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Reverse osmosis (RO) and ultrafiltration (UF) retentates were ultra-high temperature (UHT) processed and compared for storage life at room temperature. Viscosity studies indicated that UHT-treated, RO retentate delayed age gelation longer than UF retentate at the same total solids level (26% TS). When compared at 6.4% protein level (2x RO vs 2.7x UF where x=ratio of the feed volume to concentrate volume), the storage life for both RO and UF retentates was about 6 to 8 months. Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) and disodium phosphate (DSP) at 1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 mM concentrations were incorporated prior to UHT processing of each sample to improve the shelf life. SHMP at 1 and 3 mM concentrations was effective in delaying age gelation, whereas all levels of DSP accelerated gelation. However, SHMP accelerated age gelation at concentrations of 10 and 20 mM. SHMP at 1 mM in RO retentate was more effective in delaying age gelation than the same SHMP level in two UF samples (22 and 26% TS). Analysis showed that RO/UHT-treated samples had higher soluble calcium and ionic calcium than did UF/UHT-treated samples. The coefficient of determination (R2) was .80 between soluble calcium-to-protein ratio and shelf life.

Sterile ceramic plates and the surface of beef steaks were inoculated with the pathogenic microorganisms Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Samples were also inoculated with nonpathogenic microorganisms Clostridium sporogenes ATCC 7955, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus stearothermophilus. Concentrations of organisms in the pure culture used to inoculate the samples were selected within the range of 106 to 108 colony forming units/ml (CFU/ml). Samples were treated with ultra-high temperature (UHT), and· the surviving organisms were recovered and counted. Meat samples were exposed to 1100°C for 22 seconds. Beef steaks inoculated with pathogenic microorganisms had low survival rates. The percent destruction ranged from 99.9 to 99.8. Sixteen percent of the spores from putrefactive anaerobe 3679 were destroyed. UHT was not found to be effective in destroying the spores of this organism. UHT destroyed 99.9 to 100 percent of the nonpathogenic microorganisms Pseudomonas and Bacillus stearothermophilus, respectively, inoculated on the surface of beef steaks prior to treatment. UHT pasteurization technology proved to be an effective method of controlling vegetative pathogens and vegetative spoilage organisms on meat surfaces.

Ultra-high temperature (i.e., greater than 2500°C) engineering applications present continued materials challenges. Refractory metal/ceramic composites have great potential to satisfy the demands of extreme environments (e.g., the environments found in solid rocket motors upon ignition), though general scalable processing techniques to fabricate complex shaped parts are lacking. The work embodied in this dissertation advances scientific knowledge in the development of processing techniques to form complex, near net-shape, near net-dimension, near fully-dense refractory metal/ceramic composites with controlled phase contents and microstructure. Three research thrusts are detailed in this document. First, the utilization of rapid prototyping techniques, such as computer numerical controlled machining and three dimensional printing, for the fabrication of porous tungsten carbide preforms and their application with the Displacive Compensation of Porosity process is demonstrated. Second, carbon substrates and preforms have been reactively converted to porous tungsten/tungsten carbide replicas via a novel gas-solid displacement reaction. Lastly, non-oxide ceramic solid solutions have been internally reduced to create intragranular metal/ceramic micro/nanocomposites. All three techniques combined have the potential to produce nanostructured refractory metal/ceramic composite materials with tailorable microstructure for ultra-high temperature applications.

