Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In order to test the effect of different plant growth-promoting strategies on Triticum aestivum L. (wheat), we investigated the ability of biochar and a grain-associated soil yeast, to improve the growth of this crop. Our first goal was to study the effect of biochar amendments to sandy soil on the growth and nutrition of wheat in the presence of mycorrhizal fungi. This was accomplished by amending soil with 0%, 1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% (w/w) biochar and cultivating wheat plants in these soil-biochar mixtures. After harvesting, plant growth and mycorrhizal colonization of roots were measured. In addition, we studied the nutritional physiology of these plants with regards to nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) concentrations, as well as the growth efficiencies and uptake rates of these nutrients. We found that wheat growth was improved by biochar amendments to soil, probably as a result of elevated K levels in the plant tissues supplied by the biochar amendments. The second goal of this study was to obtain a soil yeast from the rhizosphere of another monocot in the family Poaceae, i.e. Themeda triandra Forssk. (red grass), and then evaluate this isolate for its ability to improve wheat performance. Three different Cryptococcus species were isolated from the rhizosphere of wild grass, i.e. Cryptococcus zeae, Cryptococcus luteolus and Cryptococcus rajasthanensis. Since C. zeae was previously isolated from maize, an isolate representing this species was selected to be used in further experimentation. With the ultimate goal of testing the ability of this yeast to improve wheat growth, its effect on wheat germination was investigated and compared to that of two other soil yeasts, i.e. Cryptococcus podzolicus CAB 978 and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CAB 826. These three yeasts were subsequently tested for their ability to improve wheat growth in pot cultures in a greenhouse. After one and two months of growth, the culturable yeasts present in the rhizosphere and bulk soil were enumerated. The effects of these yeasts were elucidated by measuring wheat growth in terms of dry weight, as well as root and shoot relative growth rates (RGR). Changes in wheat nutrition were evaluated by determining the concentrations, growth efficiencies and uptake rates for P, K, zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). During this study, it was found that only C. zeae CAB 1119 and C. podzolicus CAB 978 were able to enhance seed germination. Similarly, it was shown that C. zeae CAB 1119 was able to improve wheat growth during the first and second month of cultivation, whereas C. podzolicus CAB 978 only improved growth during the first month, and R. mucilaginosa CAB 826 had no effect on growth. This improved growth could be attributed to C. zeae CAB 1119 improving the P, K, Zn and Fe growth efficiency of wheat, which positively influenced the root and shoot RGR, and subsequently wheat growth. Our final goal was to test whether C. zeae CAB 1119 could affect wheat growth and nutrition when cultivated in sandy soil, which contained natural microbial consortia and 10% (w/w) biochar. Plants treated with viable or autoclaved cells of C. zeae CAB 1119, were subsequently cultivated in soil only or soil amended with biochar. After one month, plants were harvested and growth was measured with regards to dry weight, root RGR and shoot RGR. In addition, the concentrations of P, K, Zn and Fe were analyzed for these plants, where after the growth efficiencies and uptake rates were calculated for these four nutrients. Results indicated that plants growing in soil amended with biochar, and treated with viable C. zeae CAB 1119, showed the best growth. The increased root and shoot RGR witnessed in these plants was probably due to increased concentrations of P and K in the plants. This study opens new avenues of research with regards to the bio-fertilizers of wheat. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die uiteindelike doel van die studie was om die effek van verskillende plantgroei bevorderende metodes op die groei van Triticum aestivum L. (koring) te ondersoek. Dus het ons die vermoë van houtskool en ‘n graan-geassosieerde grondgis getoets om die groei van dié plant te bevorder. Die eerste doel van die studie was om die effek van houtskool toedienings tot sanderige grond te evalueer. Dit is bewerkstellig deur 0%, 1%, 2.5%, 5% en 10% (w/w) van die houtskool by die sand toe te voeg en koring in die houtskool-sand mengsels te kweek. Na die verlangde groei tydperk is die koring geoes en die mikorrizale kolonisasie op en in die koring wortels bepaal. Gedurende hierdie studie is die effek van bogenoemde toedienings op die fisiologie van die