CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Institute of Political Studies MASTER'S THESIS 2016 Marlene Breier CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Institute of Political Studies MASTER'S THESIS HONG KONGERS ADDING OIL A Critical Analysis of the SAR's Pro-Democracy Movements Author Marlene Breier Subject: International Security Studies Academic Year: 2014/15 Supervisor: PhDr. Vít Střítecký, M.Phil., Ph.D. Date Submitted: 29 July 2016 Bibliographic note BREIER, Marlene. Hong Kongers Adding Oil: A Critical Analysis of the SAR's Pro-Democracy Movements. Prague, 2016. 73 p. Master's thesis. Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Political Studies, Department of Security Studies. Supervisor: PhDr. Vít Střítecký, M.Phil., Ph.D. Abstract Since its transition from British colonial rule to Chinese sovereignty in 1997, the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong has undergone extensive developments, resulting in the emergence of a vibrant civil society. With thousands of agitated people, mainly students, taking to the streets, voicing their dissatisfaction with the governments' continued disregard of the demanded direct elections by universal suffrage, 2014 marked a turning point in Hong Kong. Whilst most citizens supported the pro-democracy movements, the...

I denna induktiva studie undersöker vi vad som styr valet mellan att bli egenanställd eller starta ett eget företag. Personer kan välja att verka som egenanställd baserat på sin hobby eller passion utan att starta ett eget företag. Detta genom att driva en verksamhet samtidigt som man överlåter de administrativa delarna till ett annat företag, ett så kallat egenanställningsföretag. När man använder sig av en sådan tjänst kan man definieras som egenanställd, vilket innebär att man inte är egenföretagare men ändå driver en egen verksamhet. Syftet med denna studie är att förstå varför och vilka faktorer som påverkar valet hos individer att verka som egenanställd eller att starta ett eget företag. Vi avser att studera likheter och skillnader mellan egenanställda och företagare i deras entreprenörskap. Vägen till entreprenörskap kan se väldigt olika ut för olika personer och vilka faktorer som påverkar valet vill vi undersöka genom teorier om entreprenörskap, entreprenörskapsprocessen, affärsmöjligheter, push- och pull-motivationer samt administrativt arbete. Genom teorierna får vi insyn i vad en entreprenör är och hur vägen till att bli en entreprenör ser ut. Vi har använt oss av ändamålsenligt urval, som baserar sig på att hitta respondenter som kan bidra med relevant information. Vi har intervjuat tio personer, varav fem är egenanställda och fem är företagare genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Via intervjuerna fick vi en djupare förståelse till varför respondenterna väljer företagande eller egenanställning. Resultatet visar att det ligger olika orsaker bakom dessa val som exempelvis kan vara framtidsplaner, om man vill att företaget ska växa samt om man vill anlita personal i framtiden. Andra faktorer som kan påverka är personens livssituation och om man först vill testa sin affärsidé genom egenanställning. De lärdomar som olika grupper kan ta från vår studie är att nya företagare kan överväga sitt val hur man väljer att starta företag, vilken form passar egentligen bäst och likadant för potentiella egenanställda som kan överväga sina val. Samtidigt som den egenanställda kanske inser att den vill satsa på sitt företag och övergå till att starta ett eget företag. Egenanställningsföretag kan ta hjälp av denna studie för att kunna få en bättre förståelse för vilka deras kunder är. Detta med grund i resultaten av varför företagare väljer att starta ett eget företag istället för att verka som egenanställd. / The purpose of the study is to find out the reasons behind the choice between using an umbrella contractor or running your own business. An umbrella company is a back company for contractors that takes care of most parts of their administrative work. This is achieved by using theories such as entrepreneurship, the entrepreneur process, business opportunities, push and pull motivations and administrative work. The study is based on an inductive interview study that included ten respondents, five of whom are using an umbrella contractor and five business owners, to gain insight in different sorts of entrepreneurship. Respondents were found based on purpose sampling, which is based on finding respondents who can contribute with relevant information to our study. We conclude that there are various reasonings behind these choices, such as future plans. Some of the plans depends on if you want the company to be able to grow and hire staff in the future. These choices can also depend on the life situation; if you have a full-time job or if you want to try your concept before starting your own business.

