Setenta e seis amostras intestinais de lotes de perus apresentando ou não sinais clínicos de enterite foram avaliadas quanto à presença de adenovírus grupo 1 (TAV), vírus da enterite hemorrágica dos perus (HEV), astrovírus tipo 1 e 2 (TAstV-1 e TAstV-2), coronavírus dos perus (TCoV), reovírus, rotavírus e vírus da nefrite aviária (ANV) através da reação em cadeia da polimerase. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados quanto à região geográfica de origem das amostras, idade das aves e presença de sinais clínicos nos lotes. Foi detectada elevada positividade das amostras para pelo menos um vírus (93,4%), e grande número de amostras com associações de mais de um vírus (69,7%). Santa Catarina foi o estado com maior média de número de vírus detectados em associação nas amostras (3,14) e Goiás o estado com menor média (1,73). As amostras provenientes de aves em fase inicial de criação (1 a 4 semanas de idade) tiveram média de 3,20 vírus detectados por amostra, e 85% de detecção de TAstV-1 e TCoV (os mais frequentes), enquanto que na fase de terminação (5 a 18 semanas) foi observada menor média de vírus associados nas amostras (2,41), e os agentes mais detectados foram TAstV-1 (57,1%) e rotavírus (51,8%), no entanto, todos os vírus apresentaram menor frequência na fase de terminação do que na inicial, com exceção do TAV e reovírus. Quando os sinais clínicos estavam presentes todos os vírus foram detectados em maior percentual (sendo TAstV-1, TAstV-2 e TCoV os mais frequentes) do que nos lotes sem sinais clínicos, onde TAstV-1 e rotavírus foram os mais frequentes. Estudos posteriores são necessários para a compreensão do papel de cada vírus no desenvolvimento de enterites. / Intestinal samples from seventy-six Brazilian turkey flocks affected or not with intestinal disorders were evaluated for the presence of Adenovirus group 1 (TAV), hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), Astrovirus type 1 and 2 (TAstV-1 e TAstV-2), turkey Coronavirus (TCoV), Reovirus, Rotavirus and avian nephritis virus (ANV) using the polimerase chain reaction. Geographic location, age of the flocks and the presence of clinical signs were analyzed in order to find a relationship with the viral detection. A high frequency of positive samples for at least one virus was observed (93,4%) and 69,7% of the samples showed an association of more than one agent. The highest average number of viruses detected in association (3,14) was found in the state of Santa Catarina and Goias showed the lowest average (1,73). An average of 3,20 viruses per sample was detected in poults in initial phase of the production cycle (1 to 4 weeks of age), and TAstV-1 and TCoV were detected in 85% of the samples (the most frequent viruses), while the terminanting phase (5 to 18 weeks) showed lower average number of viruses in association (2,41), and the most frequent viruses were TAstV-1 (57,1%) and rotavírus (51,8%). However, all the viruses were detected more frequently in the initial phase rather than in the terminating phase, in exception of TAV and reoviruses. A higher detection of the viruses was observed in poults with clinical signs (as TAstV-1, TAstV-2 and TCoV were the most frequent) compared to normal birds (as TAstV-1 and rotavirus were the most frequent). Furher researches should focus on the description and comprehension of the role of each virus, and the different combinations of viruses, in the development of enteric disease.

Ziel der Dissertation war die Überprüfung der klinischen Wirksamkeit von Natriumsalicylat bei respiratorischen Erkrankungen von Mastputen unter Feldbedingungen. Bisher existieren keine konkreten Richtlinien bzw. Modelle zum Versuchsaufbau beim Geflügel, und explizit bei der Pute, zur Durchführung einer derartigen Studie. Daher stellten sowohl die Konzeption als auch die Implementierung eines Studiendesigns zur Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit eines Antiphlogistikums bei der Mastpute unter Feldbedingungen eine zusätzliche elementare Zielsetzung dieser Promotion dar. Die in dieser Dissertationsschrift entwickelten Feldstudien orientieren sich an den Leitlinien der good clinical practice sowie der guideline for the conduct of efficacy studies for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs und entsprechen der Wertigkeitsklasse Ia der evidenzbasierten Veterinärmedizin. Jede der drei Feldstudien wurde als kontrollierte, randomisierte und verblindete Parallelgruppenstudie in verschiedenen Regionen Deutschlands durchgeführt und gliederte sich in eine viertägige experimentelle Phase (EP) und eine siebentägige postexperimentelle Phase (PoP). Die zunächst definierten Arbeitshypothesen bekamen entsprechende Beurteilungskriterien zugewiesen. Unter deren Nutzung erfolgte die spätere Evaluierung, inwieweit die entzündungshemmende Wirkung von Natriumsalicylat imstande war, den Heilungsprozess der respiratorischen Grunderkrankung zu beschleunigen und eine verbesserte restitutio ad integrum hervorzurufen.

