L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude de la « Muraille Servienne », monument fondamental pour l’investigation et la compréhension de l’Époque archaïque. Cette recherche est principalement née de la nécessité de localiser et, en même temps, de dater le plus ancien circuit des remparts de la Rome antique. Il s’agit, en effet, d’un sujet qui est encore aujourd’hui très controversé. Ce travail a permis d’obtenir des données qui confirment l'existence de l’enceinte urbaine au VIe s. av. J.-C., conformément aux sources antiques, selon lesquelles la première enceinte de Rome fut construit par le roi Servius Tullius (578-535 av. J.-C.). La fortification de l’Époque royale présente à peu près la même extension que celle républicaine (IVe s. av. J.-C. ); ce cas fut jugé inacceptable par plusieurs experts et fut souvent utilisé comme preuve pour réfuter l'existence d'une muraille continue au VIe s. av. J.-C. : ce qui reviendrait presque à nier le développement de « La grande Roma dei Tarquini » / The aim of this research is to investigate the “Servian Wall”, a fundamental monument for the study and the comprehension of the Archaic Age. The main target of this analysis is to recognize and, at the same time, to attribute a date to the earliest city-wall of Rome. Effectively, there are still several questions and unsolved problems related to these topics. This dissertation confirms the existence of the circuit walls of Rome in the VIth BC, in accordance with literary sources: the earliest city-wall, indeed, is traditionally attributed to the king Servius Tullius (578-535 BC) by ancient authors. The extension of the archaic fortification almost corresponded to those of the Republican walls (IVth century BC); this matter is considered unacceptable by different scholars, who usually exploited it as an evidence to refute the existence of a circuit wall during the VIth BC.: a theory that would deny, indirectly, the well-known development of the so called “Grande Roma dei Tarquini” / Questo lavoro è iniziato sulla base di ricerche storico-archeologicheche svolgo su Roma Antica, in special modo nel periodo compreso fra l’EtàArcaica e il primo secolo della Repubblica. Le ricerche e le scopertearcheologiche degli ultimi decenni hanno modificato radicalmente il quadrodelle conoscenze relative a questo periodo, e il presente lavoro intendeapprofondire lo studio della più antica cinta di Roma. La storia di Roma è,infatti, anche quella delle sue mura: come linea tangibile che racchiude lacittà in uno spazio predeterminato e sacralizzato, fatto che condiziona i limitidella città stessa, determinando conseguenze non solo puramente praticheed utilitarie, ma anche religiose ed istituzionali.Tale ricerca è nata principalmente da una necessità: quella diindividuare e al tempo stesso datare la prima cinta dell’Urbs. Questiargomenti, infatti, costituiscono ancora oggi un tema dibattuto, e nondefinitivamente risolto. Fra gli studiosi che si sono occupati dell’argomento, ineffetti, molti affermano l’esistenza di un circuito murario arcaico,coerentemente con quanto tramandato dalle fonti letterarie, che insistonosulla costruzione di un’opera di una cinta attribuita ai Tarquini, ed inparticolare a Servio Tullio; sarebbe questa la prima cinta di Roma, che i restiin tufo locale (cappellaccio) potranno confermare. Viceversa altri studiosinegano una fortificazione arcaica, e costoro fanno risalire la prima cinta diRoma al IV secolo a.C., unanimemente riconosciuta nei tratti in blocchi digrotta oscura, un materiale che prende il nome dalle cave di estrazione,presso la località di Grotta Oscura, situata a Nord di Roma. Anche aquest’ultima cerchia si attribuisce il nome di “Mura serviane” (pur essendo dietà repubblicana), poiché in passato veniva assimilata all’opera di Servio196Tullio citata dalle fonti, e la tradizione di questa denominazione si mantieneanche oggi.Il lavoro che qui presento “MURUS SERVII. La fase arcaica delle muradi Roma”, intende considerare l’esistenza di una cinta di età regia, in accordocon la tradizione letteraria, attraverso la documentazione di tutti i reperti incappellaccio a questa riferibili. L’approccio metodologico prevede l’analisi elo studio di tali resti, contemporaneamente all’esame delle fonti letterarie e ditutta la documentazione storico-archeologica, al fine di cercare di risolvere inmaniera definitiva la questione della datazione, e per proporre unaricostruzione del circuito murario in Età arcaica.I tratti di mura in cappellaccio sono stati studiati in manierasistematica, attraverso l’analisi dei dati disponibili: archeologici, topografici,storici e letterari; fonti d’archivio, carte archeologiche e altri tipi didocumentazione; fotografie, disegni, manoscritti etc.; esame in situ nel casodi resti accessibili.

