Les associations de cultures céréales légumineuses participent au développement d'agrosystèmes performants et durables. La proportion de chaque espèce dans le couvert ainsi que leur productivité sont cependant fortement dépendantes de l'équilibre entre compétition et complémentarité interspécifique. Le partage de la lumière entre la céréale et la légumineuse est donc déterminant dans le fonctionnement des associations. La structuration physique de la canopée, qui conditionne l'interception du rayonnement lumineux, résulte de la mise en place de l'architecture aérienne des individus composant le peuplement. Afin d'appréhender les relations entre architecture et partage du rayonnement dans les associations blé-pois (Triticum aestivum L.-Pisum sativum L.), un modèle 3D de la morphogénèse aérienne du pois, baptisé L-Pea, a été développé sur la base de l'approche plante virtuelle. Des expérimentations ont été conduites afin i) de caractériser la morphogénèse de génotypes de pois contrastés cultivés sous différentes conditions (serre/champ, pur/associé), et ii) de modéliser l'architecture aérienne du pois. Un simulateur tripartite, intégrant les modèles L-Pea, ADEL-Blé (modèle architecturé de blé) ainsi que CARIBU (modèle de transferts radiatifs), a ensuite été construit afin de créer une association virtuelle. Cette approche de type plante virtuelle s'est révélée pertinente dans l'optique d'étudier le déterminisme architectural du partage de la lumière dans les associations blé-pois. Ce simulateur a par ailleurs montré que des paramètres architecturaux (e.g. ramifications, entrenœuds) peuvent affecter de manière significative et dynamique le partage de la lumière et donc le développement de l'association. Cette thèse se propose i) de démontrer la pertinence de l'approche plante virtuelle pour appréhender le partage du rayonnement dans les associations et ii) de contribuer à la sélection/construction de variétés/idéotypes adaptés aux couverts plurispécifiques.

Le rendement en grains (Rdt) et la teneur en protéines (%Prot) sont deux cibles majeures dans les programmes de sélection variétale chez le blé car ces caractères contribuent à la valeur économique de cette culture. Malheureusement, leur amélioration simultanée est empêchée par la relation négative %Prot-Rdt. Il a été montré que l'écart à cette relation ("Grain Protein Deviation", GPD) est déterminé en partie génétiquement et serait utile pour modifier cette relation négative mais ses bases biologiques restent mal comprises à ce jour. Nous avons montré que le GPD est principalement relié à la variabilité génétique pour l'absorption d'azote post-floraison (ABSN) dans les conditions agro-climatiques du Nord-Ouest de l'Europe. Nous proposons que la variabilité génétique pour l'accès à l'azote du sol (architecture et fonctionnement racinaire) ou pour la régulation de ABSN par le statut azoté (transport et assimilation de l'azote) pourrait expliquer le GPD. Etant donné que le retardement de la sénescence durant la période post-floraison peut résulter en une augmentation de ABSN, nous avons analysé les déterminants génétique des relations entre durée de sénescence des feuilles après floraison et Rdt ou %Prot, observées au niveau phénotypique, en utilisant des données acquises sur une population de cartographie de blé cultivée au sein d'un large réseau expérimental. Une association positive entre durée de sénescence des feuilles après floraison et %Prot ou Rdt a été observée selon les environnements étudiés. Nous faisons l'hypothèse que l'impact d'un retardement de la sénescence des feuilles après floraison pourrait être modulé selon la disponibilité en azote durant cette période, ce qui conduirait à modifier la relation %Prot-Rdt selon les environnements étudiés. Enfin, des données obtenues sur trois populations de cartographie cultivées dans un large réseau expérimental ont permis de suggérer, après méta-analyse de QTL, des régions génomiques potentiellement utiles en sélection pour améliorer la %Prot sans diminuer le Rdt. Ceci a permis de mettre en avant des régions situées sur les chromosomes 2A et 3B. En particulier, la région située sur le 2A pourrait être reliée à la présence d'un gène codant pour une glutamine synthétase chloroplastique qui a été associée à la variabilité génétique pour %Prot chez le blé tendre dans une étude antérieure.