Based on ongoing research, the poultry industry is utilizing increasingly more wheat distillers dried grains with solubles (wDDGS) as a feed ingredient. High fiber in wDDGS is a major factor contributing to reduced nutrient intake and digestion of nutrients in the diet. Hence, the research conducted looks at emerging technologies (e.g., enzymes and/or feed processes (extrusion) and/or wet feeding) to overcome the limitations in diets containing higher levels of WDDGS. The dietary treatments were evaluated by monitoring turkey performance and utilization of the nutrients. All dietary treatments in the respective experiments were formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirement of the Hybrid Converter turkey standards. With the exception of experiment 2 (0-72d) test diets were fed from 7-21d. In Experiment 1, 0 and 30% wDDGS diets were supplemented with protease (P+; 0.126 g/kg) or β-mannanase (M+; 0.05g/kg); further, diets containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% wDDGS with no enzyme were compared. A positive (P<0.05) main effect of 30% was reported for 21d body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). A significant main effect [21d apparent metabolizable energy (AME); 30%] and interactions [(enzymes x levels (0 and 30%); 21d AME and nitrogen retention (NR)] were found. A quadratic (P<0.01) response was found for FCR, that was superior for 30%. A quadratic (P<0.01) response was also found for both NR and AME; both were highest for 10% wDDGS diets. In Experiment 2, diets containing 0, 15 and 30% wDDGS with no enzyme were compared; further, the 30% wDDGS diet was supplemented with enzymes (protease or β-mannanase). Water intake per pen was monitored beginning at 7 d. There was no effect of dietary treatment on overall feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW). Total feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P<0.05; 0-72d) was significantly improved for birds fed 30% wDDGS regardless of enzyme treatment compared other dietary treatments. There were trends for higher water intake (mL/b/d) with 30%P+ diets as compared to the other diets. The higher water intake may be a factor of the higher fiber in this diet, but it was exacerbated by only the protease enzyme. Experiment 3 evaluated the effect of extrusion (EX) and an enzyme cocktail (E; 0.5g/kg) on wDDGS. Diets containing 0, 15 and 30% wDDGS with/without enzyme were tested; further, the 15 and 30% wDDGS with/without EX and E were compared. There was no effect of EX or E on BW and FI. Feeding higher WDDGS (30%) depressed performance, but an improved NR and AME was recorded. In Experiment 4, a small study was conducted to evaluate if wet feeding (WF; 1.2 mL water: 1.0 g feed) of diets with 30% wDDGS would impact turkey poult performance. The WF significantly improved BW, FI and FCR. It is apparent from these studies that high levels of WDDGS were not detrimental to overall performance. The high levels of wDDGS with no loss of production would result in a higher demand of wDDGS for use in turkey diets. Overall, we saw no improvements in performance with individual supplementation of protease, β-mannanase or an enzyme cocktail. Neither was extrusion of wDDGS beneficial. Voluntary feed consumption is improved when diets are wetted before feeding.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S. in botany)--Washington State University, May 2010. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on May 21, 2010). "School of Biological Sciences." Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-54).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 304 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 253-304). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-13T14:50:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-03-25Bitstream added on 2014-08-13T18:00:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000750745_20141231.pdf: 284105 bytes, checksum: e4d85ebdcd610645415aaa6977bf21ef (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-01-05T11:00:48Z: 000750745_20141231.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-01-05T11:01:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000750745.pdf: 752700 bytes, checksum: db1caa29e2a3cdcced4a6fd9a12e798a (MD5) / O Brasil possui a terceira maior produção mundial de perus, e é o segundo maior exportador desta ave. As proteínas de fase aguda são sintetizadas principalmente nos hepatócitos, porém, também há produção extra-hepática. Isto é causado por citocinas pró inflamatórias, tais como Interleucinas IL-1, IL-6 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α), responsáveis pela indução da síntese e secreção dessas proteínas, principalmente pelo fígado, frente uma infecção ou inflamação. O principal propósito desta investigação é demonstrar como as proteínas de fase aguda podem servir de ferramenta para monitorar a eficácia da vacinação contra a doença de Newcastle, utilizando-se as cepas LaSota ativada e inativada em perus fêmeas em fase de produção, ao se comparar com um grupo controle não vacinado. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) para as concentrações da alfa-1 glicoproteína ácida entre o grupo vacinado com a cepa LaSota inativada e o grupo vacinado com a cepa LaSota ativada, na 36ª semana. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) para as concentrações de IgG cadeia pesada entre o grupo vacinado com a cepa LaSota inativada e o grupo vacinado com a cepa LaSota ativada, na 38ª semana. Na 46ª semana, as concentrações de proteínas totais apresentaram diferença significativa (p<0,05), entre o grupo vacinado com a cepa LaSota inativada e o grupo controle. Na 48ª semana foram observadas diferenças significativas (p<0,05) para as concentrações da ovotransferrina, entre o grupo vacinado com a cepa LaSota ativada e o grupo vacinado com a cepa LaSota inativada e as concentrações séricas da IgG de cadeia leve apresentaram diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre o grupo vacinado com a cepa LaSota inativada em relação ao grupo controle. