In my dissertation "Russian Exile and Inner Emigration An Irregular History of a Cultural Phenomenon" I attempt to examine the issue of the Russian mentality against the background of Russian literary and intellectual trends over the course of one hundred years - from the December Revolt in 1825 to the period after the October Revolution in 1917. The phenomenon of inner emigration and exile, which is characteristic for this period of time, is examined through the use of authentic sources, that is solely literary and epistolary records, as well as through the Czech reflection of the Russian soul, as it was perceived and presented from the time of Masaryk and Slavík and after them by many Czech and foreign scholars up to the present. Examining authentic testimonies, the aim of the work is to make the point that despite the confrontation with European rationalist influences, the Russian world and the so- called Russian soul essentially always retained a spiritual dimension from the Eastern civilizations, based not on rationality but on sensation, not on scholastic argumentation of the external existence of God but on a realization of the unity and the inner interconnection of the material and spiritual world.

In my dissertation "Russian Exile and Inner Emigration An Irregular History of a Cultural Phenomenon" I attempt to examine the issue of the Russian mentality against the background of Russian literary and intellectual trends over the course of one hundred years - from the December Revolt in 1825 to the period after the October Revolution in 1917. The phenomenon of inner emigration and exile, which is characteristic for this period of time, is examined through the use of authentic sources, that is solely literary and epistolary records, as well as through the Czech reflection of the Russian soul, as it was perceived and presented from the time of Masaryk and Slavík and after them by many Czech and foreign scholars up to the present. Examining authentic testimonies, the aim of the work is to make the point that despite the confrontation with European rationalist influences, the Russian world and the so- called Russian soul essentially always retained a spiritual dimension from the Eastern civilizations, based not on rationality but on sensation, not on scholastic argumentation of the external existence of God but on a realization of the unity and the inner interconnection of the material and spiritual world.

Entre 1922 e 1936, os poetas russos Marina Tsvetáieva e Boris Pasternak mantiveram intensa correspondência, na qual discutem suas ideias a respeito de arte, poesia, se dedicam poemas, falam sobre a vida cotidiana. Exilada, Tsvetáieva despontava como uma das principais vozes de poetas emigrados, primeiro em Praga e depois em Paris. Já Pasternak continuou nos círculos literários de Moscou. No verão de 1926, os dois poetas também trocaram cartas com Rainer Maria Rilke. Este trabalho propõe uma tradução do russo para o português das cartas entre Tsvetáieva e Pasternak desde o começo, em meados 1922, até 1926, momento da morte de Rilke. Além da tradução, esta tese discute a trajetória de ambos os poetas no sistema literário da época com base nos trabalhos de Catherine Cipiela, Olga Zaslavsky e Lazar Fleishman, entre outros, e procura contextualizar as discussões travadas e situá-las no formato epistolar. Por fim, são abordadas as questões de tradução e da linguagem de ambos, com base, entre outros, no estudo de Aurora Bernardini sobre a tradução da obra lírica de Tsvetáieva. / Between 1922 and 1936, Russian poets Marina Tsvetáieva and Boris Pasternak kept an intense correspondence exchanging ideas about art and poetry, dedicating poems to each other and discussing their everyday lives. Living in exile, first in Prague and then in Paris, Tsvetáieva emerged as one of the main voices among emigré poets, while Pasternak remained in Moscow, as a member of the literary circles of the new capital city. In the summer of 1926, both poets also exchanged letters with Rainer Maria Rilke. This thesis presents a translation from the Russian to Portuguese of the letters exchanged by Tsvetáieva and Pasternak from the beginning of their correspondence, by mid-1922, to the end of 1926, the time of Rilkes death. It discusses the trajectory of both poets in their times literary system based on the works of Catherine Cipiela, Olga Zaslavsky and Lazar Fleishman, among others , and puts in context such discussions, placing them in the frame of the epistolary format. The issues of translation and language of both poets are also addressed, based, amongst others, on the work of Aurora Bernardini about the translation of Tsvetáievas lyric works.

