Due to inherent rigidity of oligoproline peptides, forcing the C- and N-terminus in proximity for cyclization can be of significant challenge. To address this issue, a cyclization condition involing the help of amphoteric aziridine aldehydes has been developed. This one step cyclization protocol generally proceeds in high yields and goes to completion in relatively short period of time. Despite their cyclic nature, the resulting molecules display spectroscopic characteristics of polyproline II helices. These macrocycles should facilitate systematic studies of various conformational states of polyproline-containing protein regions.

Due to inherent rigidity of oligoproline peptides, forcing the C- and N-terminus in proximity for cyclization can be of significant challenge. To address this issue, a cyclization condition involing the help of amphoteric aziridine aldehydes has been developed. This one step cyclization protocol generally proceeds in high yields and goes to completion in relatively short period of time. Despite their cyclic nature, the resulting molecules display spectroscopic characteristics of polyproline II helices. These macrocycles should facilitate systematic studies of various conformational states of polyproline-containing protein regions.

Na primeira parte deste trabalho apresentamos uma forma eficiente para sintetizar quinze novos compostos α-amino-1,3-dicarbonílicos através da reação multicomponente de Ugi. Para estas sínteses foi utilizado o microrreator de fluxo contínuo, um aparelho que possibilita uma excelente transferência de calor, de massa e alta relação superfície / volume. Algumas das vantagens em se utilizar um microrreator de fluxo contínuo na síntese são: redução do tempo de reação, aumento de rendimento, seletividade das reações e menor geração de resíduos. Foi possível assim estudar as reações químicas em condições inéditas, variando parâmetros como: temperatura, pressão, tempo de residência e relação estequiométrica. Um comparativo de rendimento da síntese de quatro moléculas foi realizado e pôde-se notar a eficiência do equipamento utilizado, pois os rendimentos obtidos foram superiores quando as mesmas moléculas foram sintetizadas através da reação one-pot. Um scale-up da reação de Ugi também foi realizado e apresentou um resultado satisfatório. Na segunda parte alguns destes compostos foram utilizados como intermediários na formação de uma ligação amídica e também aplicamos a metodologia relacionada à cicloadição catalisada por cobre entre alquinos e azidas na síntese de cinco novos compostos 1,2,3-triazóis. Este foi o primeiro trabalho realizado no Laboratório de Compostos Heterocíclicos da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas utilizando o microrreator de fluxo contínuo e este equipamento atendeu as necessidades deste trabalho com efetividade. / The first part of this work we present an efficient way to synthesize fifteen new α-amino-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds through the multicomponent Ugi reaction. For these syntheses was used the continuous flow micro-reactor, an equipment that allows an excellent transfer of heat, mass and high surface / volume ratio. Some of the advantages of using a continuous flow micro-reactor in the synthesis are: reduction of reaction time, increase of yield, selectivity of reactions and less generation of residues. It was possible to study the chemical reactions under new conditions, varying parameters such as: temperature, pressure, residence time and stoichiometric ratio. A yield comparison of the synthesis of four molecules was carried out and it was possible to note the efficiency of the equipment used, because the obtained yields were superior when the same molecules were synthesized through the one-pot reaction. A scale-up of the Ugi reaction was also performed and presented a satisfactory result. In the second part some of these compounds were used as intermediates in the formation of an amide bond and we also apply the methodology related to the copper catalyzed cycloaddition between alkynes and azides in the synthesis of five new 1,2,3-triazoles compounds. It was the first work performed in the Laboratory of Heterocyclic Compounds of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences using the continuous flow micro-reactor and this equipment met the needs of this work with effectiveness.

Operationally friendly protocols to produce libraries of novel small molecules with high molecular complexity are in huge demand for the interrogation of biological systems. As such, development of new MCRs and post-condensation modification of the MCR products have proven fruitful in the quest for new molecular probes and their expedited progression along the drug discovery value chain. The products thereof have found their way into numerous corporate compound collections. Crixivan (Indinavir), an antiretroviral, and Xylocaine (Lidocaine), a local anesthetic, are two examples of drugs derived from an MCR that have been marketed. The research topic of this dissertation encompasses the design and development of fifteen novel drug-like chemotypes in an operationally friendly, green, and expedited (≤ 3 synthetic operations) manner involving the Ugi MCR coupled with MAOS and high-throughput purification platforms. Over 500 drug-like small molecules (purity > 90% based on UV 214 nm and ELSD) have been synthesized, purified, and submitted to the NIH MLSMR for further biological evaluation against protein targets of interest. Furthermore, non-electrochemical carbamate oxidations enabling formation of N-acyliminium ion precursors, which are reactive intermediates that form the basis of a multitude of synthetic routes to natural products, have also been developed.