Apresenta-se tradução do Orator de Cícero precedida de estudo. Propõe-se que, quando confrontado com a maledicência dos que se dizem áticos, Cícero remete a controvérsia particular à questão acerca do gênero universal, ou thésis, tratando do gênero para responder às partes e tratando da coisa para responder aos homens. Por tratar-se de coisas, recorre-se em geral à doutrina das coisas, isto é, à filosofia, e em particular a duas de suas artes, a tópica e a dialética. Analisa-se portanto o método dialético e tópico empregado pelo autor para resolver a questão acerca do melhor gênero do discursar. Argumenta-se que Cícero compara as espécies do discurso entre si e define a forma do orador perfeito para exprimir a sua imagem, imagem que servirá de critério para julgar, conforme a maior ou menor semelhança em relação a ela, os oradores que vemos e ouvimos. / I present the reader with a translation into Portuguese of Ciceros Orator with introduction. I propose that, when confronted with the invectives of the so-called Attics, Cicero sends back this controversy to the question about the universal kind, or thésis, speaking about the genus in order to give a response to the parts, and speaking about things to give a response to men. Because Cicero speaks about things, he employs the doctrine of things, i.e. Philosophy, making use of two of its arts, Topics and Dialectics. I analyse therefore the topical and dialectical method the author applies to solve the question about the best kind of speech. I argue that Cicero applies this method to compare the species of speech and to define the form of the perfect orator so that he may express its image, a image that will be used as a criterion to judge, in proportion to their likeness to it, the orators we can see and hear.

In a field as old as Classics, it difficult to find truly innovative approaches to literary works that have been studied for millennia, and it only becomes more difficult to find something new to explore in works as fundamental to the field as Marcus Tullius Cicero’s. However, in the burgeoning field of Digital Humanities, new avenues for textual exploration arise even among the over-picked rubble that is the Classical World. Through the use of computer software, we can search through and statistically analyze corpora of massive sizes. This project uses such techniques to perform a mesoanalysis of Cicero’s corpus. Through the use of R and Gephi, I will “read” Cicero’s works from a distance and see a much broader view of his character than I could through a traditional close reading of a few texts. This mesoanalysis includes a stylometric analysis of Cicero’s entire corpus, a sentiment analysis of his orations, and a network analysis of his letters. The sentiment analysis will explore Cicero as a literary figure. Through a hierarchical cluster analysis in R, I will assess not only how his style changes from genre to genre but within a genre (orations) as well. That analysis will close with an exploration of the lexical richness of his works, how it varies from genre to genre and over his lifetime. For the sentiment analysis, I built a lexicon based on Stoic theory, primarily as it is explained in the Tusculunae Disputationes, and Robert Kaster’s work with emotional scripts. After the lexicon was built, I applied it to Cicero’s orations in a method similar to Matthew Jockers’ syuzhet package for R, and I traced his use of sentiment across the speech. I then compared those trajectories to Latin rhetorical theory, especially the theories included in Cicero’s own treatises, in order to see if Cicero had put into effect his own advice or if he had a few techniques that he kept hidden. The mesoanalysis closes with a network analysis of the Epistulae ad Familiares. I merged Cicero’s social network with a sentiment analysis in order to assess how Cicero felt about and interacted with his peers. From this analysis, one could gather an idea of Cicero as a person. At the end of the mesoanalysis, we can attain a much broader sense of Cicero’s character. This project also has a second aim, and that is to explain how these techniques could be applied to other literary corpora, outside of Cicero’s and Latin. I have carefully detailed my process and provide more instruction in my appendices so that readers could attempt these analyses and be successful in them.

Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV), 1981. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [199]-204) and index.

The aim of this dissertation is to explain the meaning of concordia surveying the historical context in which it emerged. The thesis concentrates on the period 63--43 B.C. because it is in this crucial period that the concept achieves its most articulate and influential defence by the Roman orator, statesman, and philosopher, Marcus Tullius Cicero. My intention is to review the important writings and speeches of Cicero and to situate them in the political struggles in which he was implicated. / By placing the concept of concordia in this political context, a clearer picture emerges than is available in the current literature about how Cicero promoted, defended, and skillfully redefined the concept of concordia in order to achieve his political aims. What emerges are three identifiable meanings of the concept of concordia . The first is the longstanding conventional Roman republican idea of concordia as unity, friendship, and agreement. The second is what Cicero called the concordia ordinum, an innovative idea of concordia as a harmony or coalition of the two Roman orders of the senate and equites. The third is the idea of concordia as a consensus omnium bonorum---what Cicero called concordia civium or concordia civitatis . This idea represents an important shift in the thinking of the Roman orator who began to see the survival of the republic as depending on a consensus that went beyond the coalition of the senate and equites.

As is clear from the title, this thesis presents a comparison of Schenkerian and Ciceronian principles. The thesis will focus mainly on the characteristics of the creative process essential for producing a sublime and intellectual work. Admittedly comparing a Roman lawyer/philosopher (Cicero) to a 20th century musician/theorist (Schenker) will bring forth many obstacles and will suffer from numerous imperfections. Stressing the commonalties between two men of time frames too far apart is an arduous task. I found it most helpful to go about this problem through three stages: first, by presenting an overview of the lives, historical circumstances, and careers of the two mentioned figures; second, by presenting a basic comparison of the two branches of thought; and third, by dealing with some of the more complicated philosophical issues for a better understanding of the two doctrines. Since many of the Schenkerian and Ciceronian principles are heavily rooted in Platonism, an overview of Plato's theory of 'forms and ideas' is presented to guide the reader toward a better grasp of the concepts. The reader may, however, be uncertain regarding the objective of this thesis: is this a comparison of the two philosophies or an evaluation of them? Of course, in order to achieve a satisfactory comparison, one must first understand the two philosophies; this demands an explicit analysis which, in my view, is a form of evaluation. I have also shown and questioned some of the ambiguities of the two philosophies without offering any solutions. This will perhaps help the reader to understand the path I had to take in completing this thesis. I have included these philosophical remarks in the endnotes. Furthermore, Schenkerian philosophy reveals many other important influences other than Platonism; although not the focus of this thesis, numerous references to great thinkers such as Nietzsche, Spinoza, Hanslick, and Freud illustrate this point. Much of the presented bibliographical material on the life of Cicero can be found in the On the Commonwealth and On the Laws. Furthermore, Michael B. Fuster's Masters of Political Thought has been used as a source of reference for a great portion of the philosophical interpretations. Much of what I have presented on Schenker and Schenkerian literature has been gathered through my studies and conversations with Dr. Benjamin, my advisor: the most reliable source with whom I am acquainted. This is perhaps the reason for not including any other philosophical writings on Schenkerian literature in the bibliography.

Zugl.: Bochum, Univ., Diss., 2005/2006

Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 2004. / online-publiziert: 2008.

Thesis (doctoral)--Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 1990/91. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [9]-18).

Originally presented as the author's D. Phil thesis, Corpus Christi College Oxford, 1995-1998. / Title from e-book title screen (viewed July 27, 2006). Available through MyiLibrary. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. [234]-245) and index.