Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-05-18T23:33:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KetsonBS_TESE.pdf: 1539822 bytes, checksum: 0c6b1fa96adda03092cd26468cf142d3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-05-24T11:15:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 KetsonBS_TESE.pdf: 1539822 bytes, checksum: 0c6b1fa96adda03092cd26468cf142d3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-05-24T11:15:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 KetsonBS_TESE.pdf: 1539822 bytes, checksum: 0c6b1fa96adda03092cd26468cf142d3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-24T11:16:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KetsonBS_TESE.pdf: 1539822 bytes, checksum: 0c6b1fa96adda03092cd26468cf142d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Brazil faces typical problems of a developing society in relation to water scarcity. This situation intensifies in the northeast region, due to its climate and the lower incidence of rainfall. Reusing water is a way to control losses and avoid waste. Their reuse in agriculture can be a very effective strategy for preserving water resources and reducing their indiscriminate use. An alternative to reduce the risks of contamination of agricultural crops is the use of drip irrigation systems. In this context, the present work had as objective to study the hydraulic performance of dripping units with treated domestic effluent and prevention of clogging. Two experimental stands were set up in an area located in the East Campus of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi – Árido, Mossoró/RN, to evaluate the hydraulic performance and clogging of four types of drippers every 80 h, applying treated domestic wastewater (ARDT), For a total of 400 hours. The experiment was set up in a sub - divided plots scheme, with treatments: T1 - without application of the product, T2 - 100ml of Byosol Swift in 50L of water, T3 - 200ml of Byosol Swift in 50L of water, and T4 - 300ml of Byosol Swift in 50L of water. In the subplots the types of drippers: G1 - flow of 1,60 L h-1, G2 - flow of 2.00 L h-1, G3 - flow of 1,60 L h-1, and G4 - 70 L h-1, and in the subsubparcels the evaluation periods: 0, 80, 160, 240, 360 and 400 h. At each time, physical-chemical and microbiological analyzes of treated domestic wastewater were also carried out. Data were submitted to simple and multiple regression analysis, mean test and Pearson parametric correlation test. The results indicated that the null (mean), cubic, quadratic and linear regression models were the ones that best fit the analyzed variables, depending on the dosages of the product. The elements Fe, SD, SS, Ca2+ and pH predominated in the empirical models of hydraulic performance for the four types of drippers. There was no difference between treatments. The changes in the analyzed variables were due to the time of operation and the physical-chemical agents, which caused partial clogging of the drippers and, consequently, increase in the coefficients of variation of the flow of the drippers in the irrigation units that operated with ARDT. The action of the enzymatic catalyst was inhibited due to the high chlorine content present in the ARDT. The chemical elements, chlorine, potassium, calcium, silicon, iron and sulfur predominated in the chemical composition of the biofouling present in the analyzed drippers. The service pressures verified upstream and downstream of the screen filter of the irrigation system have inverse behavior over time / O Brasil enfrenta problemas típicos de uma sociedade em desenvolvimento com relação à escassez hídrica. Esta situação se intensifica na região nordeste, devido ao seu clima e as menores incidências de precipitações pluviométricas. Reutilizar a água é uma forma de controlar perdas e evitar desperdícios. Seu reúso na agricultura, pode ser uma estratégia bastante eficaz para preservar os recursos hídricos e diminuir sua utilização indiscriminada. Uma alternativa para reduzir os riscos de contaminação dos cultivos agrícolas é a utilização de sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o desempenho hidráulico de unidades gotejadoras com efluente doméstico tratado e prevenção do entupimento. Foram montadas duas bancadas experimentais em área localizada no Campus Leste da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi – Árido, Mossoró/RN, para avaliação, a cada 80h, do desempenho hidráulico e do entupimento de quatro tipos de gotejadores, aplicando água residuária doméstica tratada (ARDT), perfazendo um total de 400h. O experimento foi montado em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, tendo nas parcelas os tratamentos: T1 – sem aplicação do produto, T2 – 100ml de Byosol Swift em 50L de água, T3 – 200ml de Byosol Swift em 50L de água, e T4 – 300ml de Byosol Swift em 50L de água. Nas subparcelas os tipos de gotejadores: G1 – vazão de 1,60 L h-1, G2 – vazão de 2,00 L h-1, G3 – vazão de 1,60 L h-1, e G4 – vazão de 1,70 L h-1, e nas subsubparcelas os períodos das avaliações: 0, 80, 160, 240, 360 e 400 h. Em cada tempo, também foram feitas análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas da água residuária doméstica tratada. Os dados foram submetidos às análises de regressão simples e múltipla, teste de média e teste de correlações paramétricas de Pearson. Os resultados indicaram que os modelos de regressão nulo (média), cúbico, quadrático e linear, foram os que melhor se ajustaram às variáveis analisadas, em função das dosagens do produto. Os elementos Fe, SD, SS, Ca2+ e pH predominaram nos modelos empíricos de desempenho hidráulico para os quatro tipos de gotejadores. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos. As alterações nas variáveis analisadas se deram em função do tempo de operação e dos agentes físico-químicos, que propiciaram entupimento parcial dos gotejadores e, consequentemente, aumento nos coeficientes de variação da vazão dos gotejadores nas unidades de irrigação que operaram com ARDT. A ação do catalisador enzimático foi inibida devido ao alto teor de cloro presente na ARDT. Os elementos químicos, cloro, potássio, cálcio, silício, ferro e enxofre predominaram na composição química da bioincrustação presente nos gotejadores analisados. As pressões de serviço verificadas a montante e a jusante do filtro de tela do sistema de irrigação, apresentam comportamentos inversos ao longo do tempo / 2017-05-18

