Optimizing well spacing in unconventional gas reservoirs is difficult due to complex heterogeneity, large variability and uncertainty in reservoir properties, and lack of data that increase the production uncertainty. Previous methods are either suboptimal because they do not consider subsurface uncertainty (e.g., statistical moving-window methods) or they are too time-consuming and expensive for many operators (e.g., integrated reservoir characterization and simulation studies). This research has focused on developing and extending a new technology for determining optimal well spacing in tight gas reservoirs that maximize profitability. To achieve the research objectives, an integrated multi-well reservoir and decision model that fully incorporates uncertainty was developed. The reservoir model is based on reservoir simulation technology coupled with geostatistical and Monte Carlo methods to predict production performance in unconventional gas reservoirs as a function of well spacing and different development scenarios. The variability in discounted cumulative production was used for direct integration of the reservoir model with a Bayesian decision model (developed by other members of the research team) that determines the optimal well spacing and hence the optimal development strategy. The integrated model includes two development stages with a varying Stage-1 time span. The integrated tools were applied to an illustrative example in Deep Basin (Gething D) tight gas sands in Alberta, Canada, to determine optimal development strategies. The results showed that a Stage-1 length of 1 year starting at 160-acre spacing with no further downspacing is the optimal development policy. It also showed that extending the duration of Stage 1 beyond one year does not represent an economic benefit. These results are specific to the Berland River (Gething) area and should not be generalized to other unconventional gas reservoirs. However, the proposed technology provides insight into both the value of information and the ability to incorporate learning in a dynamic development strategy. The new technology is expected to help operators determine the combination of primary and secondary development policies early in the reservoir life that profitably maximize production and minimize the number of uneconomical wells. I anticipate that this methodology will be applicable to other tight and shale gas reservoirs.

As the conventional reservoirs decrease in discovering, producing and reserving, unconventional reservoirs are more remarkable in terms of discovering, development and having more reserve. More fields have been discovered where Barnett Shale and Bakken Shale are the most recently unconventional reservoir examples. Shale reservoirs are typically considered self-sourcing and have very low permeability ranging from 10-100 nanodarcies. Over the past few decades, numerous research projects and developments have been studied, but it seems there is still some contention and misunderstanding surrounding shale reservoirs. One of the largest shale in the United State is the Bakken Shale play. This study will describe the primary geologic characteristics, field development history, reservoir properties,and especially production trends, over the Bakken Shale play. Data are available for over hundred wells from different companies. Most production data come from the Production Data Application (HDPI) database and in the format of monthly production for oil, water and gas. Additional 95 well data including daily production rate, completion, Pressure Volume Temperature (PVT), pressure data are given from companies who sponsor for this research study. This study finds that there are three Types of well production trends in the Bakken formation. Each decline curve characteristic has an important meaning to the production trend of the Bakken Shale play. In the Type I production trend, the reservoir pressure drops below bubble point pressure and gas releasingout of the solution. With the Type II production trend, oil flows linearly from the matrix into the fracture system, either natural fracture or hydraulic fracture. Reservoir pressure is higher than the bubble point pressure during the producing time and oil flows as a single phase throughout the production period of the well. A Type III production trend typically has scattering production data from wells with a different Type of trend. It is difficult to study this Type of behavior because of scattering data, which leads to erroneous interpretation for the analysis. These production Types, especially Types I and II will give a new type curve matches for shale oil wells above or below the bubble point.

År 2013 var den globala omsättningen för modeindustrin ca 76 tusen miljarder svenska kronor (Office of Textiles and Apparel, 2014). Bara i Sverige omsattes det 229 miljarder svenska kronor år 2012 inom denna sektor, en ökning på 11 % från föregående år (Tillväxtverket, 2014). Att modebranschen är under ständig utveckling och ökar i tillväxt kan man se då dessa siffror stiger varje år. Statistik från 2014 visar att trots denna ökning så överlever endast 47 % av nystartade modeföretag de tre första åren (Statistic Brain, 2014). Så hur lyckas man som modeföretag i early stage-fasen att med begränsade resurser stärka sitt varumärke och hålla sig kvar på marknaden? I denna studie berörs olika delar så som traditionell marknadsföring, okonventionell marknadsföring, branding samt transparens, där huvudfokus ligger på företag i early stage- fasen av sin uppstart. I uppsatsen genomfördes sju intervjuer med svenska modeföretag som är eller nyligen varit i denna fas för att få ett resultat med så hög validitet som möjligt. Brist på kunskap och kapital är inte ovanligt i denna bransch och med ökad medvetenhet hos konsumenter om de olika processerna, så kan det ibland uppstå svårigheter att försvara sig som nystartat företag. Då modebranschen är i ständig rörelse med stora förändringar från säsong till säsong måste man som nytt företag vara beredd på reformation samt att alltid tänka innovativt. Det är även viktigt att vara uppmärksam på kommande och rådande trender gällande alla aktiviteter ett företag arbetar med. Eftersom olika marknadsföringsstrategier både kan hjälpa och stjälpa ett varumärkes position på marknaden är den stora utmaningen att hitta rätt metod för just sitt företag (Easy, M. 2009). Resultatet av denna studie kommer alltså att bygga på de kvalitativa intervjuer som genomförts med de utvalda företag som har valt att medverka. De beskriver hur deras uppstart sett ut när det kommer till branding samt hur de i olika kanaler väljer att marknadsföra sig. I dessa intervjuer tittar vi även närmare på hur de lyckades starta sin verksamhet och vilka kapitalmedel de använt, deras syn på okonventionell marknadsföring samt hur marknadsföring och branding hänger samman.