plante ondersoek deur die konsentrasies, opname tempo’s, en groei ekonomie van die plante vir stikstof (N), fosfaat (P) en kalium (K) te bepaal. Ons het gevind dat die groei van koring deur die toediening van houtskool bevorder is en dit blyk dat dié effek weens die teenwoordigheid van hoë K vlakke in die plantweefsel is. Die tweede doel van ons studie was om ‘n gis vanuit die risosfeer van ‘n monokotiel wat aan die familie Poacea behoort, naamlik Themeda triandra Forssk. (rooigras) te isoleer. Die vermoë van die isolaat om die groei van koring te bevorder was daarna getoets. Drie verskillende Cryptococcus spesies was vanuit die risosfeer van rooigras geïsoleer, nl. Cryptococcus zeae, Cryptococcus luteolus en Cryptococcus rajasthanensis. Omdat C. zeae in ‘n vorige studie vanaf mielies geisoleer was, is ‘n isolaat van hierdie spesie gebruik in verdere eksperimente. Met die doel om te bepaal of dié gisspesie koringgroei kan bevorder, was die effek van C. zeae op die ontkieming van koring bestudeer en vergelyk met dié van twee ander grond giste, nl. Cryptococcus podzolicus CAB 978 en Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CAB 826. Hierdie drie giste is ook ondersoek om die groei van koring in ‘n glashuis te bevorder. Na een en twee maande se groei was die getalle van giste teenwoordig in die risosfeer en grond verder weg van die wortels bepaal. Die effek van dié giste op die groei van koring is bepaal in terme van droë gewig asook die relatiewe wortel en halm groei tempos. Veranderinge in die nutrient status van koring is ondersoek deur die konsentrasies, groei-ekonomie en tempo van opname vir P, K, sink (Zn) en yster (Fe) te bepaal. Ons het gedurende dié studie gevind dat C. zeae CAB 1119 en C. podzolicus CAB 978 die ontkieming van koring kon verbeter. Ons het ook gevind dat C. zeae CAB 1119 die groei van koring gedurende die eerste en tweede maand van groei kon bevorder, terwyl C. podzolicus CAB 978 dit net gedurende die eerste maand kon vermag en R. mucilaginosa CAB 826 geen effek gehad het nie. Die verbeterde groei kon aan C. zeae CAB 1119, wat die P, K, Zn en Fe groei effektiwiteit van die plante verbeter het, toegeskryf word. Die verbetering van groei effektiwiteit het ‘n positiewe invloed op die relatiewe groeisnelheid van die wortels en halms gehad, en dus op koringgroei. Die laaste doel van die studie was om te bepaal of C. zeae CAB 1119 die groei van koring kon bevorder wanneer die koring in sand wat natuurlike mikrobiese populasies bevat en met houtskool aangevul is, gekweek word. Plante is met lewensvatbare of nielewensvatbare selle van C. zeae CAB 1119 behandel en gekweek in sanderige grond, en/of grond waarby 10% (w/w) houtskool toegevoeg is. Die plante is na een maand geoes en die groei bepaal in terme van droë massa en die relatiewe wortel en halm groei tempos. Die konsentrasies van P, K, Zn en Fe in die plante, asook die fisiologie van die plante, nl. groei ekonomie en tempo van opname, met betrekking tot P, K, Zn en Fe is bepaal, Ons het gevind dat plante wat in die houtskool-grond mengsel gekweek is en met lewensvatbare selle van C. zeae CAB 1119 behandel is die beste groei getoon het. Die verbeterde relatiewe groei tempos van die wortels en halms was mees waarskynlik die gevolg van verhoogde P en K konsentrasies in die plante. Hierdie studie toon nuwe resultate in verband met die gebruik van biologiese alternatiewes tot kunsmis.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Good quality water for agricultural use is rapidly becoming a luxury due to competition for this water among the municipal, industrial and agricultural sectors. This has often forced growers to use poor quality water for irrigation. Salinity is one of the main sources of poor water quality and high electrical conductivities (EC’s) due to salinity may become a problem. The aim of this study was to compare the response of South African spring wheat and South African spring barley at germination, seedling growth, vegetative growth, reproductive growth and maturity stage to salinity stress caused by irrigation with saline water. This study was conducted in the laboratory and under controlled glasshouse conditions at the University of Stellenbosch in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Treatments in trial 1 (incubation trial) were made up of three wheat cultivars (SST 027, SST 056 and SST 087) and three barley cultivars (Nemesia, Erica and Hessekwa) exposed to five EC levels of NaCl solutions (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 dS m-1) and a control (0 dS m-1) of distilled water, during the germination phase. In trial 2 (pot trial), wheat cultivar SST 027 and barley cultivar SVG 13 were also subjected to the above solutions, but plants were grown till the tillering stage. In trial 3 (pot trial) cultivars