are being used in gas turbines. Coal derived fuels, however, contain traces of ash and other contaminants that deposit on endwall surfaces, thereby altering its surface conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of realistic endwall features and surface conditions on leading edge endwall cooling. Endwall designs like placing film-cooling holes in a trench, which provide an effective means of improving cooling were also studied at the leading edge. An infrared camera was used to obtain measurements of adiabatic effectiveness levels and a laser Doppler velocimeter was used for flowfield measurements. This study was done on a large scale, low-speed, recirculating wind tunnel operating at a Reynolds number of 2.1e+5 and an inlet mainstream turbulence level of 1%. Endwall measurements were taken for coolant flow through varying slot width at the combustor-vane interface. A constant coolant mass flow and a narrower combustor-turbine interface slot caused the coolant to exit uniformly whereas increasing the slot width had an opposite effect. Measurements were also taken with hole blockage and spallation, which showed a 10-25% decrease in the effectiveness levels whereas near hole deposition showed a 20% increase in effectiveness levels. A comparison of the cooling effectiveness due to placement of film-cooling holes in a trench was made to film-cooling holes not placed in a trench. Measurements indicated a superior performance of trenched holes to holes without a trench. Trenched holes showed a 60% increase in effectiveness levels due to decreased coolant jet separation. / Ph. D.

Thesis ((MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: When constructing a submarine pipeline, construction teams must work in the hostile environment in the ocean known as the surf zone. The surf zone is the area along a shoreline stretching between the first evident point of wave breaking and the beach line. In order to ensure that the pipeline is shielded from the imposing forces within the surf zone, engineers use a burial technique which leaves the pipeline length in the surf zone buried underneath the active seabed once construction is finished. Thus a temporary surf zone trench is dredged and protected by an open-ended cofferdam built using iron sheet piles. As a result of the incoming wave climate and the surf zone currents created by this wave climate, sedimentation in and around the trench becomes problematic. In this study alternative geometric layouts for the open-ended cofferdam protecting the surf zone trench are investigated, attempting to minimize the sediment build-up in and around the trench. This was done by using both a 3D qualitative physical model conducted at the CSIR in Stellenbosch, and numerical model using MIKE developed by DHI. However, this study only considers sediment build-up and not structural integrity and constructability of the cofferdam designs. Combining the observations of both the physical- and numerical models, a conclusion was drawn that a structure built perpendicular to the shoreline with a 45oextended arm built from the upstream edge of the cofferdam wall, is the most effective. No dimensions are given as the cofferdam design will change depending on the site specific characteristics. Also an increase in structure length will result in the mouth of the structure being located outside the active sediment zone, which leads to a longer period of time before the pipeline pathway is compromised by sediment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tydens die konstruksie van 'n onderwaterse pyplyn, moet konstruksie spanne in 'n gevaarlike gedeelte van die see werk naamlik die brandersone. Die brandersone kan gedefinieer word as die area tussen die eerste punt waar branders breek en die strandlyn. Om die pyplyn te beskerm teen die kragte wat branders op dit uitoefen, gebruik ingenieurs 'n installasietegniek waar hul die brandersone seksie van die pyplyn onder die aktiewe seebodem begrawe. Om die tegniek te bewerkstellig, grawe kontrakteurs 'n sloot deur die brandersone en beskerm dit met 'n tydelike struktuur bekend as 'n kofferdam. As gevolg van die inkomende branders en die strome wat deur die branders aangedryf word, kan die opbou van sediment in, en rondom die sloot in die brandersone problematies word. Hierdie studie ondersoek alternatiewe uitlegte vir die tydelike kofferdam struktuur met die oog daarop om die opbou van sediment in, en rondom die struktuur te verminder. Die doel was nagestreef deur gebruik te maak van beide 'n 3-dimensionele fisiese model, gebou en gebruik by die WNNR in Stellenbosch, en 'n numeriese model wat op MIKE, ontwikkel deur DHI gedoen was. Let wel die studie het slegs die sediment beweging in die nabye area van die tydelike kofferdam struktuur in ag geneem en nie die praktiese implimentering en strukturele integriteit van die struktuur nie. Deur die observasies van beide die fisiese- en numeriese modelering in ag te neem, is die volgende gevolgtrekkings gemaak. 'n Struktuur wat loodreg met die strandlyn gebou is en met 'n 45o arm wat na die stroom-op kant toe uitstrek, was die mees effektiewe een. Geen dimensies is deurgegee nie aangesien die ontwerp sal verskil afhangende van die spesifieke area waar die projek aangepak word. Daar is ook gesien dat indien die struktuur langer gemaak word, sal die kontrakteur langer tyd h^e voordat daar sediment probleme in die brander sone sloot ondervind sal word.

The intention of this essay is to study the Swedish General Staff as a learning organisation during the period of 1914-1918 based on the theoretical work developed by the philosopher Bertil Rolf. Previous international research on the Prussian/German General Staff has shown that it is considered to be the first learning organisation in history. The Swedish General Staff was based on the German General Staff model and the focus of this study is to compare the development the tactics in Germany and Sweden regarding defence and attack in trench warfare. The questions are: How were the possibilities for gathering and analysing informa-tion affected by the war? Which conclusions were made for trench warfare in Swedish conditions? What experiences from the war and exercises in Swedish army were implemented in manuals and training?The conclusion of the study is that the Swedish General Staff was functioning as a learning organisation during the WWI through the ability to follow the international development, mainly in the Central Powers, and by modifying the experiences to the prevailing Swedish strategic and tactical conditions. During the war the German experiences, mainly from the eastern front, were used as a model combining movement and trench warfare. The main reasons were that the conditions on the western front with the concentration of artillery and troops were considered as an anomaly.The learning was created by processing the war experiences and experiences from the annual field exercises in several studies. One additional condition for the learning process was the demanding selection process for the employment of new General Staff officers, a process which meant that only a very small number of officers annually were appointed to general staff officers.