Orientador: Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho / Resumo: Inocular sementes de trigo com a bactéria Azospirillum brasilense pode propiciar a fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN), porém tem sido observado efeito mais pronunciado desta inoculação no crescimento inicial de plantas, assim, com o sistema radicular mais desenvolvido, a absorção de nutrientes e água pode ser maior. Com isso, o crescimento, produtividade e exportação de nutrientes da cultura do trigo podem ser maiores, porém a resposta a esta inoculacao pode variar conforme a afinidade da bacteria com os cultivares de trigo. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o acúmulo de matéria seca e extração de nutrientes em estádios fenológicos, exportação de nutrientes pelos grãos, componentes de produção e produtividade de grãos de cultivares de trigo inoculados ou não com Azospirillum brasilense. O experimento foi desenvolvido em Selvíria - MS, em um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico de textura argilosa, em sistema plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, sendo três cultivares de trigo (CD 116, IPR CATUARA TM e IAC 385), com ou sem inoculação de sementes por Azospirillum brasilense (300 ml ha-1 do produto, com estirpes Abv5 e Abv6 (garantia de 2x108 UFC mL-1). Procedeu-se também a análise de regressão em esquema de parcela subdividida com quatro repetições, em que as parcelas foram constituídas pelos seis tratamentos descritos acima, e as subparcelas no tempo, por sete épocas de c... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-03T13:33:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Marciabela Fernandes Corrêa.pdf: 2119414 bytes, checksum: 80159e88d63216d0d78421ffa4b21346 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-03T18:46:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Marciabela Fernandes Corrêa.pdf: 2119414 bytes, checksum: 80159e88d63216d0d78421ffa4b21346 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-07-03T18:47:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Marciabela Fernandes Corrêa.pdf: 2119414 bytes, checksum: 80159e88d63216d0d78421ffa4b21346 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-03T18:47:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Marciabela Fernandes Corrêa.pdf: 2119414 bytes, checksum: 80159e88d63216d0d78421ffa4b21346 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / O objetivo do trabalho foi correlacionar os atributos do solo com o rendimento e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de trigo e soja. No primeiro artigo o objetivo foi estudar as correlações lineares e a distribuição espacial entre os atributos do solo e o rendimento e a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de trigo. No segundo artigo o objetivo foi correlacionar atributos de solo, planta e qualidade fisiológica de sementes em um campo de produção de sementes de soja. No terceiro artigo o objetivo foi avaliar a variabilidade temporal de nutrientes do solo entre safras sucessivas de sementes de trigo e soja, e a distribuição espacial do rendimento das duas culturas relacionando com a espacialização dos nutrientes do solo. O trabalho foi realizado em um campo de produção de sementes na empresa Granello Sementes em uma área de 41 hectares, onde foram produzidas sementes de trigo e soja nas safras 2013 e 2013/2014. As avaliações foram realizadas a partir de um grid de amostragem georreferenciado com espaçamento de 100 x 100 metros. Foram avaliados a germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência de plântulas, condutividade elétrica, e produtividade para sementes de trigo e soja. Em trigo foram avaliados o teor de clorofila A na folha, número de espigas, peso hectolítrico e teor de proteína na semente. Em soja também foram avaliados número de ramos por planta, número de vagens por planta, número de sementes por planta e altura de planta. Os atributos do solo avaliados foram os teores de cálcio, magnésio, fósforo, potássio, enxofre, ferro, alumínio, zinco, matéria orgânica, o pH, a capacidade de troca de cátion, o índice SMP, a resistência do solo à penetração, e os percentuais de areia, silte e argila. A análise dos mapas de distribuição espacial dos nutrientes do solo é uma ferramenta que pode contribuir na tomada de decisão do produtor no manejo da adubação da lavoura, visando melhorar a produtividade e a qualidade de