Na primeira parte deste trabalho apresentamos uma forma eficiente para sintetizar quinze novos compostos α-amino-1,3-dicarbonílicos através da reação multicomponente de Ugi. Para estas sínteses foi utilizado o microrreator de fluxo contínuo, um aparelho que possibilita uma excelente transferência de calor, de massa e alta relação superfície / volume. Algumas das vantagens em se utilizar um microrreator de fluxo contínuo na síntese são: redução do tempo de reação, aumento de rendimento, seletividade das reações e menor geração de resíduos. Foi possível assim estudar as reações químicas em condições inéditas, variando parâmetros como: temperatura, pressão, tempo de residência e relação estequiométrica. Um comparativo de rendimento da síntese de quatro moléculas foi realizado e pôde-se notar a eficiência do equipamento utilizado, pois os rendimentos obtidos foram superiores quando as mesmas moléculas foram sintetizadas através da reação one-pot. Um scale-up da reação de Ugi também foi realizado e apresentou um resultado satisfatório. Na segunda parte alguns destes compostos foram utilizados como intermediários na formação de uma ligação amídica e também aplicamos a metodologia relacionada à cicloadição catalisada por cobre entre alquinos e azidas na síntese de cinco novos compostos 1,2,3-triazóis. Este foi o primeiro trabalho realizado no Laboratório de Compostos Heterocíclicos da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas utilizando o microrreator de fluxo contínuo e este equipamento atendeu as necessidades deste trabalho com efetividade. / The first part of this work we present an efficient way to synthesize fifteen new α-amino-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds through the multicomponent Ugi reaction. For these syntheses was used the continuous flow micro-reactor, an equipment that allows an excellent transfer of heat, mass and high surface / volume ratio. Some of the advantages of using a continuous flow micro-reactor in the synthesis are: reduction of reaction time, increase of yield, selectivity of reactions and less generation of residues. It was possible to study the chemical reactions under new conditions, varying parameters such as: temperature, pressure, residence time and stoichiometric ratio. A yield comparison of the synthesis of four molecules was carried out and it was possible to note the efficiency of the equipment used, because the obtained yields were superior when the same molecules were synthesized through the one-pot reaction. A scale-up of the Ugi reaction was also performed and presented a satisfactory result. In the second part some of these compounds were used as intermediates in the formation of an amide bond and we also apply the methodology related to the copper catalyzed cycloaddition between alkynes and azides in the synthesis of five new 1,2,3-triazoles compounds. It was the first work performed in the Laboratory of Heterocyclic Compounds of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences using the continuous flow micro-reactor and this equipment met the needs of this work with effectiveness.