This thesis considers the problem of hypothesis testing for umbrella alternatives when there are two groups, or strata, of observations. The proposed methods extend a previously established general framework of hypothesis testing based on rankings to stratified datasets by first aligning the strata. The tests based on the Spearman and Kendall distances between ranking vectors lead to the traditional aligned-rank tests and new methods which account for “misalignment” under the alternative hypothesis. Asymptotic null distributions and simulation studies are given for the Spearman distance. Diagnostic tools for the misalignment issue are illustrated alongside the proposed tests on a dataset of IQ scores of coma patients. Extensions to three or more strata and ”adaptive” tests are provided as future research directions.

In several situations, and among various treatment effects, researchers might test for an umbrella alternative. The need for an umbrella alternative arises in the evaluation of the reaction to drug dosage. For instance, the reaction might increase as the level of drug dosage increases, where after exceeding the optimal dosage a downturn may occur. A test statistic used for the umbrella alternative was proposed by Mack and Wolfe (1981) using a completely randomized design. Moreover, an extension of the Mack-Wolfe test for the randomized complete block design was proposed by Kim and Kim (1992), where the blocking factor was introduced. This thesis proposes two nonparametric test statistics for mixed design data with k treatments when the peak is known and four statistics when the peak is unknown. The data are a mixture of a CRD and an RCBD. A Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to compare the power of the first two proposed tests when the peak is known, and each one of them has been compared to the tests that were proposed by Magel et al. (2010). Also, it is conducted to compare the power of the last four proposed tests when the peak is unknown. In this study, we consider the simulation from exponential, normal and t distributions with 3 degrees of freedom. For every distribution, equal sample sizes for the CRD portion are selected so that the sample size, n, is 6, 10, 16 and 20. The number of blocks for the RCBD are considered to be half, equal and twice the sample size for each treatment. Furthermore, a variety of location parameter configurations are considered for three, four and five populations. The powers were estimated for both cases, known and unknown peak. In both cases, the results of the simulation study show that the proposed tests, in which we use the method of standardized first, generally perform better than those with standardized second. This thesis also shows that adding the distance modification to the Mack-Wolfe and Kim- Kim statistics provides more power to the proposed test statistics more than those without the application of the distance modification.

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Life is soft. From the fluid-like structure of lipid bilayers to the flexible folding of proteins, the realm of nanoscale soft matter is a complex and vibrant area of research. The lure of personalized medicine, advanced sensing technology, and understanding life at a fundamental level pushes research forward. This work considers to areas: (1) lipid bilayer dynamics in the presence of substrate defects and (2) the inverse temperature transition of elastic proteins. Molecular dynamics simulations as well as umbrella sampling were employed. The behavior of the bilayers discussed in the work provides evidence that small defects on confining surfaces can promote nucleation of lipid tethers. Results the second part of this work indicate elastin-like peptides experiencing inverse temperature transitions may be capable of performing amounts of work similar to RNA polymerase; additionally, resilin's inverse temperature transition may be closely linked to the molecule's ability to efficiently transmit energy through the similar coil-β secondary structure transition seen in both cases. These insights into the inverse transition temperature are relevant for the design of bio-inspired sensors and energy storage devices. / Master of Science

Form, space, rhythm, order, symmetry, balance, repetition, proportion and scale are few from a long checklist of principles that, if followed carefully by the designer, will result in "beautiful" architecture, or so I was told. However, what exactly is "beautiful"? In his book "The beautiful necessity" (1910, p.34) Claude Fayette Bragdon suggests that "Beauty is the name we give to truth we cannot understand". This statement implies that there is a hidden quality within each building, or even within each space, a quality that we can sense but cannot make sense of, a quality very similar to having a soul. The soul seems to linger on the threshold that divides two opposite worlds, it is always in-between. Between the dream and the awake, between the physical and the imaginary, between the conscious and the subconscious and between the real and the unreal. In this thesis, the "real" world consists of an animation studio (the program), the studio's staff and visitors, the selected site located in Alexandria, and it is bound by the building methods, materials and codes. The "unreal" world consists of four fictional characters that, assumingly, emerged from my subconscious and who live in a fictional dimension that overlaps ours.   The different encounters within the "real" world and within the "unreal" world, and also the interactions between the "real" and the "unreal" worlds are translated into an architectural language as an attempt to investigate the soul. / Master of Architecture