sementes. / The objective of this work was to correlate soil attributes with yield and physiological quality of wheat and soybean seeds. In the first paper the objective was to study the linear correlations and the spatial distribution between the attributes of the soil and the yield and the physiological quality of wheat seeds. In the second paper the objective was to correlate attributes of soil, plant and physiological quality of seeds in a field of soybean seed production. In the third paper, the objective was to evaluate the temporal variability of soil nutrients between successive wheat and soybean seed crops, and the spatial distribution of the yield of the two crops relating to the soil nutrient spatialization. The work was performed in a seed production field at the company Granello Seeds in an area totaling 41 hectares, where wheat and soybean seeds were produced in the 2013 and 2013/2014 crops season. The evaluations were carried out from a georeferenced sampling grid with spacing of 100 x 100 meters. Germination, first germination count, accelerated aging, seedling emergence, electrical conductivity, and yield for wheat and soybean seeds were evaluated. In wheat, the content of chlorophyll A in the leaf, number of ears, hectolitric weight and protein content in the seed were evaluated. In soybean, it was observed number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and plant height. The soil attributes evaluated were calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, iron, aluminum, zinc, organic matter, pH, cation exchange capacity, SMP index, soil penetration, percentages of sand, silt and clay. The analysis of spatial distribution maps of soil nutrients is a tool that can contribute to farmers' decision making in the management of crop fertilizing, aiming to improve seed productivity and quality.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-08-03T13:35:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) tese_lizandro_tavares.pdf: 1225836 bytes, checksum: 987635fed6f9fe4f72fab3840a1a03b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T13:35:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) tese_lizandro_tavares.pdf: 1225836 bytes, checksum: 987635fed6f9fe4f72fab3840a1a03b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-24 / A competição de azevém e nabo e a estimativa de dano econômico de nabo na cultura do trigo, além de práticas de manejo como a dessecação em pré-colheita com herbicidas e aplicação de trinexapac-ethyl e nitrogênio são fatores que merecem atenção pela pesquisa, visto que influenciam diretamente a produtividade e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a produtividade e a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de trigo produzidas em competição com azevém e/ou nabo (experimento 1); quantificar a produtividade, a qualidade fisiológica e o resíduo em sementes de trigo após a dessecação com herbicidas (experimento 2); avaliar a produtividade e a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de trigo em competição com nabo e sob a aplicação de trinexapac-ethyl e nitrogênio (experimento 3); e, estimar o nível de dano econômico de nabo em competição com as cultivares de trigo BRS 328, BRS 177 e BRS Umbu (experimento 4). Para as pesquisas realizadas o delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, com exceção do ensaio 4 que utilizou uma repetição. O primeiro ensaio foi realizado com a cultivar BRS 177, o segundo com as cultivares BRS 177 e BRS Umbu, o terceiro com a cultivar BRS Guamirim e o quarto com as cultivares BRS 328, BRS 177 e BRS Umbu. As variáveis analisadas no experimento 1 foram número de antécios por espiga, número de sementes por espiga, peso hectolítrico, peso de mil sementes e produtividade. No experimento 2 avaliaram-se o peso de mil sementes, peso hectolítrico, número de antécios por espiga e a produtividade de sementes, além dos resíduos gerados nas sementes após a aplicação dos herbicidas em pré-colheita. No experimento 3 avaliaram-se o número de sementes por espiga e número de antécios, índice de colheita, produtividade biológica, produtividade de sementes, peso hectolítrico e peso de mil sementes e no experimento 4 avaliaram-se a população de plantas, massa seca da parte aérea, cobertura do solo, área foliar e produtividade. Ainda, nos três primeiros experimentos a qualidade fisiológica das sementes foram avaliadas por testes de vigor e