Les isonitriles sont des espèces connues depuis longtemps, mais étudiées depuis peu. Une approche théorique a permis de s'intéresser en détails aux réactions de Nef et de Ugi. Nous nous sommes tout d'abord focalisés sur la première. Après en avoir élucidé le mécanisme, nous avons étudié l'effet du solvant et nous avons proposé de nouvelles conditions expérimentales. Nous avons ensuite étudié l'influence des groupements de l'acyl, de l'isonitrile et du groupe partant. L'ensemble des variations considérées a pu être rationalisé en reliant l'énergie d'activation au pKa du groupe partant. En parallèle, nous avons étudié la réaction de Ugi. Le mécanisme proposé par Ugi pour cette réaction complexe n'avait toujours pas été vérifié 50 ans après sa découverte. Une étude quasi-exhaustive des différents mécanismes possibles a été menée, en utilisant une approche originale mêlant théorie et expériences. Le mécanisme de cette réaction a ainsi été démontré, tant dans le méthanol que dans le toluène. Les étapes cinétiquement déterminantes et les forces motrices ont été mises en lumière et diffèrent de celles proposées par Ugi. Une variation de la réaction de Ugi est le couplage Ugi-Smiles pour lequel de nombreux résultats expérimentaux n'ont toujours pas trouvé d'explications. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés au réarrangement de Smiles. Nous avons montré l'importance d'une liaison hydrogène intramoléculaire sur la faisabilité de la réaction, et nous avons étendu cette observation aux réactions intermoléculaires. Nous avons également étudié l'influence des substituants des quatre réactifs sur les barrières afin de construire un modèle prédictif. / Isocyanides are known for a long time, but have been studied only recently. A theoretical approach allowed us to investigate in details the Nef and the Ugi reactions. We first focused on the former. After elucidating its mechanism, we studied solvent effects and proposed new experimental conditions. We then studied the acyl moiety and isocyanide influences, such as the leaving group one. All the variations were rationalized by linking the activation energy to the leaving group pKa. Simultaneously, we studied the Ugi reaction. The mechanism proposed by Ugi for this complex reaction was still unverified 50 years after its discovery. A thorough and quasi-complete study of all the possible mechanisms were lead, using a mixed theoretical and experimental approach. The mechanism of this reaction was demonstrated, in both methanol and toluene. Rate determining steps and driving forces were highlighted and differ from those proposed by Ugi. A variation of the Ugi reaction is the Ugi-Smiles coupling, for which numerous experimental results are still unexplained. We thus studied the Smiles rearrangement. We showed the key-role of an intramolecular hydrogen bond on the reaction feasibility, and extended this observation to intermolecular reactions. We also studied the four substituent influence on the barrier, aiming to build a predictive model.

Les réactions multicomposant à base d'isonitrile (I-MCR) combinées à des transformations de post-condensation constituent des outils de synthèse extrêmement puissants pour la préparation de structures moléculaires complexes et diverses avec de nouvelles propriétés pharmacologiques.Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'extension du couplage de Ugi-Smiles aux dérivés de purines, en utilisant la 6-mercaptopurine comme partenaire de couplage. Cette méthodologie permet un accès direct et rapide aux dérivés d'adénine avec des rendements modérés à bons à partir de précurseurs simples et facilement accessibles.Par la suite, nous avons démontré que les produits d'addition Ugi dérivés d'aldéhydes aromatiques peuvent être convertis en 2-pyrrolines par addition d'accepteurs de Michael, sous irradiation par micro-ondes. La réaction peut se dérouler via la formation inhabituelle d’ylures azométhines suivie d'une cycloaddition [3 + 2] avec des accepteurs de Michael.Enfin, nous avons montré que les adduits Passerini issus de cinnamaldéhyde peuvent être efficacement convertis en α-cétoamides lorsqu'ils sont traités en milieu basique et dans des conditions de chauffage sous irradiations micro-ondes. / The isocyanide based multicomponent reactions (I-MCRs) with subsequent post-condensation transformations constitute extremely powerful synthetic tools for the preparation of structurally diverse complex molecules with novel properties.In this context, we first investigated the extension of Ugi-Smiles coupling to purines, by using 6-mercaptopurine as coupling partner. This methodology allows direct access to adenine derivatives in moderate to good yields starting from readily available precursors.Then, we demonstrated that Ugi adducts derived from aromatic aldehydes may be converted to pyrrolines via addition of Michael acceptors under microwave irradiation. The reaction may proceed via unusual formation of azomethine ylides followed by a [3+2] cycloaddition using Michael acceptors.Finally, we described that the Passerini adducts of cinnamaldehyde and analogues may be efficiently converted into α-ketoamides when heated with a base under microwave conditions.

