L’objectif de cette recherche consiste à décrire les types d’erreurs d’orthographe des étudiants iraniens en langue française et à mener une analyse qualitative et quantitative de l’évolution de chaque type d’erreur pendant les quatre années de licence dans le système de l’enseignement supérieur de la discipline « Langue française » en Iran. Cette analyse descriptive est suivie d’une discussion étiologique de ces erreurs d’orthographe sur la base de deux hypothèses majeures : le rôle de la dissemblance entre les deux systèmes phonologiques français et persan et les formes de l’enseignement supérieur de la langue française en Iran. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, une dictée traditionnelle d’un texte sélectif a été menée auprès de 313 étudiants iraniens de la première à la quatrième et dernière année de licence de langue française de toutes les universités publiques et privées de la ville de Téhéran. Les erreurs orthographiques desdits étudiants ont été classées selon la typologie proposée par A.Chervel et D.Manesse (1989), légèrement modifiée, qui comprend huit types d’erreurs appartenant aux domaines de « langue », de « grammaire » et de « lexique ». L’étude des différents types d’erreurs orthographiques des étudiants iraniens de notre échantillon montre que leurs erreurs orthographiques les plus fréquentes sont de deux types : 1- erreurs préorthographiques (domaine « langue ») comportant les erreurs de non-reconnaissance du mot et les erreurs de type phonétique ; 2- erreurs orthographiques d’orthographe grammaticale. L’étude de l’évolution des erreurs orthographiques desdits étudiants montre que les types d’erreurs restent les mêmes de la première à la dernière année de licence et que leur fréquence diminue quoiqu’elle n’atteigne pas le degré zéro. La fréquence élevée, chez les étudiants de notre échantillon, des erreurs de type phonétique et des erreurs d’orthographe grammaticale confirme les deux hypothèses déjà mentionnées de cette recherche. / The aim of this research is to describe the types of orthographical errors of Iranian students in French language and to conduct a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the evolution of each type of error during the four years of bachelor degree (B.A.) in the system of higher education of the French language discipline in Iran. This descriptive analysis is followed by a etiological discussion of orthographical errors based on two key assumptions : the role of the dissimilarity between the two phonological systems of French and Persian languages and the characteristics of higher education of French language in Iran. To achieve this objective, an oral dictation with a selective text was read out to 313 Iranian students from the first to the fourth year of undergraduate French language in all public and private universities in Tehran city. The orthographical errors of these students were classified according to the typology proposed by A.Chervel and D.Manesse (1989), slightly modified, with eight types of errors from the categories of "language", "grammar" and "lexicon". The study of different types of orthographical errors of Iranian students in our sample showed that their most common errors are of two types : 1 – preorthographical errors ("language" category) which contain errors on the non-recognition of the word and on the phonetical errors ; 2 – orthographical errors which contain the grammatical errors. The study of the evolution of orthographical errors of these students showed that the errors will remain the same from the first to the last year of B.A. degree and decrease in frequency but not reach to zero level. The high frequency of phonological and grammatical orthographical errors among students in our sample confirms the mentioned assumptions of this research.

The thesis' main topic concerns issues of ceramic typologies of the field survey assemblages. The case study subject is represented by an assemblage originating from the Sherobod oasis, Uzbekistan, a significant district of ancient Bactria and a sphere of the Czech araeological mission's activities. The thesis aspires to define in theory, what are the most convenient features of a typology of heterogeneous and numerous assemblages. The work consists of two main sections. The textual section is theoretical. Attention is paid to the fundamentals of categorical thinking and concept of fuzzy logic is proposed for broader application in archaeological typologies. The second section presents an extensive, previously unpublished catalogue of pottery finds withdrawn within the activities of the Institute for Classical Archaeology, Prague, conducted by PhDr. Ladislav Stančo, Ph.D.

The goal of this paper is to map and classify the short stories of French author Marcel Aymé. In the first part of the work the characterstics of the short story as a literary genre are defined and its evolution during the 20th century is illustrated. In the second part, Aymé's life is described as well as general characteristics of his work are exposed and put into contemporary literary context. In the third and main part of the work, Aymé's short stories are presented and the thematic groups are stated (set up as based on the lecture of Aymé's collected short stories), into which the individual stories can be included. Each one of these groups is then explained separately and its general characteristics are outlined. The conclusion then presents the basic thematic overview of the stories.