germinação. Conclui-se que a competição de trigo na população de 5 plantas m-2 com azevém, nabo ou nabo + azevém reduz a produtividade da cultura, independentemente da época de emergência das plantas em relação as plantas daninhas, entretanto não prejudica a viabilidade e o vigor das sementes produzidas. A dessecação em pré-colheita com herbicida realizada em estádio posterior a maturidade fisiológica, de maneira geral, não influencia a qualidade fisiológica e a produtividade de sementes de trigo das cultivares BRS Umbu e BRS 177, entretanto apresentam resíduos nos grãos. A cultivar de trigo BRS Guamirim em competição com nabo submetido à adubação suplementar com nitrogênio, de maneira geral, apresenta aumento da produtividade de sementes até a dose de 100 kg ha-1, enquanto na ausência da competição o aumento ocorre até a dose de 150 kg ha-1, apesar da qualidade fisiológica das sementes serem reduzidas com o incremento das doses. A cultivar de trigo BRS 328, ciclo precoce, apresenta maior habilidade competitiva comparativamente a BRS 177, ciclo médio, e BRS Umbu, ciclo tardio. A planta daninha Raphanus raphanistrum mostra-se competitiva com a cultura trigo, sendo necessário no mínimo 1,6 plantas m-2 para que o controle se justifique. / The ryegrass and wild radish competition and the estimated wild radish economic threshold in wheat crop, besides management practices as herbicide pre-harvesting desiccation and application of trinexapac-ethyl and nitrogen are factors that deserve attention by the research, as they directly influence productivity and seed physiological quality. This study aimed to evaluate the productivity and physiological quality of wheat seeds produced in competition with ryegrass and/or wild radish (experiment 1); measure the yield, physiological quality and the residue in wheat seeds after herbicide desiccation (experiment 2); evaluate the productivity and physiological quality of wheat seeds in competition with wild radishes and under trinexapac-ethyl and nitrogen application (Experiment 3); and estimate the economic level of wild radish in competition with the wheat cultivars BRS 328, BRS 177 and BRS Umbu (experiment 4). To research performed the experimental design was a randomized block with four replications, except for the fourth experiment that used one replication. The first trial was conducted with BRS 177 cultivar, the second with the BRS 177 and BRS Umbu cultivars, the third with BRS Guamirim and the forth with the BRS 328, BRS 177 and BRS Umbu cultivars. The variables analyzed in experiment 1 were number of anthecium per spike, number of seeds per spike, test weight, thousand seed weight and productivity. In experiment 2 assessed the weight of a thousand seeds, test weight, number of anthecium per spike and seed yield, in addition to the residual generated in the seeds after herbicide application before the harvest. In Experiment 3 was evaluated the number of seeds per spike and number of anthecium, harvest index, biological yield, seed productivity, test weight and thousand seed weight and experiment 4 were evaluated plant population, dry mass of plant aerial part, soil cover, leaf area and productivity. Still, in the first three experiments the physiological seed quality was evaluated by germination and vigor tests. It was concluded that wheat competition in the population of 5 plants m-2 with ryegrass, wild radish or wild radish + ryegrass reduces crop yield, regardless of the time plant emergence over the weeds, however not affect the viability and vigor of produced seeds. The herbicide pre-hasvest desication held after physiological maturity stage, in general, does not affect the physiological quality of wheat seeds or it productivity in BRS Umbu and BRS 177 cultivars, however it shows residues present in grains. The wheat cultivar BRS Guamirim in competition with wild radish subjected nitrogen supplementar fertilization, in general, has increased seed yield until the dose of 100 kg ha-1, while in the absence of competition its increased until the dose of 150 kg ha-1, despite the physiological quality of seeds being reduced with increasing doses. The wheat cultivar BRS 328, early maturing, presents greater competitive ability compared to BRS 177, medium cycle, and BRS Umbu, late cycle. The weed Raphanus raphanistrum proves to be competitive with the wheat crop, requiring at least 1.6 plants m-2 so that the control is justified.

Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) / Wheat is a key global commodity in terms of acreage and tradeable value and as a staple in household diets. Many factors including biotic stress conditions have detrimental effects on global wheat production and yield. The increasing prevalence of biotic stress inflicted by fungal species such as Fusarium has significantly reduced yield and quality of cereal crops thus, threatening sustainable agriculture and food security. Interactions between wheat and Fusarium spp. such as Fusarium proliferatum triggers the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to levels toxic to the plant thus leading to oxidative damage and ultimate cellular death. In order to maintain redox homeostasis, plants rely on ROS-scavenging antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) to control ROS molecules to levels less toxic to plants. This study investigated the impact of F. proliferatum on the physio-biochemical responses of two wheat cultivars (SST 015 and SST 088). Changes in seed germination, growth, biomass, chlorophyll and mineral contents were monitored. Furthermore, changes in ROS accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activity was measured in the shoots of both wheat cultivars.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Biotic stress is one of the main causes for agricultural loss of economically important cereal crops. The increasing prevalence of biotic stress inflicted by fungal species such as Fusarium has significantly reduced yields and quality of cereals, threatening sustainable agriculture and food security worldwide. Interactions between wheat and Fusarium spp. such as Fusarium oxysporum promotes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overproduction of ROS can become toxic to plants depending on the scavenging ability of antioxidant systems to maintain redox homeostasis. This study investigated the effects of F. oxysporum on the physiological and biochemical response of three wheat cultivars namely, SST 056, SST 088 and SST 015. Physiological responses were monitored by measuring changes observed in plant growth parameters including shoot and root growth and biomass, relative water content as well as photosynthetic metabolism and osmolyte content in all three wheat cultivars. Downstream biochemical analysis involved monitoring the accumulation of ROS biomarkers (superoxide and hydrogen peroxide) as well as the detection of enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD). These biochemical responses were only monitored on the two wheat cultivars which presented contrasting responses to F. oxysporum infection. Results showed that F. oxysporum significantly reduced plant growth, biomass, chlorophyll pigments and relative water content of all three cultivars, with the highest reduction observed for SST 088 relative to SST 015 and SST056. On the other hand, proline content was significantly enhanced in all three wheat cultivars, with the highest increase observed for SST 015 relative to SST 056 and SST 088. Based on the contrasting physiological results observed for these three cultivars, downstream biochemical analysis was focused on SST 015 and SST 088. F. oxysporum trigged an increased in superoxide and hydrogen peroxide contents in both cultivars, with the highest increase observed for SST 088. A similar trend was observed for the extent of lipid peroxidation, manifested as enhanced MDA levels. Furthermore, F. oxysporum differentially altered antioxidant enzyme activity relative to the control of both wheat cultivars. A Significant increase in SOD activity was observed for both cultivars in response to F. oxysporum. However, contrasting responses in APX and POD activity (as seen for the band intensities of individual isoforms) was observed in these wheat cultivars in response to F. oxysporum. Based on the results obtained in this study we suggest that F. oxysporum infection has varying degrees of severity in different wheat cultivars. In light of the significant reduction of plant development coupled with enhanced ROS accumulation and differential antioxidant capacity for SST 015 relative SST 088, we suggest that SST 015 is more resilient to F. oxysporum. We thus conclude that a direct relationship exists between ROS accumulation and antioxidant scavenging in regulating plant tolerance against F. oxysporum pathogens.