used in trial 2 were subjected to five nutrient solutions with EC levels of 1.6, 3, 6, 9 and 12 dS m-1 and allowed to grow till maturity (harvesting stage). Fully balanced nutrient solution with EC = 1.6 dS m-1 was used as a control and NaCl was added to the solutions to obtain the needed EC. In trial 1, final germination percentage (FGP), salt tolerance (ST) and germination rate (GR) were measured at 7 days after incubation. The study showed that when the EC level was increased, FGP, ST and GR of all wheat and barley cultivars tested were decreased. However, significant reduction was only observed at high EC levels with regard to FGP and ST. Wheat cultivars recorded faster GR compared to barley cultivars and tended to be less sensitive to salinity in the germination stage. Cultivars from the same species did not show significant differences. In trial 2, shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW) were measured at 35 days after planting (DAP). In general, the study showed that salinity had a significant (P0.05) effect on seedling growth of all measured parameters of both wheat and barley. Mean values for most growth parameters were higher for barley cultivar SVG 13 as compared to wheat cultivar SST 027. However, little evidence was found to show that barley is more salt tolerant than wheat at the seedling stage. In trial 3, selected growth parameters were measured at tillering (28 DAP), booting (54 DAP), flowering (71 DAP) and maturity stage (150 DAP). The study showed that salinity had a significant (P0.05) effect on the vegetative growth, reproductive growth and grain yield of both wheat and barley. Although barley generally produced higher dry weights especially at the early growth stages no clear evidence was found that South African spring barley is more salt tolerant than South African spring wheat. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Besproeiingswater met ‘n goeie kwaliteit vir landboukundige gebruik word vinning baie skaars weens kompetisie, a.g.v menslike en industriële gebruik. Produsente word dus dikwels gedwing om water met ‘n swak kwaliteit te gebruik vir besproeiing. ‘n Hoë sout inhoud (brakwater) soos gemeet deur ‘n hoë elektriese geleidingsvermoë (EC), mag dus ‘n problem wees. Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal hoe Suid Afrikaanse lente koring en gars gedurende ontkieming asook saailing-, vegetatiewe-, reproduktiewe- en rypwordingstadiums reageer teenoor soutstremming wat veroorsaak is deur besproeiing met brakwater. Die studie is uitgevoer in laboratoriums en onder gekontrolleerde glashuistoestande by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch in die Weskaap Provinsie van Suid Afrika. Behandelings in die eerste proef (inkubasie studie) het bestaan uit drie koring kultivars (SST 027, SST 056 en SST 087) en drie gars kultivars (Nemesia, Erica en Hessekwa) wat tydens ontkieming benat is met vyf NaCl-oplossings met EC waardes van 4, 8, 12, 16 en 20 dS m-1 onderskeidelik, asook ‘n kontrole met gedistilleerde water (0 dS m-1). In die tweede proef is die koring kultivar, SST 027 en die gars kultivar SVG 13 in ‘n potproef ook aan bogenoemde oplossings blootgestel maar toegelaat om tot die stoelstadium te ontwikkel. In die derde proef is genoemde twee kultivars besproei met vyf voedingsoplossings met EC-waardes van 1.6, 3, 6, 9 en 12 dS m-1 en toegelaat om tot oesstadium te ontwikkel. ‘n Volledig gebalanseerde voedingsoplossing met EC = 1.6 dS m-1 is as kontrole gebruik en NaCl is by ander oplossings gevoeg om die verlangde EC te verkry. In die eerste proef waar die finale ontkiemingspersentasie (FOP), sout toleransie (ST) en ontkiemingstempo (OT) na 7 dae gemeet is, is gevind dat FOP, ST en OT van al die koring en gars kultivars wat getoets is, met toenemende EC gedaal het. Statisties betekenisvolle afnames in FOP en ST is egter slegs by hoë EC waardes waargeneem. Koring kultivars het vinniger ontkiem as gars kultivars en was geneig om meer tolerant teenooor sout stremming te wees vergeleke met gars. Verskille tussen kultivars van dieselfde spesie was egter weglaatbaar klein. In die tweede proef waar plante toegelaat is om te groei tot die stoelstadium (35 dae na plant) is al die gemete planteienskappe (stingel- en wortellengte, asook vars en droë massas van stingels en wortels) van beide gars kultivar, SVG 13 en koring kultivar, SST 027, betekenisvol verlaag deur ‘n toename in EC van die besproeiingswater. Hoewel gars ten opsigte van die meeste gemete eienskappe groter gemiddeldes as koring getoon het, is weinig bewys gevind wat daarop dui dat die getoetsde gars kultivar SVG 13 meer souttolerant is as die koring kultivar SST 027. In die derde proef waar dieselfde koring en gars kultivars vanaf plant tot oestyd besproei is met genoemde voedingsoplossings en metings tydens stoelstadium (28 dae na plant), stamverlenging (54 dae na plant), blomstadium (71 dae na plant) en oesrypstadium (150 dae na plant) gedoen is, is alle gemete vegetatiewe-, reproduktiewe- en opbrengskomponente van beide spesies verlaag deur die soutstremming. Hoewel gars ook in hierdie proef veral gedurende vroeë groeistadiums groter droë massas as koring geproduseer het, is geen konkrete bewyse gevind wat daarop dui dat die getoetsde Suid Afrikaanse lente gars kultivar SVG 13 meer sout tolerant is as die koring kultivar SST 027.