Les performances de filtration d’un filtre à manche vis-à-vis de particules submicroniques et nanométriques ont été évaluées à l’échelle du laboratoire durant plusieurs cycles de colmatage/décolmatage. La distribution granulométrique des particules (aérosol de combustion) était représentative de celle rencontrée en incinération de nano-déchets en sortie de chambre de combustion à l’échelle du laboratoire. Le filtre à manche opérait en conditions réalistes, représentatives de celles rencontrées dans les lignes de traitement des fumées d’incinération de déchets en termes de température, humidité, vitesse de filtration, présence de réactifs et conditions de décolmatage. Le flux d’air et le filtre à manche étaient chauffés à 150°C, la teneur en eau était de 10-12% (soit 3% d’humidité relative HR), et la vitesse de filtration était fixée à 1,9 cm.s⁻¹. Un mélange de particules de taille submicronique de charbon actif et de bicarbonate de sodium, utilisées dans les lignes de traitement des fumées d’incinération pour l’abattement des dioxines/furanes et des gaz acides, était généré simultanément avec l’aérosol de combustion. L’étude s’est centrée sur les performances de filtration au début de la durée de vie du filtre à manche, avant stabilisation de la perte de charge résiduelle du filtre résultant des précédents cycles de filtration. La perte de charge maximale du filtre était fixée à 150 Pa pour tous les cycles de filtration avant décolmatage par rétro-soufflage à air comprimé. Les performances du filtre à manche ont été évaluées en termes d’évolution de sa perte de charge et de son efficacité de collecte (totale et fractionnelle) au cours des cycles de colmatage/décolmatage. De plus, des études expérimentales et théoriques ont été menées afin d’étudier l’influence de divers paramètres sur les performances de filtration du filtre en configuration manche ou plane, tels que l’humidité de l’air (3% HR versus 0% HR à 150°C), la température (150°C versus 24°C), la vitesse de filtration (1,9 cm.s⁻¹ versus 1,4 cm.s⁻¹) et l’influence de l’injection de réactifs. Les principaux résultats de cette étude sont : (i) importante efficacité de capture des particules du filtre à manche en conditions représentatives des lignes de traitement des fumées d’incinération : efficacité minimale de collecte de 98,5% mesurée pour des particules de taille 74 ± 15 nm (diamètre de mobilité électrique), (ii) influence du gâteau résiduel de particules au début de chaque cycle de filtration sur les performances de traitement, (iii) influence significative de l’humidité de l’air sur la structure du gâteau de particules probablement due à l’augmentation des forces d’adhésion entre les particules en présence d’humidité (150°C – 3% HR soit environ 100 g d’eau par kg d’air sec) ; augmentation plus rapide de la perte de charge du filtre à manche en présence d’humidité (150°C – 3% HR) qu’en conditions d’air sec (150°C – 0% HR). / Filtration performance of a pulse-jet bag filter was evaluated at the laboratory-scale regarding submicronic particles with a nanosized fraction during clogging/unclogging cycles. The particle size distribution was representative to those encountered at the outlet of a nano-waste incineration device at laboratory-scale. The bag filter was operated in conditions as similar as possible to those found in flue gas treatment of waste incineration plants, in terms of temperature, humidity, filtration velocity, injection of sorbent reagents and unclogging conditions. The air flow and the bag filter were heated to 150°C, the water content was maintained in the air flow in the range of 10-12% (3% of relative humidity RH), and filtration velocity throughout the bag filter was fixed at 1.9 cm.s⁻¹. A mixture of submicronic suspended particles of activated carbon and sodium bicarbonate, both used in flue gas treatment systems mainly for the removal of dioxins/furans and acid gases, was generated simultaneously with the aerosol representative of combustion emissions.The study focused on the filtration performance at the beginning of the bag filter’s lifetime filter for the 11 first clogging-unclogging cycles before stabilizing the residual pressure drop reached after pulse-jet unclogging. The maximum pressure drop was set at 150 Pa for all filtration cycles. Once the maximum pressure drop was reached, the filter was unclogged using the pulse-jet system. The performance of the bag filter was evaluated in terms of the evolution of pressure drop, fractional and total particle collection efficiencies, during the clogging/unclogging cycles.Moreover, an experimental and theoretical study was carried out on the influence of different parameters on the filtration performance of bag filter and flat filter, such as influence of humidity (3% RH versus 0% RH at 150°C), temperature (150°C versus 24°C), filtration velocity (1.9 cm.s⁻¹ versus 1.4 cm.s⁻¹) and the influence of the injection of sorbent reagents.The main results of this study are: (i) high collection efficiency of the bag filter in representative conditions of flue gas treatment of waste incineration: minimun particle collection efficiency of 98.5% for particle diameter of 74 ± 15 nm (electrical mobility diameter), (ii) influence of residual particle cake at the beginning of the filtration cycles on the bag filter performance, (iii) significant influence of humidity on the porosity of the particle cake due to the capillary condensation of water between the particles in presence of humidity (150°C - 3% RH i.e. almost 100 g of water per kg of dry air). Faster increase of bag filter pressure drop in presence of humidiy (150°C - 3% RH) as compared to the dry conditions (150°C - 0% RH).