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) para as concentrações da alfa-1 glicoproteína ácida entre o grupo controle e o grupo vacinado com cepa LaSota inativada, na ... / Brazil has the third largest worldwide production of turkeys, and is the second largest exporter of this bird. The acute phase proteins are synthesized mainly in hepatocytes, but there is also an extrahepatic production. This is promoted by inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukins IL-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), responsible for the induction of synthesis and secretion of these protein in response to an infection or inflammation. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how the acute phase proteins could be used as tools to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination against Newcastle disease, using the LaSota activated and inactivated strains in female egg-laying turkeys when compared with a non-vaccinated control group. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found for the concentrations of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein between the group vaccinated with the LaSota inactivated strain and the group vaccinated with LaSota activated strain at 36 weeks. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found for the concentrations of IgG heavy chain from the group vaccinated with the LaSota inactivated strain and the group vaccinated with the LaSota activated strain at 38 weeks. In the 46th week, the total protein concentrations showed significant differences (p<0.05) between the group vaccinated with the LaSota inactivated strain and the control group. On week 48 significant differences (p<0.05) were found for the concentrations of ovotransferrin, between vaccinated birds with LaSota activated strain and the group vaccinated with the LaSota inactivated strain, and serum concentrations of IgG light chain showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the group vaccinated with the LaSota inactivated strain in the control group. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found for the concentrations of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein between the control group and the group vaccinated with LaSota inactivated ...

Orientador: Oswaldo Durival Rossi Júnior / Banca: Luiz Augusto do Amaral / Banca: Naiá Carla Marchi de Rezende Lago / Resumo: Com o objetivo de avaliar as condições higiênicas e sanitárias de carcaças congeladas de perus, temperadas, foram colhidas 63 amostras no comércio varejista da região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo, levadas ao Laboratório de Análise de Alimentos de Origem Animal e Água, Campus de Jaboticabal, SP, e submetidas à determinação do Número Mais Provável (NMP) de coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes e Escherichia coli, à quantificação de microrganismos heterotróficos mesófilos, psicrotróficos, Staphylococcus spp., Staphylococcus coagulase positivo e Staphylococcus aureus, e também à pesquisa e tipificação de bactérias do gênero Salmonella, bem como identificar, in vitro, os antimicrobianos mais eficazes contra os microrganismos isolados. Todas as 63 amostras analisadas mostraram-se de acordo com os padrões microbiológicos estabelecidos na RDC 12/2001 da ANVISA, com limite de 104NMP/g para população de coliformes termotolerantes. Em nenhuma das 63 amostras analisadas foi identificado Staphylococcus aureus e também não foram encontrados microrganismos do gênero Salmonella. Os resultados atribuem condições higiênicas e sanitárias satisfatórias às carcaças congeladas de peru, temperadas, comercializadas no varejo da região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. Entretanto, cuidados devem ser tomados pelo consumidor no sentido de garantir que os produtos não sejam expostos a temperaturas acima da refrigeração que permitam a multiplicação dos microrganismos presentes, especialmente dos Staphylococcus coagulase positivo, que apesar de não serem estabelecidos limites populacionais para estes microrganismos na legislação vigente para este produto, se apresentaram em populações moderadamente elevadas, constituindo risco caso sejam mantidos em condições de refrigeração inadequadas / Abstract: This research aims to evaluate the hygienic and sanitary conditions of frozen carcasses of turkeys, temperated, 63 samples were taken at retail in the northeastern region of São Paulo, brought to the Food Analysis Laboratory of Animal Origin and Water, Jaboticabal, SP, and the samples were submitted to different determinations: populations of mesophilic aerobic bacteria and psychotropics, Staphylococcus spp., coagulase positive Staphylococcus and Staphylococcus aureus enumeration, Most Probable Number (MPN) of total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli, as well as to research and typing bacteria of the genus Salmonella, and identify, in vitro, the most effective antibiotics against the isolated microorganisms. All 63 samples were found according to the microbiological standards established in the RDC 12/2001 ANVISA, on limit 104NMP/g for thermotolerant coliform population. In the 63 samples were not identified Staphylococcus aureus and also microorganisms of the genus Salmonella. The results gave satisfactory sanitary conditions to frozen carcasses of turkey, temperated, sold in outlets in the northeastern region of São Paulo. However, cares must be taken by the consumers to ensure that the products are not exposed to temperatures above refrigeration that allow the multiplication of microorganisms, especially Staphylococcus coagulase positive, although there isn't population limits for these microorganisms in the current legislation for this product, presented at moderately high populations, constituting a risk if they are kept in conditions of inadequate cooling / Mestre