Submitted by Maria Beatriz Vieira (mbeatriz.vieira@gmail.com) on 2017-04-07T12:30:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertacao_felipe_koch.pdf: 799099 bytes, checksum: 5d61cb7ae229b25b533d3f35001c2acc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-12T18:07:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_felipe_koch.pdf: 799099 bytes, checksum: 5d61cb7ae229b25b533d3f35001c2acc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-12T18:09:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_felipe_koch.pdf: 799099 bytes, checksum: 5d61cb7ae229b25b533d3f35001c2acc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T18:10:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_felipe_koch.pdf: 799099 bytes, checksum: 5d61cb7ae229b25b533d3f35001c2acc (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-28 / Sem bolsa / Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o crescimento de plantas de trigo submetidas a aplicação de regulador de crescimento vegetal e adubação para altos rendimentos, assim como, a composição química e a qualidade fisiológica de sementes produzidas. A cultivar utilizada foi a OR Topázio e o regulador de crescimento foi o trinexapac-ethyl, aplicado via foliar. No capítulo I, o experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e o delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualisado, em esquema fatorial 5x8 (cinco doses e oito épocas de coleta) com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados a matéria seca total, a taxa de produção de matéria seca, as taxas de crescimento relativo e assimilatória liquida, a razão de área e massa foliar, o índice de área foliar. Foi determinada a eficiência de conversão da energia solar, a partição de assimilados, o índice de colheita, a altura das plantas, a emergência e o índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas. No capítulo II, o experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualisado com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo avaliados a germinação e primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, matéria seca de plântulas, condutividade elétrica e envelhecimento acelerado. No capítulo I, a alocação de matéria seca total, a taxa de crescimento relativo, a altura de plantas e o índice de colheita foram reduzidos, com intensidade variável, conforme a dose do regulador de crescimento. A taxa assimilatória líquida foi reduzida em plantas submetidas a doses de 400, 600 e 800 mL ha-1, a razão de massa e de área foliar foram superiores quando utilizadas as doses de 400 e 800 mL ha-1. A emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência não foram afetados pela ação do regulador de crescimento. No capítulo II, a primeira contagem de germinação aumentou até a maior dose. A condutividade elétrica após três horas de embebição foi reduzida, a partir da dose de 600 mL ha-1. Os teores de amido aumentaram até a dose de 448 mL ha-1; o de aminoácidos até a dose 243 mL ha-1 e os teores de proteína até a dose de 417 mL ha-1. Houve redução no teor de açúcares solúveis totais ao aumentar a dose do regulador. Portanto, plantas submetidas à aplicação do trinexapac-ethyl apresentam respostas diferenciais no crescimento e partição de assimilados, menor índice de colheita e altura de plantas. Já, as sementes possuem maior vigor e teores de amido, proteína e aminoácidos, contudo, menor teor de açúcares solúveis totais. / This work aimed to evaluate the growth of wheat plants subjected to the application of growth regulator and fertilization for high yields, as well as, chemical composition and physiological quality of seeds produced. The variety used was OR Topázio and the growth regulator was trinexapac-ethyl, via leaf application. On chapter I, the experiment was performed on greenhouse and the experimental design was completely randomized, factorial 5x8 (five doses and eight harvest dates) with four repetitions. Total dry matter, dry matter production rate, relative growth and net assimilation rates, leaf mass ratio, leaf area ratio and leaf area index were evaluated. The conversion efficiency of solar energy, assimilate partitioning, harvest index, plant height, seedling emergence and speed of emergence index were determined. On chapter II, the experiment was performed under completely randomized experimental design using five treatments and four repetitions, being evaluated germination and first count of germination, speed of germination index, seedling dry matter, electrical conductivity and accelerated aging. On chapter I, total dry matter allocation, relative growth rate, plant height and harvest index were reduced, with variable intensity, according to the growth regulator dose. The net assimilation rate was reduced in plants subjected to 400, 600 e 800 mL ha-1; leaf mass ratio and leaf area ratio were superior when doses of 400 and 800 mL ha-1 were used. The seedling emergence and the speed of emergence index were not affected by the action of the growth regulator. On chapter II, germination and first count of germination increased until the higher dose. Electrical conductivity after three hours of imbibition was reduced starting from the dose of 600 mL ha-1. The starch content increased until the dose of 448 mL ha-1; the amino acids up to the dose of 243 mL ha-1 and the protein content to the dose of 417 mL ha-1. There was a decrease on total soluble sugars content with the increase of growth regulator dose. Therefore, plants subject to the application of trinexapac-ethyl feature differential responses on growth and assimilate partitioning, lower harvest index and plant height. Seeds produced by these plants possess higher germination, vigor expression and starch, protein and amino acids contents, however, lower content of total soluble sugars.

