TNFα-induced programmed necrosis is a caspase-independent cell death program that is contingent upon the formation of a multiprotein complex termed the necrosome. The association of two of the components of the necrosome, receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1) and RIP3, is a critical and signature molecular event during necrosis. Within this complex, both RIP1 and RIP3 are phosphorylated which are consequential for transmission of the pro-necrotic signal. Namely, it has been demonstrated that RIP3 phosphorylation is required for binding to downstream substrates. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms governing necrosome activation remain unclear. Since necrosis is implicated in a variety of different diseases, understanding the biochemical signaling pathway can potentially yield future drug targets. I was interested in identifying other regulators of necrosis in hope of gaining a better understanding of the necrosis signaling pathway and regulators of the necrosome. To address this, I screened a cancer gene siRNA library in a cell line sensitive to necrosis. From this, I independently identified CYLD as a positive regulator of necrosis. Previous studies suggest that deubiquitination of RIP1 in the TNF receptor (TNFR)-1 signaling complex is a prerequisite for transition of RIP1 into the cytosol and assembly of the RIP1-RIP3 necrosome. The deubiquitinase cylindromatosis (CYLD) is presumed to promote programmed necrosis by facilitating RIP1 deubiquitination in this membrane receptor complex. Surprisingly, I found that TNFα could induce RIP1-dependent necrosis in CYLD-/- cells. I show that CYLD does not regulate RIP1 ubiquitination at the receptor complex. Strikingly, assembly of the RIP1-RIP3 necrosome was delayed, but not abolished in the absence of CYLD. In addition to the TNFR-1 complex, I found that RIP1 within the necrosome was also ubiquitinated. In the absence of CYLD, RIP1 ubiquitination in the NP-40 insoluble necrosome was greatly increased. Increased RIP1 ubiquitination correlated with impaired RIP1 and RIP3 phosphorylation, a signature of kinase activation. My results show that CYLD regulates RIP1 ubiquitination in the NP-40 insoluble necrosome, but not in the TNFR-1 signaling complex. Contrary to the current model, CYLD is not essential for necrosome assembly. Rather, it facilitates RIP1 and RIP3 activation within the necrosome and the corollary is enhancement of necrosome functionality and subsequent necrosis. My results therefore indicate that CYLD exerts its pro-necrotic function in the NP-40 insoluble necrosome, and illuminates the mechanism of necrosome activation.

Recently the suspected precursor lesions of ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas have been called Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and graded according to the degree of dysplasia. To correlate each grade of PanIN with molecular genetic alterations, we determined the frequency of allelic losses at chromosomal arms 9p (the location of the p16 gene), 17p (p53 gene) and 18q (DPC4/SMAD4 gene) in 81 microdissected PanINs, using a combination of whole genome amplification and microsatellite analysis. In addition, p53 and Dpc4 protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. Essentially no allelic losses were identified in the non-dysplastic PanIN-1 lesion. In PanIN-2 with low grade dysplasia the frequency of allelic losses at chromosomal region 9p, 17p and 18q was 20%, 33% and 17%, respectively, which increased to 46%, 77% and 58%, respectively, in PanIN-2 with moderate dysplasia, to 87%, 60% and 88% in PanIN-3 with high grade dysplasia, and to 100%, 91%, and 82% in the invasive carcinomas. The progressive occurrence of allelic losses at all three loci strongly supports the PanIN progression model for pancreatic carcinoma. Nuclear p53 and loss of Dpc4 protein expression was associated only with PanIN-3 and invasive carcinomas, consistent with the model that inactivation of p53 and DPC4 are late events in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Since the aberrant protein expression patterns, were preceded, however by a sharp increase in allelic losses from PanIN-2 with low grade dysplasia to PanIN-2 with moderate dysplasia it is suggested that the increasing grade of dysplasia in the PanIN lesions identify biologically relevant steps towards invasive carcinoma. The discrepancy between alleic loss frequencies and p53 and DPC4 expression also raises the possibility that additional tumor suppressor genes on chromosomes 17p and 18q promote early pancreatic carcinogenesis.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

As part of an International Cooperative Biodiversity Group (ICBG), extracts of plants from Suriname and Madagascar were bioassayed for cytotoxicity and antimalarial activity. Six cytotoxic extracts and one potential antimalarial were selected for fractionation, and yielded a number of bioactive compounds which were characterized by spectroscopy methods. Craspidospermum verticillatum (Apocynaceae) yielded four known indole alkoids. Casimirella sp (Icacinaceae) gave three new and five known diterpenoids. Pentopetia androsaemifolia (Apocynaceae) afforded one new and three known cardenolide glycosides. Physalis angulata (Solanaceae) yielded seven known physalins. Roupellina boivinnii (Apocynaceae) yielded four known and three new cardenolide glycosides, and three known cucurbitacins were isolated from Octolepis aff. dioica (Thymelaeaceae). In addition to these structural studies, a synthetic approach to lucilactaene, a cell cycle inhibitor was developed. / Ph. D.