Le but de cette recherche était d'examiner la relation entre la déviance constructive (Galperin, 2012 ; Warren, 2003 ; Vadera, Pratt, & Mishra, 2013), la proactivité (Grant & Ashford, 2008 ; Parker & Collins, 2010) et leur rôle dans le processus de changement et d'innovation (CI) en contexte organisationnel (Potočnik & Anderson, 2016). Nous avons tout d'abord examiné la littérature portant sur la déviance et la proactivité. Nous avons ensuite concentré notre attention sur la création d'une échelle d'attitudes normatives et déviantes (NDAS) pour traiter l'aspect dynamique de la déviance. Ensuite, nous avons exploré la nature du construit de déviance et ainsi traité la relation aux CI. Nous avons proposé l'existence de deux facteurs d'ordre supérieur: le constructive dark side et constructive bright side. Ensuite, nous avons testé la relation entre ces facteurs et des conséquences communes (engagement affectif, bien-être, détresse et intention de départ). Nous avons recruté des travailleurs français par le biais de questionnaires pour tester nos hypothèses. Nous avons donc utilisé, créé ou traduit des échelles de mesures des comportements de déviance constructive (Galperin, 2012), d'innovation (Janseen, 2000), de prise en main (Morisson & Phelps, 1998) ou la NDAS... Nous avons également procédé, dans certains cas, à plusieurs recueils de données espacées dans le temps. Dans la plupart des cas, des analyses de modélisation d'équations structurelles ont été utilisées. Les résultats et les limites sont discutés dans chaque chapitre des articles. Ces résultats aident à clarifier le construit de déviance constructive et sa relation avec la proactivité dans la littérature de CI. / The aim of this research was to examine the relation between constructive deviance (Galperin, 2012; Warren, 2003; Vadera, Pratt, & Mishra, 2013), proactivity (Grant & Ashford, 2008; Parker & Collins, 2010) and their role in change and innovation (CI) processes in organizational context (Potočnik & Anderson, 2016). After we examined the deviance and proactive literature related to work and organizational psychology, we focused our attention on the creation of a normative and deviant attitudinal scale (NDAS) to deal with the dynamic aspect of deviance. Then, we explored the nomological network of deviance and treated its relationship with CI related-constructs. We, therefore, proposed the existence of two higher-order factors named constructive dark-side and constructive bright-side. Latterly, we tested for a second time the relation between these second-order factors and common outcomes (affective commitment, well-being, distress, and turnover intent). We used research by questionnaire to test our entire hypothesis on French workers. For this, we used, created and/or translated scales of constructive deviant behaviours (Galperin, 2012), NDAS, innovative work behaviour (Janseen, 2000) or taking charge (Morisson & Phelps, 1998)... We also proceeded, in some cases, with measurements at different times to provide better analysis. In most cases, structural equation modelling analyses were performed. Results and limitations are discussed in each article chapters (chapters 2, 3, & 4). These results help to clarify the nomological network of constructive deviance and its relationship with proactivity in the CI literature. To our knowledge, this study is one of the first to follow this path and test it.