(English) This master thesis deals with specific approach to Greek native speakers whilst teaching Czech as foreign language. On the basis of typological comparison of Czech with Modern Greek it seeks similarities and differences between those two languages and draws conclusions for teaching. This paper also concerns with concepts of grammar, teaching methods and presentation of selected grammatical categories from the didactics point of view. The practical part of the thesis proceeds from the research focused on Modern Greek verbal system and suggests that one of the alternatives how to teach the category of aspect to Greek native speakers is using temporal-aspectual markers. The purpose of this thesis is to provide Czech teachers with linguodidactic recommendations facilitating teaching students of Greek origin.

Fertility patterns in European Union Abstract The main objective of the thesis is to create a typology of fertility in the countries of European Union. The variables entering the analysis are demographic indicators of fertility (total fertility rate, mean age of women at first birth) and opinion poll Eurobarometer 75.4 (ideal number of children, sociodemographic variables). Fertility is analyzed from 1960 until 2014. The main part of the thesis focuses on 2011, when census and opinion poll were conducted. Deeper analysis is performed by using cluster analysis and Poisson regression. The result of the thesis is the typology of fertility based on theories explaining fertility changes and empirical analysis. Keywords: fertility, typology, European Union, ideal number of children, cluster analysis, Poisson regression

The thesis deals with the exploration and deeper understanding of the problems of relations personality typology and style of management of executives in the Czech education system, ie directors, from the perspective of self-concept. The purpose is to ascertain existence of a relationship between personality characteristics and the manner of school management. What typology director of the Czech education system can be considered effective in relation to the management of educational institutions such as the Czech school and whether this environment calls for a new, own typology. Based on the theoretical background and knowledge dealing with the personality and different theories about its typology, managerial approach to the school principal in the Czech Republic, management styles, the typology of the existence of related areas. The survey will be a combination of forms, in the form of a questionnaire in the form of semi-structured interviews. The basic research sample are directors of art schools of the Czech Republic.

Small-class school is a kind of school where two or more classes are taught together. This type of organization is demanding for teachers, their lesson planning and the whole learning process. Important part of small-class teacher's activity is indirect pedagogical work. It means organization of regular or irregular activities which are necessary for socio-cultural function of those schools in a village. It is possible to label small-class schools as alternative schools where unconventional teaching methods are used. Main goal of this thesis was to find out which types of teaching methods and didactic tools are used most frequently in small-class schools. Other goals of this thesis were to describe a range of indirect pedagogical work and co-operation of small-class schools with special pedagogues.

Le XVIe siècle qui voit l'expansion de l'empire ottoman en Méditerranée orientale, propulse la petite bourgade d'Alger au rang de capitale de Régence et bastion militaire de la Porte Sublime, sur les côtes du Maghreb, face à l'hégémonie de l'empire espagnol. Les Ottomans qui la transforment en ville guerrière, lui créent un port artificiel, la dotent de nouveaux remparts et établissent autour d'elle, un réseau de points de fortification, qui quadrille le territoire et contrôle la province. Entre 1516 et 1830, Alger qui est surnommée al Maḥrūssa (la bien gardée), reste imprenable par la mer. Son souci permanent de protection se traduit par un renforcement et un entretien continuels de ses fortifications. Cet essai qui ne prétend qu'à une contribution au vaste champ de recherche d'un corpus inédit, est une enquête sur une architecture totalement inexplorée, sur la base d'archives et de relevés in situ. L'exploration des archives du Génie militaire français, constituant une source fondamentale en grande partie inédite, servira à la restitution de la structure défensive de la province d'Alger. L'intérêt de ce travail réside principalement dans l'identification des typologies constructive et architecturale militaires d'Alger ottoman, qui permettent de cerner la culture constructive de guerre ottomane en Afrique du Nord. / The 16th century which saw the expansion of the ottoman empire in Eastern Mediterranean, propels the small town of Algiers to the rank of capital of Regency and military bastion of the Sublime Porte, on the Maghreb coast, facing the hegemony of the Spanish empire. The Ottomans who transform it into city Warrior, creates an artificial port, equipped with new ramparts and establish around it, a network of points of fortification, which quadrille the territory and supervise the province. Between 1516 and 1830, Algiers which is called al Maḥrūssa (well kept), remains impregnable by the sea. Its permanent concern for protection is to show the strengthened and continual maintenance of its fortifications. This essay claiming to a contribution to the vast field of research of an unpublished corpus is an investigation into a totally unexplored architecture, on the basis of archives and records in situ. The exploration of the archives of the French military engineering, constituting a fundamental source largely unpublished, will serve as the return of the defensive structure of the province of Algiers. The interest of this work lies mainly in the identification of the military constructive typologies and architectural of ottoman Algiers, which identify the constructive culture of Ottoman war in North Africa.

