The aim of this paper is to investigate the link between internal and external conflict of states in the field of International Relations. More specifically, it is a critique of the Diversionary War theory, which argues that political leaders can instigate foreign conflict to divert the attention from domestic issues in order to secure their political positions. This paper will test an alternative approach to the Diversionary War theory called the Diversionary Peace theory, which inverts the logic of the original theory. It argues that leaders facing domestic strife have incentives to cooperate with other states in order to deal with the internal problems in a more cost effective way. Using process tracing methodology, the Diversionary Peace theory is applied to Turkey from 1984-1999, to understand how the Kurdish issue as a source of domestic conflict in Turkey affected the Turkish-Syrian relations. The Diversionary Peace Theory would assume that as the Kurdish conflict escalates at the domestic level, Turkey would be inclined to give concessions to Syria to deescalate conflict at the international level. This paper proves otherwise: as the domestic conflict escalates, relations actually deteriorate and cooperation becomes less likely. Therefore, it is both a critique of the Diversionary War theory and the Diversionary Peace theory. The main interpretation of the findings is that the theory is not applicable to those cases where the boundaries between domestic and international realms are too porous as in the case of the Kurdish politics. When the domestic conflict and international dispute is interlinked, as in this case, I argue that cooperation might not be possible. Future reseachers in the area are advised to pay attention to whether the domestic factor and the international factor are interlinked, how the level of domestic conflict affects foreign relations and the impact of domestic audience costs.

Processed turkey rolls were prepared with 1 or 3% whey protein concentrates WPC-50 (pH=5. 8 0) , WPC-60 (pH=4. 53) and WPC-75 (pH=6.85) containing 50, 60 and 75% protein along with controls (phosphate and no phosphate) . Control rolls made with 0.5% phosphate had the highest bind strength, and sensory evaluation scores. Only WPC-75 (1%) was acceptable as a binding agent and flavor enhancer. WPC-60 reduced pink discoloration of rolls, but flavor, bind and cohesiveness scores were unacceptably low. WPC-50 was not an effective binding agent. In general, rolls made with 3% WPC had lower scores for intensity of turkey flavor. Bind strength and sensory characteristics were compared for restructured beef rolls formulated with 1% salt, 0.375% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) or 0.07% sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and 5, 10 or 20% added water. Controls also had 1% x salt, but no STPP or NaOH. Relative bind strength of rolls was STPP > NaOH > controls. Addition of 20% water reduced bind strength. Cooked yield, moisture content, beef flavor and texture of NaOH rolls were similar to STPP rolls. Bind strength and cohesiveness of NaOH rolls were lower than STPP rolls, but still acceptable. For measuring bind strength of turkey and beef rolls, a sensitive and inexpensive penetrometer was developed. It was equipped with a top-loading balance, accessories, IBM-compatible personal computer and Quick-Basic program that allowed continuously collected penetration force data. at specific time intervals. Penetrometer bind strength and taste panel cohesiveness of turkey and beef rolls were highly correlated (r=0.89 and r=0.93, respectively).

Gender equality is important for a country´s development. Turkey want to be a full member of the EU, gender equality is therefore an important factor to investigate. This research paper aims to address the reasons for women´s low representation in the decision-making positions, mainly in the Turkish Parliament. The purpose is to understand what casual mechanisms that impact the women representation at the national level in the Turkish Parliament.  The research methods is carried out with in-depth interviews namely, semi-structured interviews in Turkey with four Members of Parliament, a gender-expert lawyer and three women´s organizations namely, Kadin Adaylari Destekleme Dernegi and Ucan Süpürge, while the interview with Türk Üniversiteli Kadinlar Dernegi consists of group interview. Furthermore relevant literature was used in order to complement the interviews. The overreaching theoretical framework used in the thesis consists of gender theory and complementary different concept definitions, namely, Culture Matters, Low representation of Women, Modernization and Patriarchy. These concepts have been the foundation of the analysis and have added understanding of the reasons for women´s low representation in the Turkish Parliament. The common perception of the interviewees to solutions were quotas, increase the education, to start with democracy first in the family, make the society aware of the problem of gender inequality. The main conclusions drawn from this research were that the government and the NGOs are aware of the problems on gender equality; they are working together to combat the inequality between sexes. The government is also aware of that they have reached a certain level of gender equality in the Parliament compared to the last decades. The process of gender equality is slowly developing but there is a will to achieve gender equality in the Turkish Parliament.

