No description available.

No description available.

Five pyrimidine C-nucleosides were prepared via Heck-type coupling reactions. These derivatives are designed to mimic dC and dU (or T). The minor groove O2 carbonyl in each derivative is replaced by a hydrogen, a fluorine, or a methyl group. The hydrogen-substituted dC analogue was converted into a 2’,3’-dideoxynucleoside, which was converted into a 5’-triphosphate derivative. The other two dC analogues were transformed into 5’-triphosphate derivatives immediately after Heck coupling reactions. These analogues will allow an examination of the nature and role of minor groove interactions between incoming triphosphates and various polymerases. / Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2008. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

No description available.

Intracellular dNTP pool sizes are highly asymmetric, with dGTP usually comprising 5 to 10% of the sum of the dNTP pools. The work presented in this dissertation addresses the question of whether the underrepresentation of dGTP is related to its potential to be oxidized by reactive oxygen species. 8-oxo-guanine is important in oxidative mutagenesis, and current evidence indicates that this lesion arises in DNA partly through oxidation of dGTP, followed by incorporation of 8-oxo-dGTP into DNA. The bacterial MutT protein and its mammalian homolog catalyze the hydrolysis of 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP in vitro. It is a widely accepted premise that the primary function of these enzymes is to remove 8-oxo-dGTP from the nucleotide pool of cells so that it cannot be used as a substrate for DNA synthesis. However, this model has been called into question by observations that some mutT strains of E. coli display a mutator phenotype when grown anaerobically, and by kinetic studies that showed 8-oxo-dGTP to be a poor DNA polymerase substrate. In this study, the dNTP pools of mammalian cells cultured in varying oxygen conditions were measured, with the expectation that the dGTP pool would expand under low oxygen conditions if it were a target for damage by reactive oxygen species. HeLa cells cultured in 2% 0��� showed no change in the dGTP pool when compared to cells cultured in 20% 0���; however, in V79 cells, the dGTP pool did expand in 2% 0���. This result was not specific to the dGTP pool, as pools of dATP and dTTP also increased when V79 cells were cultured at 2% 0���. These results suggest that there may be increased turnover of the dGTP pool when cells are cultured in high oxygen, but these experiments did not address the reason for this oxygen-dependent change. In order to determine whether 8-oxo-dGTP accumulates to levels that are sufficient to cause mutagenesis in cells, an analytical method for the measurement of 8-oxo-dGTP from cell extracts was developed. By use of this method, which involves reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection, no 8-oxo-dGTP was detected in mutT E. coli cells, even when they were cultured in the presence of H���0���. The estimated upper limit of 8-oxo-dGTP in these cells is about 240 molecules per cell, which corresponds to an intracellular concentration of approximately 0.34 ��M. When 8-oxo-dGTP was added at this concentration to an in vitro DNA replication system in which replication errors could be scored as mutations, along with the four normal dNTPs at their estimated intracellular concentrations, there was no detectable effect on the frequency of mutation. Therefore, the presence of 8-oxo-dGTP at physiologically relevant concentrations does not appear to be significantly mutagenic. The results presented in this dissertation suggest that the mechanism by which the MutT enzyme counteracts mutagenesis should be reevaluated. / Graduation date: 2003

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:31:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 zanoli_jcc_me_araca.pdf: 862916 bytes, checksum: 14a8c6ca70d93c05133bf28113b4bac8 (MD5) / Abamectina é uma lactona macrocíclica pertencente à família das avermectinas, utilizada mundialmente como agente antiparasitário em animais de criação e estimação, além do emprego agrícola como princípio ativo dos inseticidas e nematicidas. Mitocôndrias são responsáveis pela conversão da energia liberada pelo transporte de elétrons e armazenamento como energia de ligação na molécula de ATP, um componente metabólico essencial. Interferências em sua síntese ou utilização caracterizam mecanismos pelos quais os xenobióticos podem expressar toxicidade aguda ou crônica. Neste trabalho, os efeitos da abamectina na bioenergética de mitocôndrias isoladas de fígado de rato foram avaliados. Nas concentrações utilizadas (5 a 25 µM), abamectina causou inibição da cadeia respiratória, sem afetar a atividade das enzimas NADH desidrogenase, succinato desidrogenase e o potencial de membrana, comportando-se de maneira semelhante à oligomicina e ao atractilosídeo. A principal atuação da abamectina foi reduzir o potencial mitocondrial de fosforilação oxidativa, diminuindo os níveis de ATP provavelmente como resultado de sua ação direta sobre a FoF1-ATPase, uma vez que inibiu a atividade desta enzima, e/ou sobre o translocador de ADP/ATP. A inibição mais acentuada da atividade fosfohidrolase em mitocôndrias intactas desacopladas do que em mitocôndrias rompidas juntamente com a inibição da despolarização do potencial de membrana induzida pelo ADP sugerem que a abamectina atuou inibindo mais especificamente o translocador de ADP/ATP do que a FoF1-ATPase / Abamectin is a macrocyclic lactone belonging to the avermectin family, used worldwide as antiparasitic agent in farm animals and pets, and agricultural employment as the active ingredient of insecticides and nematicides. Mitochondria are responsible for converting the energy released by electron transport and storage as the binding energy molecule ATP, an essential metabolic component. Interference in its synthesis or utilization characterize mechanisms by which xenobiotics can express acute or chronic toxicity. In this study, the effects of abamectin in the bioenergetics of mitochondria isolated from rat liver were evaluated. At the concentrations used (5-25 mM), abamectin caused inhibition of the respiratory chain without affecting the activity of enzymes NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and the membrane potential, behaving similarly to oligomycin and Atractyloside. The main activity of abamectin was to reduce the potential of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, decreasing ATP levels probably as a result of its direct action on the Fo-F1 ATPase, since it inhibited the activity of this enzyme, and/or the ADP/ATP translocator. The more pronounced inhibition of the fosfohydrolase activity in intact uncoupled mitochondria than in disrupted mitochondria, in addition to the inhibition of the ADP-stimulated depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential suggest that abamectin acted more specifically by inhibiting the ADP/ATP translocator than the FoF1-ATPase