This work examines the chemical and physical effects of a material treatment process on the biopolymers PEEK, POM-h, POM-c, PTFE and UHMWPE. The polymers are analyzed physically and chemically using atomic force microscopy, profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, contact angle measurement, FT infra-red spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. PEEK is found to be the most suitable polymer and FT Infra-red spectroscopy an informative analytic tool.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-13T17:46:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MÁRCIA CRISTINA DE MORAES REIS RIBEIRO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPG-CEMat 2014..pdf: 1739612 bytes, checksum: 483de315f077aaf3a1be5bb9bddc6639 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-13T17:46:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MÁRCIA CRISTINA DE MORAES REIS RIBEIRO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPG-CEMat 2014..pdf: 1739612 bytes, checksum: 483de315f077aaf3a1be5bb9bddc6639 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-16 / O polietileno de ultra alto peso molecular (PEUAPM) é um polímero com excelentes propriedades físicas e mecânicas tendo como mais notáveis a sua inércia química, a lubricidade, resistência impacto e resistência a abrasão. Exibe um papel relevante no sucesso na Artroplastia Total de Joelho (ATJ) e Artroplastia Total de Quadril (ATQ). A Artroplastia se caracteriza pela substituição da articulação natural por uma articulação artificial. As articulações artificiais são formadas por um conjunto de componentes, sendo fabricados de matéria prima metálica ou cerâmica e um componente, normalmente feito em PEUAPM, que é interposto entre componentes metálicos. Alguns fatores contribuem para um maior desgaste do componente de polietileno. Os componentes fabricados em polietileno PEUAPM não possuem fotoestabilizadores. E em inspeções realizadas em fabricantes e distribuidores destes produtos foi observado que durante seu processamento fabril e comercialização eles não são adequadamente protegidos da iluminação direta. As características consideradas importantes para o desempenho in vitro destes dispositivos estão definidas em normas técnicas, mas muitas destas normas somente recomendam determinados requisitos considerados importantes do ponto de vista técnico. Atualmente a área de materiais de uso em saúde trabalha em regulamentos que visam instituir os requisitos mínimos para registro de implantes ortopédicos. Desta forma, este trabalho propôs avaliar as possíveis alterações de componentes fabricados em polietileno de ultra alto peso molecular utilizados em procedimentos cirúrgicos de artroplastia e joelho e quadril, exposto a radiação ultravioleta. O trabalho foi dividido em 4 grupos: grupo 1 (material não exposto a UV); grupo 2 (material exposto a UV por 1h); grupo 3 (material exposto a UV por 24h) e grupo 4 (material exposto a UV por 48h). Todas as amostras foram caracterizadas por Difração de Raio X (DRX), Espectroscopia de Absorção de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Microscopia Ótica (MO), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) com mapeamento por EDS e Microscopia de Força Atômica (AFM) com o intuito de avaliar as possíveis degradações do PEUAPM submetidos a radiação UV. Os resultados demonstraram que a exposição do polímero a radiação UV em todos os tempos testados neste trabalho promoveu alterações nas amostras, pois foi observado, principalmente, nos ensaios de DRX e EDS que ocorreu respectivamente, um discreto aumento da cristalinidade do material e diminuição no percentual de oxigênio. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que o aumento da cristalinidade pode, pela ação da radiação UV, afetar nas propriedades do material contribuindo para o aumento do desgaste e diminuição do tempo de vida útil do implante. / The polyethylene, ultra high molecular weight (UHMWPE) is a polymer with excellent physical and mechanical properties with the most notable its chemical inertness, lubricity, impact resistance and abrasion resistance. Displays a relevant role in the successful Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) and Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA). The arthroplasty is characterized by replacement of the natural joint with an artificial joint. Artificial joints are formed by a set of components, being manufactured from metal or ceramic raw material and a component normally done in UHMWPE, which is interposed between the metal components. Some factors contribute to increased wear of the polyethylene component. Components manufactured in polyethylene UHMWPE not have photostabilizers. And inspections on manufacturers and distributors of these products was observed that during its industrial processing and marketing they are not adequately protected from direct light. Characteristics considered important for the in vitro performance of these devices are set in technical standards, but many of these standards only recommend certain requirements considered important from a technical standpoint. Currently the area of materials for use in healthcare working on regulations that seek to establish the minimum requirements for registration of orthopedic implants. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the possible changes of components manufactured in polyethylene, ultra high molecular weight used in surgical procedures and knee arthroplasty and hip, exposed to ultraviolet radiation. The work was divided into 4 groups: group 1 (material not exposed to UV); group 2 (material exposed to UV for 1 h); group 3 (material exposed to UV for 24 h) and group 4 (material exposed to UV for 48 h). All samples were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Absorption Spectroscopy Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDS mapping and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in order to evaluate the possible degradation of UHMWPE subjected to UV radiation. The results showed that exposure of the polymer to UV radiation at all times tested in this study modified the samples, it was observed mainly in the experimental XRD and EDS which occurred respectively a slight increase in crystallinity and decrease in the percentage oxygen. Thus, it can be concluded that the increase in crystallinity can by the action of UV radiation, affect the material properties contributing to increased wear and reduced useful life of the implant.

This work examines the chemical and physical effects of a material treatment process on the biopolymers PEEK, POM-h, POM-c, PTFE and UHMWPE. The polymers are analyzed physically and chemically using atomic force microscopy, profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, contact angle measurement, FT infra-red spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. PEEK is found to be the most suitable polymer and FT Infra-red spectroscopy an informative analytic tool.