Shaykh Aḥmad al-R­ūmī al-Āqḥiṣārī (d. 1041/1632), Ḥanafi jurist, theologian and Sufi, is largely an unknown figure to scholars of Ottoman religious history. Progress towards disclosing key aspects of al-Āqḥiṣārī’s thought has been made in recent times thanks to the important contributions of Y. Michot, who has, in particular, demonstrated the association of al-Āqḥiṣārī with the Ottoman puritanical movement, the Qaḍīzādelis. Building upon Michot’s work, this study delves further into the works of al-Āqḥiṣārī especially his seminal contribution, the Majālis al-abrār. The study sets out its main themes and the authorities on which it is based; it then moves to show the degree of overlap between al-Āqḥiṣārī’s understandings and Naqshbandī Sufism, as well as the extent to which his thought converges with that of better-known Ottoman puritans such as Birgivī Efendī (d. 981/1573) and Qaḍīzāde (d. 1044/1635). It is suggested that the impact of the Majālis al-abrār on the Qāḍīzādelis had the outcome in the second half of the seventeenth century of increasing the violence of their activists, a development which ultimately led to their downfall. A key aspect of this study is the re-examination of the view that the Qāḍīzādelis were a proto-Wahhābī or proto-Salafī movement, which is typical in the existing literature. Whilst demonstrating the influence of Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d. 751/1350) and his teacher, Aḥmad b. Taymiyya (d. 728/1328), upon al-Āqḥiṣārī’s thought, the limits of this influence are clearly demonstrated by bringing to light al-Āqḥiṣārī’s distinct doctrinal and legal positions, which were very much embedded within the Ottoman Islam of his times. Ultimately, by studying the relationship between al-Āqḥiṣārī’s masterpiece, the Majālis al-abrār and Qāḍīzādeli and Naqshbandī beliefs, the study aims to place the movement in its own Ottoman, Ḥanafī, and Sufi milieu, thereby challenging the dominant approach which reads the movement through modern paradigms.

Teaching speaking is an area of language education which is frequently neglected in English classes in Turkey. This dissertation reports on an action research study designed to address this problem. The study involved data collection through interviews, questionnaires, and observations, as a way of eliciting students’ views as a means to improve speaking classes and to outline the impact of student negotiation on students’ classroom participation and performance. The research, conducted in the ELT Department at a university in Turkey, comprised three different stages. In the first reconnaissance phase, initial data were collected to understand the classroom context. This informed the second stage, comprising eight weekly-based interventions that involved planning, action, observation and reflection, in which students were given a voice and classroom activities were designed accordingly. In the third stage, the final data were collected to understand the effectiveness of student negotiation. According to the findings, students wanted more opportunities to practise spoken language in class. Student negotiation allowed for the design of classes according to students’ needs and wants, with students becoming more motivated to engage in classroom activities. This led to the development of more positive attitudes towards speaking classes, and more positive perceptions of their speaking ability were reported at the end of the term, together with increased classroom participation, greater willingness to communicate, higher self-esteem, and lower levels of anxiety. The findings also suggested that student negotiation is likely to impact on students’ and teachers’ professional development. The study has a number of implications for both the teaching of speaking and for research: it demonstrates the significance of student engagement in classroom activities, made possible through designing activities which take into account students’ views and perceptions. Student negotiation and attention to students’ needs and wants would appear to promote a high level of student participation, increased motivation and more positive attitudes towards speaking classes. Further research studies, and specifically, more action research, should be conducted in Turkey to generate practical implications to improve classroom practice.