The present study is a reading of the folkloric fairy-tale poem The Swain (Mólodets) (1924) by the Russian Modernist poet Marina Tsvetaeva (1892-1941). The poem represents a high point in Tsvetaeva’s experiments with Russian folk art, and it is thoroughly folkloric in its theme, forms of writing and poetic language. At the same time, the poem can be linked to the attraction to folk art as a locus of the Sublime in literary tradition, which originates in German Romanticism, and finds its echoes in Russian Modernism. This study seeks to show that Tsvetaeva’s exploration of folk art in the poem was inspired by a quandary linked to the Sublime; namely the paradoxical question how to present in art what is too great to be represented. The poem is read as an image and an illustration of the poet’s understanding of the means of presenting the unrepresentable. Tsvetaeva renders the tale as an uncanny story about a horrifying elemental force. She seeks to avoid representation by bringing out the story in a poetic performance, which has the character of a lyrical drama, where the voices of the characters speak and sing in a direct manner. Within the canvas of the folkloric performance, the poet explores poetic language to render the Sublime. She experiments with secondary meanings in order to bring out a language, which at the same time is “secret” and “literal”, and where the element can be made present in its sublimity.

Este trabalho propõe um estudo da poética e da vida literária de Marina Tsvetáieva com base em uma seleção de suas obras em prosa consideradas representativas de seu pensamento artístico, bem como de seus principais procedimentos compositivos. Para tanto, foi empreendida uma análise de forma e conteúdo dessas obras, integrada ao contexto histórico e literário em que foram produzidas, à luz dos recursos teóricos e interpretativos oferecidos por Tzvetan Todorov, Véronique Lossky, Joseph Brodsky e Walter Benjamin, entre outros. / This work proposes a study of Marina Tsvetaevas poetry and literary life based in a selection of her prose works considered representatives of her artistic thought as well as her main compositional principles. Therefore, it was done an analytic study of these works integrating them into historic and literary context that they were produced, in light of the theoretical and interpretative resources of Tzvetan Todorov, Véronique Lossky, Joseph Brodsky and Walter Benjamin, among others.

Este trabalho propõe um estudo da poética e da vida literária de Marina Tsvetáieva com base em uma seleção de suas obras em prosa consideradas representativas de seu pensamento artístico, bem como de seus principais procedimentos compositivos. Para tanto, foi empreendida uma análise de forma e conteúdo dessas obras, integrada ao contexto histórico e literário em que foram produzidas, à luz dos recursos teóricos e interpretativos oferecidos por Tzvetan Todorov, Véronique Lossky, Joseph Brodsky e Walter Benjamin, entre outros. / This work proposes a study of Marina Tsvetaevas poetry and literary life based in a selection of her prose works considered representatives of her artistic thought as well as her main compositional principles. Therefore, it was done an analytic study of these works integrating them into historic and literary context that they were produced, in light of the theoretical and interpretative resources of Tzvetan Todorov, Véronique Lossky, Joseph Brodsky and Walter Benjamin, among others.

The paper is devoted to the specific functionality of proper names and pronouns and their connection with the author’s worldview in the poet’s prose. Crucial consistent patterns in using of proper names and pronouns are revealed. The great number of Tsvetaeva's prose in the period from 1917 to 1938, including such genres as: philological treatises, critical articles, essays and fiction, was analyzed. Moreover, the paper highlights the transformation of the proper names and personal pronouns in Tsvetaeva’s prose and separately analyzed the features characteristic of the phenomenon of «poet’s prose». / Работа посвящена специфике функционирования имени и местоимения в прозе поэта с особенностями цветаевского мировосприятия. Выявлены основные закономерности в употреблении имен собственных и личных местоимений в прозаических текстах поэта. Проанализирован обширный пласт прозы Цветаевой в период с 1917 по 1938 год, включая такие жанры как: филологические трактаты, критические статьи, эссе и художественная проза. В работе показана трансформация имен собственных и личных местоимений в прозаических текстах поэта, а также отдельно проанализированы особенности, характерные для феномена «проза поэта».

The thesis focuses on the rendering of the poetics of Anna Akhmatova and Marina Tsvetaeva in Czech translations. The first part deals with the phenomenon of poetesses in the Russian literature and subsequently with Akhmatova's and Tsvetaeva's life, works, style and reception. The second part is focused on contrastive translatological analysis of different approaches to their poetry and detailed analysis of existing Czech translations of Akhmatova's poem Rekviem and Tsvetaeva's work Popytka revnosti. It defines the approach of all translators to translation and evaluates the quality and adequacy of individual translation solutions in relation to the author's style and intention.