No description available.

No description available.

by Ai-Dong Qi. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 219-256). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

L’ATP est l’agoniste naturel du récepteur P2Y11. Ce nucléotide ne peut cependant pas être utilisé comme agent thérapeutique car, in vivo, il s’hydrolyse rapidement en ADP ou en AMP qui ne possèdent qu’une faible activité pour le récepteur. D’où l’intérêt de disposer d’analogues de synthèse moins sensibles à l’hydrolyse et possédant une affinité égale ou supérieure à celle de l’ATP. Le premier objectif que nous nous sommes fixés au cours de notre thèse de doctorat fut de mettre au point un schéma de synthèse permettant d’obtenir des analogues de l’adénosine-5’-triphosphate [1] portant un motif thioalkyle ou thioaryle en position 2 de la base ainsi qu’un groupement dichlorométhylène entre les phosphores b et g de la chaîne polyphosphate. En effet, ces composés présentent une activité agoniste vis-à-vis du récepteur P2Y11, leurs synthèses sont bien décrites dans la littérature et les produits de départ sont beaucoup moins onéreux qu’en série 2’-désoxy. De plus, ces synthèses permettront de mettre les différentes réactions au point avant de synthétiser les analogues de la 2’-désoxyadénosine. Ces composés présentant une activité agoniste vis-à-vis du récepteur P2Y11 systématiquement supérieure à leurs homologues de la série 2’-OH, leur synthèse fera l’objet de la deuxième partie de ce travail. Deux schémas de synthèse en sept étapes ont été imaginés pour effectuer la synthèse des dérivés [101] à [105], l’un au départ d’adénosine [12] et l’autre au départ de guanosine [39]. Le schéma au départ d’adénosine ne nous a pas permis d’obtenir les analogues désirés en raison des difficultés de reproductibilité des réactions ainsi qu’en raison du faible rendement de la deuxième étape du schéma de synthèse. Le schéma au départ de la guanosine a permis quant à lui d’obtenir les analogues de l’adénosine-5’-triphosphate [101] à [105] avec des rendements globaux compris entre 10 et 20 %. Les tests d’activité agoniste ont montré que le dérivé [105] active le récepteur P2Y11 de la même manière que l’ATPgS avec des concentrations trois fois moindre. La deuxième partie de ce travail consista en la synthèse d’analogues du 2-thiodésoxynucléotide-5’-triphosphate. Un schéma de synthèse analogue à celui utilisé pour la synthèse des dérivés [101] à [105] au départ de la 2’-désoxyguanosine [40] aurait pu permettre l’obtention de tels dérivés. Cependant, les problèmes de dégradation rencontrés que le problème lié à l’introduction d’un motif thioalkyle (troisième étape) nous ont contraint à abandonner cette stratégie de synthèse. Les dérivés [106] à [110] ont finalement été synthétisés au départ du 2-désoxyribose [50]. Nous avons ensuite engagé ces analogues dans la réaction de phosphorylation. C’est lors de cette réaction que nous avons rencontré des problèmes importants de purification et de dégradation. Afin de résoudre ces problèmes, nous avons adopté pour une autre stratégie de synthèse afin d’obtenir les analogues triphosphate. Cette stratégie consiste en l’introduction d’un naphtoate en position 3’ afin de modifier la polarité de la molécule et espérer ainsi pouvoir obtenir une meilleure séparation. Les phosphorylations sur ces dérivés ont été effectuées dans les mêmes conditions que précédemment n’ont pas permis d’aboutir aux monophosphates correspondants. Dans ces conditions, l’ester naphtoïque et le lien glycosidique sont hydrolysés.