La déubiquitinase BRCA-associated protein 1 (BAP1) est un suppresseur de tumeurs chez l’homme, dont l’activité enzymatique est inactivée dans une variété de cancers. Les modèles actuels proposent que BAP1 forme un complexe de plusieurs méga daltons avec des protéines associées à la chromatine, et que ces protéines et les modifications post-traductionnelles (PTM) facilitent sa fonction de suppresseur de tumeurs en agissant sur la chromatine. Il a été démon-tré que les facteurs de transcription FOXK1 et FOXK2 recrutent BAP1 pour cibler des gènes et réguler la transcription. Cependant, comment FOXK1/2 sont régulés dans le complexe BAP1 reste inconnu. FOXK1/2 sont récemment apparus comme des régulateurs clés du métabolisme et de la prolifération cellulaire dans des conditions normales et de stress. Les observations dans les can-cers humains suggèrent que FOXK1, et non FOXK2, possède des propriétés oncogéniques. En effet, une expression élevée de FOXK1 est associée à une prolifération accrue, ainsi qu’à une invasion et des métastases plus importantes. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires exacts de la dérégulation de FOXK1 restent méconnus. Nos analyses sur la survie des patients montrent qu’une forte expression du transcrit de FOXK1 diminue significativement la survie par rapport aux patients présentant de faibles taux du transcrit de FOXK1, ce qui n’est pas observé avec FOXK2. Pour mieux comprendre les fonctions de FOXK1 et FOXK2, nous avons surexprimé ses protéines dans des fibroblastes humains normaux. Cela nous a conduits à découvrir que les pro-priétés oncogéniques de FOXK1 agissent en partie par l’induction de la voie des E2Fs. Contrai-rement à FOXK2, la surexpression de FOXK1 dans les fibroblastes humains normaux favorise la prolifération cellulaire et retarde l’induction de la sénescence. Nous avons également constaté que lorsque la surexpression de FOXK1 était combinée à d’autres oncogènes, sa capacité à transformer les fibroblastes était significativement augmentée. Ces résultats suggèrent que FOXK1 et FOXK2 jouent différents rôles dans les cellules et qu’un mécanisme peut réguler leur activité différemment. De manière intéressante, nous avons découvert que FOXK1, et non FOXK2, est modifié par O-GlcNAcylation, une modification post-traductionnelle unique connue pour être étroite-ment régulée par les fluctuations du métabolisme cellulaire. Par conséquent, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la O-GlcNAcylation est un mécanisme important de régulation de l’activité transcriptionnelle de FOXK1. L’identification des sites modifiés sur FOXK1 nous a permis de créer des mutants déficients en O-GlcNAcylation de ce facteur. Alors que la perte de la O-GlcNAcylation n’impacte pas sur le recrutement de FOXK1 à la chromatine, nous avons décou-vert que la O-GlcNAcylation régule les propriétés oncogéniques de FOXK1. En effet, l’absence de la O-GlcNAcylation de FOXK1 diminue la capacité proliférative des cellules ainsi que la crois-sance tumorale. De plus, nos analyses de génomiques nous ont permis de mettre en évidence que la O-GlcNAcylation régule le recrutement de BAP1 sur la chromatine. La diminution de la O-GlcNAcylation sur FOXK1 entraîne une réduction du recrutement de BAP1, ce qui est associé à une augmentation des niveaux de H2AK119Ub, une marque de répression génique ciblée par la déubiquitinase BAP1, ainsi qu’à une diminution de la marque d’activation H3K4me1. Nous proposons un modèle dans lequel la O-GlcNAcylation régule les fonctions biolo-giques de FOXK1 et promeut la croissance tumorale en pilotant les propriétés oncogéniques de ce facteur. Nos analyses suggèrent que la O-GlcNAcylation de FOXK1 est importante pour le bon fonctionnement des complexes sur la chromatine. Comprendre comment FOXK1 et FOXK2 régu-lent BAP1 pourrait nous aider à mieux définir les fonctions de suppression tumorale de BAP1 et comment la dérégulation des facteurs de transcription contribue au développement du cancer. / The deubiquitinase BAP1 (BRCA-associated protein 1) is a tumor suppressor in humans, whose enzymatic activity is inactivated in a variety of cancers. Current models suggest that BAP1 forms mega dalton complex with chromatin-associated proteins, and that these proteins and post-translational modifications (PTMs) facilitate its tumor suppressor function by acting on chromatin. It has been shown that the transcription factors FOXK1 and FOXK2 recruit BAP1 to target genes and regulate transcription. However, how FOXK1/2 are regulated within the BAP1 complex remains unknown. FOXK1/2 have recently emerged as key regulators of metabolism and cell proliferation under normal and stress conditions. Observations in human cancers suggest that FOXK1, and not FOXK2, has oncogenic properties. Indeed, high expression of FOXK1 is associated with increased proliferation, as well as greater invasion and metastasis. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of FOXK1 deregulation remain unknown. Our analyses of patient survival show that high expression of FOXK1 transcript significantly reduces survival compared to patients with low levels of FOXK1 transcript, which is not observed with FOXK2. To better understand the functions of FOXK1 and FOXK2, we overexpressed their proteins in normal human fibroblasts. This led us to discover that the oncogenic properties of FOXK1 act in part by inducing the E2F pathway. Unlike FOXK2, overexpression of FOXK1 in normal human fibroblasts promotes cell proliferation and delays the induction of senescence. We also found that when overexpression of FOXK1 was combined with other oncogenes, its ability to transform fibroblasts was significantly increased. These results suggest that FOXK1 and FOXK2 play different roles in cells and that a mechanism may regulate their activity differently. Interestingly, we discovered that FOXK1, and not FOXK2, is modified by O-GlcNAcylation, a unique post-translational modification known to be tightly regulated by fluctuations in cellular metabolism. Consequently, we hypothesized that O-GlcNAcylation is an important mechanism for regulating the transcriptional activity of FOXK1. Identifying the modified sites on FOXK1 allowed us to create mutants deficient in O-GlcNAcylation of this factor. While the loss of O-GlcNAcylation does not affect the recruitment of FOXK1 to chromatin, we discovered that O-GlcNAcylation regulates the oncogenic properties of FOXK1. Indeed, the absence of O-GlcNAcylation of FOXK1 reduces the proliferative capacity of cells as well as tumor growth. Moreover, our genomic analyses have allowed us to highlight that O-GlcNAcylation regulates the recruitment of BAP1 to chromatin. Loss of FOXK1 O-GlcNAcylation leads to a reduction of BAP1 recruitment to chromatin, which is associated with an increase in the levels of H2AK119Ub, a gene repression mark targeted by the deubiquitinase BAP1, as well as a decrease in the activation mark H3K4me1. We propose a model in which O-GlcNAcylation regulates the biological functions of FOXK1 and promotes tumor growth by driving the oncogenic properties of this factor. Our analyses suggest that O-GlcNAcylation of FOXK1 is important for the proper functioning of complexes on chromatin. Understanding how FOXK1 and FOXK2 regulate BAP1 could help us better define the tumor-suppressing functions of BAP1 and how the deregulation of transcription factors contributes to cancer development.

Yes / The antitumor prodrug temozolomide is compromised by its dependence for activity on DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and the repair of the chemosensitive DNA lesion, O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG), by O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (E.C. 2.1.1.63, MGMT). Tumor response is also dependent on wild-type p53. Novel 3-(2-anilinoethyl)-substituted imidazotetrazines are reported that have activity independent of MGMT, MMR, and p53. This is achieved through a switch of mechanism so that bioactivity derives from imidazotetrazine-generated arylaziridinium ions that principally modify guanine-N7 sites on DNA. Mono- and bifunctional analogues are reported, and a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study identified the p-tolyl-substituted bifunctional congener as optimized for potency, MGMT-independence, and MMR-independence. NCI60 data show the tumor cell response is distinct from other imidazotetrazines and DNA-guanine-N7 active agents such as nitrogen mustards and cisplatin. The new imidazotetrazine compounds are promising agents for further development, and their improved in vitro activity validates the principles on which they were designed.

No