La carrière des cadres est un objet de recherche toujours d’actualité. Que la carrière soit appréhendée dans un contexte organisationnel ou hors organisation, la carrière est diverse, influencée par les contextes et les transitions professionnelles.Cette thèse aborde par une démarche qualitative les trajectoires de carrière des cadres qui ont connu de nombreuses transitions professionnelles. Les hommes et les femmes interrogés ont tous participé à un programme d’accompagnement de leur dernière transition professionnelle au sein d’une association à but non lucratif.Nous les avons rencontrés après cette transition : ils ont tous retrouvé un emploi. Notre recherche a cherché à comprendre leurs trajectoires professionnelles, la manière dont ils ont rebondi, leurs transitions professionnelles successives.Cette recherche présente plusieurs intérêts tant pour le chercheur que pour le manager. Tout d’abord, nous avons identifié les déterminants des transitions professionnelles dans les trajectoires. Ensuite, l’utilisation d’un questionnaire sur les ancres de carrière nous a permis de distinguer des groupes de cadres selon leurs ancres dominantes.Un autre intérêt de notre recherche est l’utilisation de la typologie de Driver appliquée à nos groupes.Le dernier intérêt de notre travail de recherche est la mise en évidence de l’interdépendance du sentiment de réussite, des ancres de carrière et de la typologie de Driver pour l’étude des trajectoires professionnelles actuelles / The careers of executives are a recurring subject of research. Wether career is apprehended in an organizational context or outside organization, it is diverse, influenced by the contexts and professional transitions.This thesis uses a qualitative approach of career paths of executives who experienced many professional career transitions. Men and women interviewed were all involved in an accompanying program offered by a non-profit organization during their last professional transition.We met them after this transition: they all found jobs. Our research sought to understand their career paths, the way they rebounded from career setbacks, their successive professional career transitions.This research has several advantages for both the researcher and the manager. First, we identified the main determinants of professional transitions in the trajectories. Then, by using a questionnaire on career anchors we defined groups of executives based on their dominant anchors

Les variations affectant les dimensions et la forme de l’os hyoïde sont analysées chez le vivant à partir de tomodensitométries volumétriques en faisceau conique (CBCT) et complétées par des téléradiographies. Ces variations sont mises en relation avec différents paramètres biologiques (âge, sexe, population). La documentation regroupe 94 enfants et 83 adultes issus de 2 échantillons de populations, Française et Vietnamienne. Pour la première fois, l’existence d’une croissance différentielle de l’os hyoïde entre filles et garçons est mise en évidence, en termes d'amplitude et de chronologie des modifications osseuses. Chez l’adulte, la fusion des grandes cornes au corps de l'os hyoïde intervient dans l’évolution des dimensions de l'os mais ce processus biologique ne présente aucune loi prédictive. Aucune différence significative de l'âge de cette fusion n’est observée entre hommes et femmes et les facteurs l’influençant restent inconnus. Des variations affectant les dimensions et la forme de l'os hyoïde entre populations sont identifiées. La classification de la morphologie de l'os hyoïde selon 6 catégories qui est proposée consitue un outil pour l’étude des séries archéologiques. Des corrélations significatives entre les dimensions de l'os hyoïde et les voies aériennes supérieures sont observées, confirmant leurs relations étroites et réciproques, tant anatomique que fonctionnelle. Tous ces paramètres, évalués dans différents types faciaux, montrent en revanche des manifestations plus complexes qui nécessitent plus de recherche pour affiner les résultats. / In this study, variations of size, shape and position of the hyoid bone are analyzed with different biological parameters (age, sex, population) from Cone Beam CT and reconstitued radiographs of living people. The study sample includes 94 children and 83 adults from two populations French and Vietnamese. The results bring the first evidence of a differential growth of the hyoid bone between girls and boys in terms of magnitude and timing of bone changes. In adults, the fusion of the greater cornua with the hyoid body is involved in the dimensional changes of the bone but no significant influencing factor (like sex or population) for this biological process can be confirmed. Variations of dimension and shape of the hyoid bone between populations are identified. Within the study, a new morphological classification of the hyoid bone based on metric data is proposed. This classification distinguishes 6 categories of shape and constitutes a tool for studies of archaeological series. Significant correlations between dimensions and position of the hyoid bone and upper airways is observed, thus confirming their close mutual relationships, both anatomical and functional. All these parameters, analyzed in different facial types, show, however, a complex interaction that requires more research to refine the results.