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-03-30T11:46:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_patricia_bressan.pdf: 1051408 bytes, checksum: 8a217e84712a4c8d9fe535bdca1679c2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-05T17:58:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_patricia_bressan.pdf: 1051408 bytes, checksum: 8a217e84712a4c8d9fe535bdca1679c2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-05T17:59:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_patricia_bressan.pdf: 1051408 bytes, checksum: 8a217e84712a4c8d9fe535bdca1679c2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-05T18:00:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_patricia_bressan.pdf: 1051408 bytes, checksum: 8a217e84712a4c8d9fe535bdca1679c2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-04 / Sem bolsa / O presente estudo de caso objetivou avaliar aspectos da produção de sementes de trigo na Cooperativa Agrícola Mista São Cristóvão Ltda., durante os anos agrícolas de 2010 a 2014. As informações foram coletadas a partir de sistema informatizado, com autorização da administração da Cooperativa. Em cada ano agrícola, foi analisada a participação de cada cultivar de trigo na região de atuação da Cooperativa para as classes de semente certificada de primeira geração e certificada de segunda geração. O levantamento de dados considerou os seguintes aspectos: a) área inscrita para a produção de sementes junto ao Ministério da Agricultura, sendo os dados expressos em hectares (ha); b) produção bruta recebida, em quilogramas (Kg); c) produção de sementes beneficiada em quilogramas (kg); d) quebra no beneficiamento (%); e) produção aprovada em sacos de 40 Kg e, produção comercializada, expressa em quilogramas (kg). A cooperativa produz diferentes cultivares de trigo com quebras variáveis no beneficiamento conforme a cultivar, ano agrícola e categoria de semente. Estes são fatores que afetam a disponibilidade de sementes de trigo para a comercialização. / This case study aimed evaluating aspects of wheat seed production in Cooperativa Agrícola Mista São Cristóvão Ltda., farm during the years 2010 – 2014. The information was collected from computerized system, with authorization management of cooperative. In each crop year, it analyzed the participation of each wheat cultivar in the Cooperative operating region for seed certified classes of first generation and second generation certified. The data collection considered the following issues: a) area registered for seed production with the Ministry of Agriculture, and the data expressed in hectares (ha); b) gross production received in kilograms (Kg); c) benefited seed production in kilograms; d) break in processing (%); e) production approved in bags of 40 Kg and, commercialized production in kilograms (Kg). The cooperative produces different wheat cultivars with breaks in processing variables as to cultivate, growing season and seed category. These are factors affecting availability wheat seed for commercialization.

Raphanus raphanistrum L. (wild radish) is a widespread and economically problematic weed of winter crops including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in southern Australia. Management of the weed is achieved by a range of non-chemical and chemical techniques. Current management is failing to contain the weed, which is increasing in abundance and distribution. The characteristics of staggered recruitment, dormancy, rapid growth, competitive ability and high levels of seed production contribute to its persistence. The literature review concludes that weeds formed the basis for perpetuation of R. raphanistrum, a claim further investigated by simulation modeling. The effective management of R. raphanistrum should aim to achieve declining populations and this requires the integration of all factors that regulate seed production. Reducing seed production of R. raphanistrum in wheat can be achieved by applying herbicides at reproductive stages of development. This technique has been demonstrated to be an effective, safe and practical method of reducing seed production of R. raphanistrum in wheat. Reducing seed production of R. raphanistrum by herbicides applied at reproductive stages of development is a technique that