The incorporation of cereal straw/stubble often immobilises nitrogen (N). This can help conserve N in soil in organic forms, thus reducing loss through leaching over dormant winter periods. However, N-depressions that arise during decomposition can reduce crop yield. The inclusion of a legume green manure can supply fixed-N, thus alleviating the low N availability to crops. In this study, the effect of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) green manure incorporation on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) straw/stubble decomposition, and N availability was investigated. A field experiment was used to determine the effects of the green manure on decomposition. Decomposition of straw/stubble was monitored using the litterbag technique. Following green manure incorporation, soil cores were incubated in a glasshouse to determine mineral-N availability. Though not significant, the inclusion of lupin green manure seemed to increase the decomposition of straw/stubble during the growth period, then slowing it after its incorporation at 110 d. This was described by a logarithmic pattern of loss of - 4.97 g AFDW residue day⁻¹, with 60% remaining after 140 d. Treatments without lupin had a linear decomposition of - 0.12 g AFDW residue day⁻¹, with 49% remaining after 140 d. The loss of cellulose confirmed the differences in decomposition with the inclusion of lupin resulting in 2.79% less cellulose remaining in straw/stubble after 140 d compared to its exclusion. Lupin significantly increased pot oat N uptake and DM yield by 55 % and 46 %, respectively, compared to its exclusion. However, this effect was not observed in field sown wheat yields and the soil mineral-N measurements made. This study showed that the potential of lupin to increase straw/stubble decomposition by improving the retention and availability of N, leading to long-term yield benefits, needed further investigation.

Les associations de cultures céréales-légumineuses participent au développement d'agrosystèmes performants et durables. La proportion de chaque espèce dans le couvert ainsi que leur productivité sont cependant fortement dépendantes de l'équilibre entre compétition et complémentarité interspécifique. Le partage de la lumière entre la céréale et la légumineuse est donc déterminant dans le fonctionnement des associations. La structuration physique de la canopée, qui conditionne l'interception du rayonnement lumineux, résulte de la mise en place de l'architecture aérienne des individus composant le peuplement. Afin d'appréhender les relations entre architecture et partage du rayonnement dans les associations blé-pois (Triticum aestivum L.-Pisum sativum L.), un modèle 3D de la morphogénèse aérienne du pois, baptisé L-Pea, a été développé sur la base de l'approche plante virtuelle. Des expérimentations ont été conduites afin i) de caractériser la morphogénèse de génotypes de pois contrastés cultivés sous différentes conditions (serre/champ, pur/associé), et ii) de modéliser l'architecture aérienne du pois. Un simulateur tripartite, intégrant les modèles L-Pea, ADEL-Blé (modèle architecturé de blé) ainsi que CARIBU (modèle de transferts radiatifs), a ensuite été construit afin de créer une association virtuelle. Cette approche de type plante virtuelle s'est révélée pertinente dans l'optique d'étudier le déterminisme architectural du partage de la lumière dans les associations blé-pois. Ce simulateur a par ailleurs montré que des paramètres architecturaux (e.g. ramifications, entrenoeuds) peuvent affecter de manière significative et dynamique le partage de la lumière et donc le développement de l'association. Cette thèse se propose i) de démontrer la pertinence de l'approche plante virtuelle pour appréhender le partage du rayonnement dans les associations et ii) de contribuer à la sélection/construction de variétés/idéotypes adaptés aux couverts plurispécifiques.