A Salmonella sp permanece com um dos mais importantes patógenos transmissores de enfermidades veiculadas através dos alimentos em todo mundo. A carne de aves está entre as principais causadoras das toxinfecções alimentares quando contaminadas pelo gênero Salmonella. Neste estudo foram isolados 280 sorovares de Salmonella das carcaças de frango e peru através do Programa de Redução de Patógenos (PRP-MAPA) na região sul do país. A maior prevalência ocorreu para a Salmonella Enteritidis (55,7%). Nas carcaças de frango, a S. Enteritidis alcançou 63,3% dos isolados, porém nas carcaças de peru este sorovar não passou dos 14,0%. Entre os estados do sul (PR, SC e RS), não houve diferenças nos isolados de S.Enteritidis. Foram 25 os sorovares de Salmonella sp isolados das carcaças de aves. Destes apenas 14 em perus e 23 nos frangos. A S. Tennessee e Salmonella enterica subespecie enterica (O: 4,5), foram isoladas somente em carcaças de perus e a S. Hadar foi a mais prevalente, 18,6%. Nos testes de difusão em placas, foram desafiadas 178 cepas frente a 24 antimicrobianos. Todas as cepas de Salmonella sp foram resistentes a bacitracina e a penicilina e 78,2% apresentaram resistência a pelo menos um antimicrobiano quando excluídas as drogas anteriormente citadas, sendo que todas as amostras foram sensíveis a amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico, polimixina B, ciprofloxacina e norfloxacina. A maior taxa de resistência das amostras foi observada frente ao ácido nalidíxico de 52,2%, seguido da nitrofurantoína (28,8%), neomicina (14,6), tetraciclina (12,4%) e canamicina (10,1%). Nas amostras isoladas de perus estes índices foram maiores para o ácido nalidíxico (62,8%), tetraciclina (34,9%) e neomicina (30,2%), havendo diferenças significativas para os dois últimos quando comparados aos isolados de frango. Embora o índice de resistência a enrofloxacina de 2,2% no segmento aves seja baixo, chama atenção que, por tratar-se de um antimicrobiano quimicamente modificado a taxa de resistência nas amostras de perus tenha sido de 9,3%.O sorovar S. Enteritidis apresentou a maior taxa de resistência ao ácido nalidíxico (72,0%) e menor para tetraciclina (1,1%). Por outro lado, foi comprovada a presença de cepas multiresistentes em 46,1% dos isolados das carcaças de aves, principalmente nas amostras de perus nos sorovares S. Hadar e S. Saintpaul, que foram resistentes no mínimo a quatro e no máximo onze antimicrobianos. Este estudo demonstrou qual a prevalência e o perfil de resistência aos antimicrobianos dos sorovares de Salmonella sp isoladas das carcaças de aves na região Sul do Brasil e devido a sua importância em saúde animal e saúde pública, pode sugerir a criação de um Programa Nacional de Monitoramento da Resistência Bacteriana aos Antimicrobianos. / Salmonella sp remains as one of the most important foodborne pathogens worldwide. Poultry meat is among the most frequently involved foods regarding human food poisoning cases. In this study, two hundred and eighty Salmonella isolates were detected from broiler and turkey carcasses submitted to the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA)´s Pathogens Reduction Program (PRPMAPA) in Southern Brazil. Twenty five Salmonella serovars were isolated in the poultry carcasses, being 14 in turkey and 23 in broilers. The most prevalent serovar was Salmonella Enteritidis (57,7%). In broiler carcasses, S. Enteritidis reached a 63,3% prevalence, while in turkeys carcasses this serovar presented a comparatively lower index (14,0%). Among the Brazilian Southern States (PR, SC and RS) there were no significative differences in the percentage of isolated S. Enteritidis. S. Tennessee and Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica (O: 4,5) were isolated in turkeys, but not in broiler carcasses. S. Hadar was most prevailing in turkeys (18,6%). Regarding the diffusion test applied to 178 isolates, they were challenged against 24 antimicrobials. As expected, all isolates were resistant to bacitracin and penicillin, while 78,2% presented resistance to at least one antimicrobial drug when the ones above were excluded. All samples were sensitive to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, polymixin B, cyprofloxacin and norfloxacin. The highest resistance rate was observed against nalidixic acid (52,2%), followed by nitrofurantoin (28,8%), neomycin (14,6%), tetracycline (12,4%) and canamycin (10,1%). In turkeys the rates were higher to nalidixic acid (62,8%), tetracycline (34,9%) and neomycin (30,2%) showing significant differences for the latter two when compared to the ones isolated in broilers. S. Enteriditis isolates showed a higher resistance to nalidixic acid (72,0%) and lower to tetracycline (1,1%). Presence of multiresistant isolates was proven in 46,1% of the isolated poultry carcasses, mainly in the turkey samples related to the presence of S. Hadar and S. Saintpaul serovars, which were resistant to at least four to a maximum of eleven antimicrobials. This study was able to demonstrate the prevalence and the antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella serovars isolated from poultry carcasses in Southern Brazil. These findings reinforce the need for the creation of a National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Programme in Brazil, which will be able to contribute to an overdue controlled use of these drugs in food producing animals.