can be incorporated into an integrated weed management program to improve control / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Dans l'optique d'une agriculture plus durable, l'agriculture biologique offre l'opportunité d'une production agricole plus respectueuse de l'environnement. Néanmoins, en agriculture biologique, les niveaux de production sont inférieurs à ceux de l'agriculture conventionnelle. Le rendement et la teneur en protéines du blé biologique sont très variables et limités par de nombreux facteurs. Les faibles teneurs en protéines posent des difficultés de commercialisation car elles sont généralement inférieures au seuil de 10,5% que les organismes de collecte exigent pour les débouchés de panification. Afin d'améliorer les performances du blé biologique, dans un premier temps, les facteurs limitants et les pratiques agricoles expliquant ces performances ont été identifiés et hiérarchisés à l'aide d'un diagnostic agronomique réalisé en région Rhône-Alpes. Ce diagnostic a été réalisé à l'aide d'une méthode statistique innovante de mélange de modèles. Puis, des modèles permettant de prédire la distribution du rendement et de la densité d'une population d'adventices tardive à partir d'une densité précoce dans des parcelles de blé biologique, ont été mis au point à l'aide de la méthode de régression quantile. Ils permettent d'aider au raisonnement des pratiques de désherbage et de fertilisation. Enfin, une analyse des pratiques des agriculteurs a permis de prendre en compte la manière dont les agriculteurs prélèvent des informations sur leurs parcelles pour déclencher leurs pratiques. Des propositions sont ensuite discutées pour valoriser les résultats de ce travail dans la construction d'un outil d'aide à la décision destiné à raisonner les pratiques de désherbage et de fertilisation.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Global food security is hampered by a variety of insects/pest and plant diseases. In wheat, the Russian wheat aphid (RWA) is a significant pest problem in many areas of the world. Wheat has developed defensive mechanisms against the RWA over time which are activated upon feeding. One such mechanism is the hypersensitive response (HR) which is effective against phloem-feeding insects i.e. D. noxia (Diuraphis noxia, Kurdjumov, RWA). In this study, two genes associated with the hypersensitive response i.e. ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione S transferase (GSTF6b) were investigated to elucidate their function in the defensive mechanism of wheat using a reverse genetic approach i.e. particle bombardment. This study has succeeded in the established of a tissue culture and transformation system which generated three genetically modified wheat plants with decreased resistance to RWA feeding due to gene silencing. The establishment of this system enabled to test the association of defensive related genes in wheat to RWA resistance. Expression analysis performed on obtained transgenics before and after RWA infestation reavealed that the silenced plants were more susceptible to RWA feeding. Chlorosis was observed in the Gamtoos-S-APX transgenic plant which is an indicator of oxidative damage to the photosynthetic machinery of the plant. Decreased GSTF6b transcripts was found in the transgenic Gamtoos-S-GSTF6b and transgenic Gamtoos-R-GSTF6b transgenic plants but no visible symptoms of infestation was observed in these two plants. Resistance breeding could be strengthened by developing broad spectrum resistance plants by incorporating wheat defensive related genes with known function into the breeding programs. The use of this transformation system will allow rapid identification and introduction of agronomically important genes by upregulating these genes to enhance bread wheat against aphid infestation.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:39:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeirafilho_mcm_me_ilha.pdf: 330643 bytes, checksum: c3b27868589f79025ec907b8f416be35 (MD5) / A utilização de cultivares de trigo de alto potencial produtivo e a adubação nitrogenada são essenciais para obtenção de altas produtividades. Todavia, os estudos sobre a resposta dos componentes de produção e produtividade do trigo à adubação nitrogenada são insuficientes, e devem ser estudadas em condições específicas de ambiente, como a região dos cerrados de baixa altitude, onde há necessidade do uso da irrigação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses e fontes de N, sendo uma o sulfonitrato de amônio com inibidor de nitrificação (Entec), aplicadas totalmente em semeadura ou em cobertura, em diferentes cultivares de trigo irrigado, sob plantio direto. O experimento foi desenvolvido em área experimental pertencente à Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - UNESP, em