Les réactions multicomposants représentent un axe de recherche important en chimie organique. La capacité de regrouper en une même réaction plus de trois produits départs est la base de synthèse de molécules complexes proches de composés bioactifs. Par ailleurs, de part leur diversité, ces réactions sont des outils précieux pour la réalisation de librairies dans la recherche pharmaceutique. Les réactions multicomposants à base d'isonitrile, particulièrement la réaction Ugi, sont largement utilisées. Malgré les nombreuses applications de cette réaction, elle souffre encore de nombreuses limitations notamment lorsque des fonctionnalisations des adduits de Ugi sont recherchées sur la nouvelle position peptidyle crée. Du fait de fort encombrement stérique autour de cette position, seules des réactions intramoléculaires étaient décrites dans la littérature. Ainsi nous avons développé des stratégies efficaces pour la réalisation d'addition intermoléculaires sur des adduits d’Ugi. Nous avons exploré la formation de dianions 1,3-amide permettant d'augmenter la nucléophilie de nos composés et de réaliser des alkylations avec différents agents électrophiles à température ambiante et avec d'excellents rendements. Une application très simple de cette approche a été réalisée en couplant l'allylation de la position peptidyle à une réaction de metathèse cyclisante. Ceci pourrait être réalisé en introduisant un fragment allylique dans les produits de départ d’Ugi, nécessaire pour la métathèse. Les piperidines et pipéridones formées appartiennent à des classes de produits très exploitées dans le domaine pharmaceutique. Par ailleurs, poursuivant sur le potentiel de ces dianions 1,3-amides, nous avons voulu piéger ces intermédiaires par des électrophiles plus complexes nous permettant de former des dérivés cycliques. L'utilisation du diiodométhane en particulier, nous a permis d'ouvrir une voie très prometteuse dans la synthèse de β-lactames. Non limitée aux produits d’Ugi, des amides beaucoup plus simples issus d'esters maloniques ont pu être aussi transformés en β-lactames. En plus, les activités biologiques de ces β-lactames nouvellement synthétisées ont été examinées. Enfin, nous avons étendu cette approche à la formation de pyrrolidinones en une séquence monotope d'alkylation/cyclisation en travaillant sur la propargylation de ces adduits d’Ugi. La fonction énamine des 5-méthylène-pyrrolidin-2-ones synthétisées a pu être exploitée dans la reaction de Pictet-Spengler permettant la synthèse de dérivés de benzoindolizidine proches de différents alcaloïdes naturels. Néanmoins, la cascade propargylation/Pictet-Spengler a pu être réalisée avec succès dans une seule étape avec de bons rendements. / Multicomponent reactions represent an important line of research in organic chemistry. It permits the reaction between three or more starting materials, providing adducts which are considered as synthons for the syntheses of complex molecules close to bioactive compounds. As a result of their diversity, these reactions are considered as valuable tools for the preparation of libraries of organic structures in the pharmaceutical research field. The isonitrile-based multicomponent reactions, particularly the Ugi reaction, are the most frequently employed. Despite the wide applications of this reaction, it still suffers from numerous limitations, particularly when the newly formed peptidyl position is involved in the post-condensation reactions. Due to the steric hindrance around this position, only intramolecular reactions were described in the literature. Thus we have developed effective strategies for the intermolecular reactions involving Ugi adducts through the formation of 1,3-amide dianions to increase their nucleophilicity. Accordingly, such intermediates undergo alkylation reactions with different electrophilic agents at room temperature and with excellent yields. A very simple application of this approach has been attained by coupling the allylation at the peptidyl position to a ring closure metathesis reaction. This could be achieved by introducing an allylic fragment into the starting Ugi materials, necessary for metathesis. Such protocol allowed the synthesis of various piperidines and piperidones derivatives. Moreover, examining the potential of these 1,3-amide dianion intermediates by employing more complex electrophiles, allowed us to prepare cyclic derivatives. The use of diiodomethane in particular, has opened an access to a very promising way in the synthesis of β-lactams. Simpler malonic ester amides and their derivatives could also be converted to β-lactams following the same strategy, hence, it is not only limited to Ugi adducts. Additionally, the biological activities of such newly synthesized β-lactams were examined. Finally, we extended this approach to the preparation of pyrrolidinones through an alkylation/cyclization sequence via the propargylation of these Ugi adducts. The enamine functional group in the synthesized 5-methylene-pyrrolidin-2-ones could be exploited in a Pictet-Spengler reaction allowing the synthesis of benzoindolizidine derivatives, which are close in structure to natural alkaloids. Nevertheless, the propargylation/Pictet-Spengler cascade could be successfully performed in a one-pot reaction with good yields.