O presente trabalho avaliou a influência dos concretos de ultra-alto desempenho com fibras (UHPFRC) e sem fibras (UHPC) no reforço de pilares curtos de concreto armado de seção transversal circular e quadrada. Avaliou-se também a adição de armaduras adicionais de reforço e de polímeros reforçados com fibras de carbono (PRFC) em alguns pilares reforçados. Para a avaliação deste novo sistema de reforço optou-se pela realização de um programa experimental e simulações numéricas. É importante ressaltar que no programa experimental, nenhum pilar reforçado possuía seção transversal maior que a seção do pilar de referência. Foi verificado por meio do programa experimental, que as camisas de UHPC apresentaram ruína de natureza frágil e não se recomenda a sua utilização a menos que acompanhada de mecanismos que garantam adequado confinamento do pilar reforçado. Nos pilares circulares e quadrados reforçados com UHPFRC foram verificados, respectivamente, incrementos de resistência de 106,4% e 83,6% onde o concreto do cobrimento foi substituído por UHPFRC, 154,3% e 111,7% onde além da substituição do cobrimento foram inseridas armaduras adicionais e 160% e 85,6% onde houve a colocação de PRFC após a substituição do cobrimento. Todos os pilares reforçados com UHPFRC não apresentaram destacamento da camisa de reforço. Foram realizadas simulações numéricas variando a espessura da camisa de UHPFRC e do número de camadas de PRFC tanto nos pilares de seção circular como nos pilares de seção quadrada. Por meio destas simulações, notou-se que a adição de pequenos incrementos de espessura da camisa de UHPFRC, proporciona elevados incrementos de resistência ao pilar reforçado, ao passo que o aumento do número de camadas de PRFC não influenciaria significantemente no incremento de resistência e sim na ductilidade do conjunto. / The present work evaluated the influence of ultra-high performance concrete with fibers (UHPFRC) and without fibers (UHPC) on the strengthening of short columns of reinforced concrete of circular and square cross section. It was also evaluated the addition of additional reinforcement and carbon fiber reinforced polymers (PRFC) on some strengthened columns. For the evaluation of this new system of strengthening we opted for the realization of an experimental program and numerical simulations. It is important to note that in the experimental program, no strengthened columns had a larger cross section than the reference column section. It was verified through the experimental program that the UHPC shirts presented ruin of a fragile nature and their use is not recommended unless accompanied by mechanisms that guarantee adequate confinement to the strengthened columns. In the circular and square columns strengthened with UHPFRC, respectively, resistance increments of 106.4% and 83.6% were verified, where the cover concrete was replaced by UHPFRC, 154.3% and 111.7%, in addition to the substitution of additional reinforcement were inserted and 160% and 85.6% where PRFC placement was performed after the replacement of the cover. All strengthened columns with UHPFRC did not present detachment of the strengthening jacket. Numerical simulations were performed by varying the thickness of the UHPFRC jacket and the number of PRFC layers on both the circular section columns and the square section columns. Through these simulations, it was noted that the addition of small thickness increments of the UHPFRC jacket would provide high increments of strength to the strengthened columns, while increasing the number of PRFC layers would not significantly influence the increase in strength but rather ductility of the assembly.

L'identification des sources de rayons cosmiques d'ultra-haute énergie (au-delà de 10^18 eV) constituerait une avancée majeure aussi bien dans le domaine de l'astrophysique que dans celui de la physique des particules. La difficulté principale dans la recherche de telles sources réside dans la perte de l'information directionnelle des rayons cosmiques les moins énergétiques. En effet, leur direction est sujette à des déviations d'amplitude inversement proportionnelle à leur énergie à cause des champs magnétiques qu'il traversent lors de leur propagation jusqu'à la Terre. D'autre part, pour des énergies supérieures à 4x10^(19)eV, l'interaction des rayons cosmiques avec le fond diffus cosmologique limite l'horizon de leurs sources à l'Univers proche (200 Mpc ou moins). Cette thèse a été effectuée au sein de l’observatoire Pierre Auger, le plus grand détecteur de rayons cosmiques de haute énergie. Elle est dédiée à l'étude, la sélection, la reconstruction, ainsi qu'à l'analyse des évènements de plus haute énergie. D'autre part, les particules de plus bas numéro atomique sont plus susceptibles de garder leur direction mais la composition des rayons cosmiques est inconnue à de telles énergies. Une méthode de sélection des événements les plus similaires aux protons a été élaborée et développée dans cette thèse pour étudier la possibilité de leur utilisation pour une "astronomie protons" / Identifying the sources of the ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs, above 10^{18} eV), the most energetic particles known in the universe, would be an important leap forward for both the astrophysics and particle physics knowledge. However, developing a cosmic-ray astronomy is arduous because magnetic fields, that permeate our Galaxy and the extra-Galactic space, deflect cosmic rays that may lose the directional information on their sources. This problem can be reduced by studying the highest energy end of the cosmic ray spectrum. Indeed, magnetic field deflections are inversely proportional to the cosmic ray energy. Moreover, above 4x10^{19} eV, cosmic rays interact with cosmic photon backgrounds, losing energy. This means that the sources of the highest energy cosmic rays observed on Earth can be located only in the nearby universe (200 Mpc or less). The largest detector ever built for detecting cosmic rays at such high energies is the Pierre Auger Observatory, in Argentina. It combines a 3000 km^2 surface array of water Cherenkov detectors with fluorescence telescopes to measure extensive air showers initiated by the UHECRs. This thesis was developed inside the Auger Collaboration and was devoted to study the highest energy events observed by Auger, starting from the selection and reconstruction up to the analysis of their distribution in the sky. Moreover, since the composition at these energies is unknown, we developed a method to select proton-like events, since high Z cosmic rays are too much deflected by magnetic fields to be used for cosmic-ray astronomy.