Selvíria – MS, em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico. O delineamento estatístico foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x3x2x4 (em 2006) e 5x3x2x2 (em 2007), ou seja, cinco doses de N (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1), três fontes de nitrogênio (Entec, sulfato de amônio e uréia) e duas épocas de aplicação (semeadura ou cobertura). Em 2006, foram utilizados quatro cultivares de trigo (E 21, E 22, E 42 e IAC 370), com 3 repetições. Já em 2007, foram utilizados os cultivares E 21 e IAC 370, com 4 repetições. Os cultivares mais produtivos foram o IAC 370 e E 21. Não houve diferença entre o Entec, sulfato de amônio e uréia para produtividade de grãos e para maioria dos componentes de produção. A aplicação do N totalmente em semeadura ou em cobertura foram semelhantes no desempenho da cultura. O teor de N foliar e o teor de clorofila (SPAD) correlacionam-se positivamente, comprovando a relação nitrogênio e clorofila. As doses de nitrogênio influenciaram o teor de N foliar, teor de clorofila (SPAD) e aumentaram a produtividade de grãos... / The use of wheat cultivar of high productive potential and the nitrogen fertilization are essential to get high income. Though, the studies about the response of the production components and productivity of wheat to nitrogen fertilization are insufficient, and it should be studied in specific environmental conditions, as the savannah area of low altitude, where there is need the use of irrigation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different doses and sources of N, using one ammonium sulfonitrate with nitrification inhibitor (Entec), applied totally at sowing or at covering, in different wheat cultivars irrigated, under no till. The experiment was conducted at experimental area belonging to UNESP – Ilha Solteira Campus, located in Selvíria - MS, in an Acrustox. A randomized block design was used, in a factorial scheme 5x3x2x4 (in 2006) and 5x3x2x2 (in 2007), being five doses of N (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1), three sources of nitrogen (Entec, ammonium sulfate and urea) and two application times (at sowing or at covering). In 2006, it was used four wheat cultivars (E 21, E 22, E 42 and IAC 370), with 3 repetitions. In 2007, it was used just the two best cultivars: E 21 and IAC 370, with 4 repetitions. The IAC 370 and E 21 wheat cultivars presented the highest productivity. There was no difference among Entec, ammonium sulfate and urea for grain yield and for majority of the production components. To the application of N totally at sowing or at covering it there was not difference between them. The N leaf and the chlorophyll contents (SPAD) were correlated positively, proving the relationship between nitrogen and chlorophyll contents. The doses of nitrogen influenced the N content, chlorophyll content (SPAD) and they increased the grain yield up to the dose of 118,5 kg ha-1 of N, independent of cultivar, source of N and application time.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-06-26T17:27:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Sandro - TESE entregue.pdf: 1836811 bytes, checksum: e0a1f6cea064c3395832326ff88fdae8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-03T18:17:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Sandro - TESE entregue.pdf: 1836811 bytes, checksum: e0a1f6cea064c3395832326ff88fdae8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-03T18:18:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Sandro - TESE entregue.pdf: 1836811 bytes, checksum: e0a1f6cea064c3395832326ff88fdae8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-03T18:19:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Sandro - TESE entregue.pdf: 1836811 bytes, checksum: e0a1f6cea064c3395832326ff88fdae8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A soja é uma cultura de grande importância para a agricultura brasileira, assim como o trigo para a região sul. A utilização de sementes de qualidade, o equilíbrio hormonal das plantas e o emprego de novas técnicas de cultivo são aspectos fundamentais para o sucesso da lavoura. A utilização de reguladores de crescimento pode conferir vários benefícios para as plantas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da utilização do biorregulador Stimulate® na produtividade e na qualidade das sementes, em duas cultivares de soja e trigo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizados, com utilização de doses de biorregulador, aplicadas via tratamento de sementes (0; 250; 500; 750 e 1000 mL 100 kg-1 de sementes) e via foliar (0; 187,5; 375,0; 562,5 e 750,0 mL ha-1, sendo aplicadas doses cheias nos estadios vegetativos e reprodutivos), com quatro repetições. Os experimentos com a aplicação das doses de