Antibody microarrays constitute a next-generation sensing platform that has the potential to revolutionize the way that molecular detection is conducted in many scientific fields. Unfortunately, current technologies have not found mainstream use because of reliability problems that undermine trust in their results. Although several factors are involved, it is believed that undesirable protein interactions with the array surface are a fundamental source of problems where little detail about the molecular-level biophysics are known. A better understanding of antibody stability and antibody-antigen binding on the array surface is needed to improve microarray technology. Despite the availability of many laboratory methods for studying protein stability and binding, these methods either do not work when the protein is attached to a surface or they do not provide the atomistic structural information that is needed to better understand protein behavior on the surface. As a result, molecular simulation has emerged as the primary method for studying proteins on surfaces because it can provide metrics and views of atomistic structures and molecular motion. Using an advanced, coarse-grain, protein-surface model this study investigated how antibodies react to and function on different types of surfaces. Three topics were addressed: (1) the stability of individual antibodies on surfaces, (2) antibody binding to small antigens while on a surface, and (3) antibody binding to large antigens while on a surface. The results indicate that immobilizing antibodies or antibody fragments in an upright orientation on a hydrophilic surface can provide the molecules with thermal stability similar to their native aqueous stability, enhance antigen binding strength, and minimize the entropic cost of binding. Furthermore, the results indicate that it is more difficult for large antigens to approach the surface than small antigens, that multiple binding sites can aid antigen binding, and that antigen flexiblity simultaneously helps and hinders the binding process as it approaches the surface. The results provide hope that next-generation microarrays and other devices decorated with proteins can be improved through rational design.

本研究是少數專注於探討品牌傘策略的研究，本論文將品牌傘策略定義為「以企業名稱背書產品品牌」的做法，屬於兩層品牌要素間的上下影響效果；而過去文獻則將大量資源集中在品牌延伸策略的討論，品牌延伸策略意指將一個品牌沿用在不同品類的做法，屬於同一品牌要素間產品與產品的平行影響。由於品牌傘與品牌延伸兩種策略在應用及功能上有異曲同工之妙，因此本研究便以品牌延伸豐富的文獻做為探討品牌傘策略的基礎。 主要研究目的在探討品牌傘策略中運用企業背書的實質效益及其可能影響因素，分成前導研究(Pilot Study)與主研究(Main Study)兩部份。前導研究以次級資料方式進行，發現到國內市場之現實狀況仍以單一品牌策略(企業品牌策略或產品品牌策略)之產品為大宗，運用混合式的品牌傘策略之產品僅佔少數比例，但有大幅成長的趨勢。而少數品類(如：洗髮精、調味醬、果汁…等)中，運用品牌傘策略之產品品牌權益有高於單一品牌策略下之產品的現象，基於此，本研究更進一步探討可能影響品牌傘企業背書效果的因素。 主研究採實驗法進行，探討「企業強度」、「企業形象」、「企業旗下品牌數目」、及「企業與產品類別契合度」四個企業或產品特徵，對品牌傘企業背書效果造成的影響，屬於2X2X2X2的實驗設計，以食品飲料業及資訊通訊業各四家真實企業做為研究標的。主研究結果發現到，企業形象愈良好、或企業類別與產品類別具有高契合度時，對於產品品牌的背書效果愈大，有助於提昇產品品牌權益，而當企業與產品品牌已具有高契合度時，企業的良好形象更能成功地轉移成對產品品牌的正面評價。在企業旗下品牌數目方面，當企業旗下已擁有多個產品品牌時，能提高消費者對後續推出的新品牌之信心與喜愛度，能夠影響消費者對產品品牌的知覺態度。在企業強度上，兩個產業的研究發現不一，食品飲料業中弱勢企業的背書效果反而高於強勢企業，資訊通訊業中強勢企業則較能有效提高產品品牌權益，推測食品飲料業會出現與預期相反的結果，在於本研究以天下雜誌一千大排名判定企業強度高低，與消費者知覺的企業強度高低並不一致。 與品牌傘策略相關的學術研究相當缺乏，但實務界的應用日益普及，本研究先行開啟一個新的研究方向，以期更多學者與研究者投入，讓品牌傘策略之內容更形豐富。而品牌傘策略可以說是品牌延伸策略和產品個別品牌策略之折衷方案，不僅持續累積個別品牌之資產，同時也善加利用企業體豐富的品牌權益基礎協助個別品牌的推廣，但行銷人員在運用品牌傘策略前，必須仔細評估本身企業具備的特徵與新產品品牌的特徵，以確認品牌傘策略的適用性，避免不當的企業背書效果反而引發產品品牌的負面聯想。