Après plus d'un siècle d'études, l'origine des rayons cosmiques d’ultra-haute énergie reste mal comprise. En améliorant la connaissance de la composition des rayons cosmiques détectés sur Terre, il est possible de contraindre les modèles concernant leur origine, ainsi que leur mécanisme de production dans les sources astrophysiques. Les simulations montrent que le champ électrique émis par les gerbes est sensible à leur développement dans l'atmosphère. Ce champ électrique peut être mesuré avec un cycle utile élevé, faisant du signal radio une observable prometteuse pour identifier le rayon cosmique primaire. Le signal radio permet également de mesurer sa direction d'arrivée et son énergie. Depuis 2006, l'observatoire Pierre Auger accueille plusieurs réseaux de radio détection des rayons cosmiques. Des démonstrateurs équipés de quelques stations (RAuger,MAXIMA) ont permis une caractérisation efficace de l'environnement radio du site, ils ont également apporté des contraintes sur les mécanismes responsables de l'émission du champ électrique par les gerbes dans le domaine du MHz. Les prototypes ont mené à la construction d’AERA (Auger Engineering Radio Array) qui, avec 124 stations couvrant 6 km², est le premier réseau grande échelle de radio détection des gerbes dans le domaine du MHz. AERA est déployé dans l'extension basse énergie de l'observatoire afin de bénéficier d'une statistique plus importante. Le réseau permet d'intéressantes mesures hybrides ; son emplacement permet en effet de croiser les données obtenues par la radio avec celles provenant du réseau de surface (SD) et des télescopes à fluorescence (FD) proches du réseau. Cette thèse est dédiée à la caractérisation de signaux transitoires radio détectés par RAuger et AERA. Comme un des défis de la radio détection des gerbes atmosphériques est de supprimer les bruits de fond anthropiques causant des déclenchements accidentels, des méthodes de réjection du bruit de fond et de sélection des coïncidences SD-AERA ont été développées. Une étude de la corrélation entre le développement de la gerbe dans l'atmosphère (profil longitudinal) et le champ électrique mesuré par les stations radio est également présentée. Cette étude valide le lien direct entre le champ électrique et le développement de la gerbe dans l'atmosphère et confirme l’intérêt du signal radio pour l’estimation de la nature des rayons cosmiques d'ultra-haute énergie. / After more than a century of studies, one of the challenging questions related to ultra-high energy cosmic rays concerns their nature, which remains unclear. Improving the knowledge about the composition of cosmic rays will permit to constrain the models concerning their origins and the production mechanisms in the astrophysical sources. Simulations show that, the electric field emitted by the shower is sensitive to its development. This electric-field can be measured with a high duty cycle, and thus is apromising technique to identify an observable sensitive to the nature of the primary cosmic ray. The radio signal is also used to measure its arrival direction and its energy. Since 2006, the Pierre Auger Observatory hosts several radio detection arrays of cosmic rays, starting from small size prototypes (RAuger, MAXIMA) to achieve a large scale array of 124 radio stations: AERA, the Auger Engineering Radio Array covering 6 km². These different arrays allow the study of the radio emission during the development of the shower in the MHz domain. AERA is deployed in the low energy extension of the Pierre Auger Observatory in order to have a larger statistics. It enables interesting hybrid measurements, with the comparison of radio observable with those obtained with the surface detector (SD) and the fluorescence telescopes close to the array. This thesis is dedicated to the characterization of the radio transient signals detected by RAuger and AERA. As one of the challenges of the radio detection of air-shower is to remove the anthropic background causing accidental triggering, methods for background rejection and SD-AERA coincidences selection have been developed. A study of the correlation between the shower development in the atmosphere (longitudinal profile) and the electric-field measured by the radio stations is also presented. This study shows the relationship between the electric-field and the shower development in the atmosphere and confirms that the radio signal is a powerful tool to study the nature of the ultra-high energy cosmic rays.