biorreguladores foram conduzidos a campo na Embrapa Clima Temperado, Estação Experimental Terras Baixas (soja, duas safras), no centro Agropecuário da Palma (trigo, uma safra) e em vasos, na Área Experimental e Didática (soja, uma safra), em casa de vegetação (trigo, uma safra) e no Laboratório Didático de Análise de Sementes, ambos pertencente ao departamento de fitotecnia da Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, FAEM/UFPel. Foi avaliada a qualidade fisiológica das sementes tratadas e das sementes produzidas pelos testes de germinação e de vigor, também foram avaliadas as características agronômicas. As cultivares de soja respondem de modo semelhante ao tratamento de sementes com o biorregulador Stimulate®, o qual permite maximizar a expressão do potencial de germinação e vigor das sementes. Nas plantas produzidas em vasos, o tratamento das sementes com doses do biorregulador Stimulate®, principalmente nas doses 250 a 750 mL 100 kg sementes-1, aumenta o número de legumes com três e duas sementes, o rendimento de sementes por planta, e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes produzidas. O tratamento de sementes com as doses de biorregulador, até a maior dose aplicada, propicia à campo, em solo de várzea, a produção de sementes em maior número e mais pesadas, com maior qualidade fisiológica, aumentando a porcentagem de germinação e o vigor das sementes, originando plântulas maiores. O uso de Stimulate® não altera a altura de inserção de primeiro legume e o diâmetro de caule das plantas de sojaem estudo. O biorregulador promove acréscimos no número de legumes e de sementes por planta. Doses entre 350 a 600 mL ha-1 aumentam no peso de mil sementes e no rendimento por área; além de maior o vigor das sementes; produzidas. As cultivares de soja apresentam comportamento semelhante frente a variação das doses do produto, para a maioria das variáveis. A cultivar TBIO Mestre apresenta melhor respostas as doses de biorregulador, do que a cultivar TBIO Itaipu, podendo essa resposta ser influenciada pela genética da cultivar. O biorregulador Stimulate® aplicado via foliar nos estádios V3 e R1, nas doses próximas de 450 mL ha-1, ou via tratamento de sementes até 1000 mL 100 kg sementes-1, promovem acréscimos no rendimento de sementes, no peso de mil sementes e na qualidade fisiológica das sementes produzidas. O uso de ii biorregulador aplicado no tratamento de sementes, reduzem o comprimento das plântulas das sementes produzidas em vasos. / Soybean is a very important crop for Brazilian agriculture, as well as wheat for the southern Brazil region. The use of high seed quality, the hormonal balance of plants and the use of new cultivation techniques are crucial to the success of the crop. Applications of growth regulators can confer several benefits to plants. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of growth regulators on yield and seed quality, in soybean and wheat. The experimental model used was a completely randomized blocks with four replications. Soybean and wheat crops were subjected to pre-sowing treatments (0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mL 100kg of seed-1 doses of bioregulator) and leaf spraying (0, 187.5, 375.0, 652.5, and 750.0 mL ha-1 doses of the plant bioregulator). The experiments were conducted on field at Embrapa, Estação Experimental Terras Baixas (soybean crop, two seasons), at Centro Agropecuário of the Palma (wheat crop, one season), in pots at Experimental field (soy, one season), in a greenhouse (wheat, one season), and at the Seed Testing Laboratory (LAS) Flavio Farias Rocha, belonging to the Plant Science Department of Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel (FAEM), Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel). Physiological quality was evaluated on treated seed and produced seed by germination, and vigor tests, also agronomic characteristics was evaluated. Soybean cultivars respond similarly to seed treatment with the Stimulate® bioregulator, which allows maximizing the expression of germination potential and seed vigor. Plants grown in pots, the seed treatment with doses of the Stimulate® bioregulator, mainly at doses of 250 to 750 mL 100 kg seeds-1, increases the number of pods with three and two seeds, the yield of seeds per plant, and physiological seed quality of produced seeds.The treatment of soybean seeds until the high level of plant growth regulator, provides in a lowland area conditions to increase the seed number and seed weight, with greater vigor. The application of plant growth regulator foliar does not change the first pod insertion height and stem diameter of soybean plants. The plant growth regulator promotes increases in the number of pods and seeds per plant. Application of doses ranged from 350 to 600 mL ha-1 provide