This analysis of faunal remains from eleven archaeological sites in the northern San Juan region, extensively occupied by the Ancestral Pueblo people until they leave the region by AD 1300, explores the effects of resource intensification of small wild and domestic resources leading up to this regional depopulation. By examining multiple lines of evidence, in addition to faunal abundance, causal factors are identified to address changes in abundances through time. In particular, age- and sex-based mortality are examined for lagomorphs (jackrabbits and cottontails) and domesticated turkey, respectively, to test hypotheses generated using the prey and patch choice models. Analyses of these resources follow a systematic paleontology which provides explicit identifications made of five sites from a large study area, Goodman Point Pueblo Unit. These data are integrated with those from large village sites from the encompassing central Mesa Verde region. The results of both analyses help clarify why the Ancestral Pueblo people left southwestern Colorado. During the final twenty-year occupation period, the results of this study support a shift from reliance on turkey husbandry to intense exploitation of locally available garden resources (i.e. cottontails).

This study explores the impact of sincerity of terrorists on committing terrorist activities in Turkey. The researcher is a Chief of Police in Turkey and has worked in the Anti-terror Department for a considerable part of his professional career. His professional experience has shown that the more sincere a terrorist is the more violent or heedless the terrorist activity is. Thus this research academically and statistically examines this observation and finds that sincerity affects level of violence. Attachment and adherence to the terrorist organization turn even the characteristically non-violent people into blood seeking terrorists.

This study examines the effect of strain on youth drug use in Turkey. With its many unexplored fields, Turkey is a haven for social researchers. Adolescent crime and especially drug use is an important yet poorly studied subject in Turkey. Of the many correlates of youth drug use, strain as asserted by the General Strain Theory of Agnew (1985) is chosen as the main explanatory variable in this research. Using Youth in Europe (YIE) survey data administered to a representative sample of high school students in Istanbul City, correlates of marijuana, LSD, amphetamine and ecstasy use among adolescents are analyzed in this study. The logistic regression analyses reveal that, as hypothesized, strain operationalized by the negative life events experienced and having been exposed to physical violence, significantly affect drug use. In order to enhance our understanding of this significance and measure the magnitude of the effect controlling for the effect of other explanatory variables, Post simulation developed and advised by Long and Freese (2006) is used.

This study is among the first studies that evaluate the social impacts of terrorism in a specific country for a 10 year period. It tests the effects of terrorism on domestic net-migration in Turkey, especially in the terror infected provinces of the Eastern and South Eastern regions of the country between the years 1992 and 2001. Terrorism has impacted people not only physically, but also psychologically. When faced with "future uncertainty" or the "fear of terrorism," it is natural for people to leave their home towns, and to migrate to somewhere else where they feel safe. In order to explore the real impact of terrorism on immigration, this study used "terrorism incident rate" per 10,000 people and the "rate of people and security forces killed" per 10,000 people as independent variables. It also examined the major economic effects of migration; unemployment rate and the GDP were used as control variables. In addition, the rate of killed terrorists, population density, and the distance to Istanbul and to Mersin were also added to the models. A control-series regression analysis was performed to relate the terrorist incidents' impact on the citizens' inclinations to leave their home towns in all provinces and in high terrorism incident provinces of East and Southeast regions of Turkey. Results show that the net-migration in high terrorism incident provinces is higher than the net-migration in other provinces. Findings also confirm that there was a positive relationship between net-migration and terrorist incidents and that relationship was higher during 1992-1995, when the number of terrorist incidents hit its all time highest level. Other than terrorist incidents, results moreover confirm that net-migration is positively related to the number of "people and security forces killed".In addition, results also confirm that population density and distance were related to net-migration. Economic variables, such as GDP and unemployment also related to net migration. However, their impacts varied from model to model. While the GDP was negatively related to net-migration in the models with all the provinces; unemployment was positively related to net-migration in the models with only high terrorism incident provinces.

This thesis examines the way in which the United States of America and the State of Israel are represented in Turkish internet press. The newspapers that have been chosen for the analysis are Zaman and Hürriyet, which are two of the most read newspapers in the country, but at the same time differ from each other in a significant way. The first part concentrates on the history of the Turkish press and also outlines the general characteristics of the chosen newspapers. The second part provides a brief overview of Turkey's relations with the Unites States and Israel. The final part consists of an analysis of the newspaper articles that were published on the official internet websites of the abovementioned periodicals. The aim of this thesis is to examine to what extent the editorial line of both periodicals and the general ideology behind them influences the style of the articles and the criteria which decide the content and selection of these articles. In the last part, I shall also compare and contrast the image of the USA and Israel that Zaman and Hürriyet present their readers.