A enterite necrótica causada por Clostridium perfringens é, comprovadamente, um grande problema para frangos de corte, seja sob a forma clínica ou subclínica , com elevados prejuízos produtivos. Em perus, não está claramente identificada a influência deste patógeno sobre os resultados produtivos, e provavelmente por razões econômicas, o volume de pesquisa nesta área é limitado. Em dois experimentos consecutivos, conduzidos em granjas experimentais diferentes, e sobre cama nova e reutilizada, perus de 14 dias, sem medicação com anticoccidianos, foram inoculados, a partir de uma amostra de campo patogênica, com uma superdosagem de aproximadamente 1 x 1010 UFC/ml de Clostridium perfringens, tipo A; bactéria anaeróbica Gram positiva, que compõe a microflora intestinal dos perus. Lesões necróticas severas, com grande destruição da mucosa intestinal, foram observadas após o 4º dia de inoculação. Nos dois experimentos, a resposta dos perus à infecção foi diferente da descrita em frangos de corte. A mortalidade foi muito baixa ou nula e a recuperação das aves, independente da medicação utilizada, foi rápida com pouco ou nenhum comprometimento zootécnico. Escores das lesões histológicas foram desenvolvidos, para tentar correlacionar as lesões macroscópicas com as lesões microscópicas, mas a correlação foi baixa. Frente ao alto desafio observado, não foi possível avaliar adequadamente a ação do antimicrobiano utilizado. As respostas frente aos desafios de Clostridium perfringens nos perus, aparentam ser diferentes em relação às observadas em frangos de corte, sendo necessária cautela ao extrapolar padrões de uma espécie para outra. O uso de critérios subjetivos nas avaliações podem comprometer a tomada de decisão em relação aos tratamentos e as respostas esperadas. / Necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens represents a major challenge in broilers, causing clinical or sub clinical diseases, and results in important economic losses for the poultry industry. In turkeys, however, the importance of this pathogen is not clearly defined, and there are few studies assessing its effects on the performance of turkeys, most probably for economic reasons. In two consecutive trials, conducted in two experimental farms, 14 day old turkey poults were reared on new and reused wood shavings litter, without any anticoccidials in the feed, and were inoculated with an overdose of approximately 1x1010 CFU/ml of a pathogenic field sample of Clostridium perfringens type A. This Gram positive anaerobic bacterium is a normal inhabitant of the gut micro flora in the enteric tract of turkeys. Severe necrotic lesions, with major damage to the intestinal mucosa were observed on Day 4 after inoculation. In both trials, the response to the turkeys to the clostridial infection was clearly different from what is described in the literature for broilers. The mortality rate was very low or inexistent, and the birds in all treatments groups recovered very fast, with little or no impact on performance results. An attempt was made to establish a pattern to correlate histological lesion scores with macroscopic and microscopic lesions, but the resulting correlation was very low. Considering the high level of challenge induced in both trials, it was not possible to evaluate in activity of the antibiotic in proper terms. The response of turkeys to a high level of challenge with Clostridium perfringens seems to be different when compared to what is observed in broilers under similar experimental conditions, and caution should be applied when using the same diagnostic methods for different species. The use of subjective criteria to assess and describe the lesions can lead to erroneous treatments decisions and misinterpretation of the responses to treatment.