increases in thousand seed weight, seed weight per area and vigor of seeds produced. Most of the parameters assessed in both soybean cultivars present similar behavior in relation to the variation of the product doses. The TBIO Mestre cultivar presents better responses to the bioregulator doses than the TBIO Itaipu cultivar, this response can be influenced by the genetics of the cultivar. The Stimulate® bioregulator when applied either stages V3 and R1, at doses close to 450 mL ha-1, or seed treatment up to 1000 mL 100 kg seed-1, increases seed yield, weight of a thousand seeds and physiological quality of the seeds produced. The use of a bioregulator applied in seed treatment reduces the seedling length of the seeds produced in pots.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-03T14:28:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO CESAR HANNICH (VERSÃO DEFINITIVA).pdf: 673316 bytes, checksum: 256ef6f7e04328f82d06b798073ee4c9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-03T18:47:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO CESAR HANNICH (VERSÃO DEFINITIVA).pdf: 673316 bytes, checksum: 256ef6f7e04328f82d06b798073ee4c9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-03T18:49:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO CESAR HANNICH (VERSÃO DEFINITIVA).pdf: 673316 bytes, checksum: 256ef6f7e04328f82d06b798073ee4c9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-03T18:49:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO CESAR HANNICH (VERSÃO DEFINITIVA).pdf: 673316 bytes, checksum: 256ef6f7e04328f82d06b798073ee4c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / O presente estudo analisou a eficiência de comercialização de variedades de trigo COODETEC no Paraguai nas safras de 2012, 2013 e 2014. O presente trabalho de investigação descritiva documental foi realizado na cdade de Ciudad del Este, Paraguai, a mesma foi desenvolvida com os dados gerados na oficina de Sementes do Serviço Nacional de Qualidade e de Sanidade Vegetal e de Sementes (SENAVE) no período de produção de 2012 até 2014, além do software PREMIER da empresa COODETEC LTDA. Como população de unidades determinou as zafras agrícolas de 2012 ao 2014, sendo as variáveis de medição: a quantidade aprovada (sacos de 40 kg), o índice de descarte de lotes (sacos de 40 kg), a demanda de etiquetas (unidades), comercialização (sacos de 40 kg), eficiencia comercial (%). Foi utilizada a análise técnica lógica de análise e estatística simples. Para a zafra 2012 se observou uma eficiência comercial de 94,78% a 100% nas variaveis CD 108, CD 116 e CD 154. Para a zafra 2013 se observou uma eficiência de comercialização de 88,06%, onde CD 108 (93 , 03%), CD 154 (90,64%), CD 104 (89,07%), foram as melhores posicionadas. Para a zafra 2014 se observou uma eficiência de comercialização de 80,44%, correspondendo a CD 104 (96,54%), CD 1252 (100,00%), CD 150 (84%). A eficiência de comercialização das variedades de Coodetec é variável nos anos analisados, sendo 94,78% (2012); 88,05% (2013); 80,44% (2014), significando uma variação interanual de -6,73% (2012-2013), -7,61% (2013-2014) e -14,34% (2012-2014). Em média, o descarte de lotes é de 11,32% e a eficiência de comercialização é de 87,75% para as variedades de trigo Coodetec no Paraguai. / The present study aimed to analyze the efficiency of marketing of wheat seeds at varieties COODETEC en el Paraguay from the period between the harvests of 2012 to 2014.The present is a descriptive research carry out in the city of Ciudad del Este, Paraguay. It was developed from the data generated in the Seeds Directorate National Service of Quality and Plant Health and Seed (SENAVE) in the period 2012 to 2014 production, and the Software PREMIER company COODETEC LTDA. As population units agricultural harvests from 2012 to 2014 were determined, being the measurement variables: amount approved (bags of 40 kgs), lots discard rate (40 kg bags), application of labels (units), marketing (40 kg bags), marketing efficiency (%). It proceeded to logical analysis technique and simple statistics. For the 2012 harvest marketing efficiency of 94.78% was achieved with 100% in CD 108, CD 116 and CD 154 varieties. For the 2013 harvest marketing efficiency of 88.06%, where CD 108 (93.03%), CD 154 (90.64%), CD 104 (89.07%) were the best positioned was achieved. For the 2014 harvest marketing efficiency of 80.44%, corresponding to the CD 104 (96.54%), CD 1252 (100.00%), CD 150 (84%) was achieved. The marketing efficiency for Coodetec varieties ha been slacking off, with the passage of time achieved 94.78% (2012); 88.05% (2013); 80.44% (2014), meaning the variation year-to-year off 6.73% (2012-2013),-7.61% (2013-2014) and -14.34% (2012-2014). The average efficiency of marketing is 87,75% for wheat varieties Coodetec en el Paraguay