As the development of shale resources continue to accelerate in the United States, improving the effectiveness and the cost efficiency of hydraulic fracturing completion is becoming increasingly important. For such improvement, it is necessary to investigate the effects of various design parameters and in-situ conditions on the resulting fracture dimensions and propagation patterns. In this thesis, a 3D geomechanical model was built using ABAQUS Standard to simulate the propagation of multiple competing fractures in a single fracture stage of a horizontal well. The reservoir was modeled as a porous elastic medium using C3D8RP pore pressure & stress elements. In addition, a vertical plane of COH3D8P pore pressure cohesive elements was inserted at each perforation cluster to model fracture propagation. Also, the flow distribution among perforation clusters was simulated using a parallel resistors model. The results suggested that the fracture spacing has the dominant impact on the number of propagated fractures. Even when all other conditions were favorable to fracture propagation, small fracture spacing reduced the number of propagated fractures. Similarly, in a given fracture stage, decreasing the number of perforation clusters abated inter-fracture stress interference, and increased the number of propagated fractures. Higher injection fluid viscosity significantly increased the fracture widths and slightly decreased the fracture lengths, but did not have any impact on the number of propagated fractures. Also, higher injection rates led to longer and wider fractures, and increased the number of propagated fractures. Therefore, a high injection fluid viscosity and a high injection rate should be used to promote fracture propagation. Lastly, higher Young's modulus of the target formation led to increased stress interference, and the resulting fractures were shorter and narrower. Therefore, if the Young’s modulus of a target formation is high, a wider fracture spacing should be considered. Through this study, a 3D geomechanical model was successfully formulated to simulate the propagation of multiple competing fractures. In addition, the effects of various hydraulic fracturing design parameters and in-situ conditions on the resulting fracture dimensions and propagation patterns were demonstrated. / text

Current models used to forecast production in unconventional oil and gas formations are often not producing valid results. When traditional decline curve analysis models are used in shale formations, Arps b-values greater than 1 are commonly obtained, and these values yield infinite cumulative production, which is non-physical.. Additional methods have been developed to prevent the unrealistic values produced, like truncating hyperbolic declines with exponential declines when a minimum production rate is reached. Truncating a hyperbolic decline with an exponential decline solves some of the problems associated with decline curve analysis, but it is not an ideal solution. The exponential decline rate used is arbitrary, and the value picked greatly effects the results of the forecast. A new empirical model has been developed and used as an alternative to traditional decline curve analysis with the Arps equation. The new model is based on the concept of logistic growth models. Logistic growth models were originally developed in the 1830s by Belgian mathematician, Pierre Verhulst, to model population growth. The new logistic model for production forecasting in ultra-tight reservoirs uses the concept of a carrying capacity. The carrying capacity provides the maximum recoverable oil or gas from a single well, and it causes all forecasts produced with this model to be within a reasonable range of known volumetrically available oil. Additionally the carrying capacity causes the production rate forecast to eventually terminate as the cumulative production approaches the carrying capacity. The new model provides a more realistic method for forecasting reserves in unconventional formations than the traditional Arps model. The typical problems encountered when using conventional decline curve analysis are not present when using the logistic model. Predictions of the future are always difficult and often subject to factors such as operating conditions, which can never be predicted. The logistic growth model is well established, robust, and flexible. It provides a method to forecast reserves, which has been shown to accurately trend to existing production data and provide a realistic forecast based on known hydrocarbon volumes. / text

Temos aktualumas – Mokytojai susiduria su mokinių mokymosi motyvacijos stoka, tad vis dažniau bandoma ieškoti naujų mokymo organizavimo formų: išbandomos pamokos netradicinėje erdvėje, naujos priemonės, organizuojamos netradicinės pamokos savo turiniu, metodais. Temos problema – Darbe bandoma aiškintis kaip skatinti motyvaciją mokytis. Šio tyrimo problema yra kaip skatintų mokinių vizualinės raiškos motyvaciją netradicinės pamokos. Tyrimo tikslas – Išsiaiškinti ar netradicinės pamokos skatintų mokinių vizualinės raiškos mokymosi motyvaciją. Tyrimo objektas – Mokinių mokymosi motyvacija ir jos kėlimas netradicinėmis pamokomis. Tyrimo hipotezė – Netradicinės pamokos kelia mokinių vizualinės raiškos mokymosi motyvaciją. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 4. Išnagrinėti literatūrą nagrinėjamu klausimu. 5. Išsiaiškinti mokinių ir mokytojų požiūrį į netradicines pamokas. 6. Ištirti, kaip mokytojų nuomone, netradicinės pamokos veikia mokinių mokymosi motyvaciją. Tyrimo imtis. Tyrimas atliktas V, VI, VIII, X ir XII klasėse anketomis apklausiant 155 mokinius ir 43 mokytojus iš skirtingų Vilniaus mokyklų. Anketomis siekta išsiaiškinti, kaip mokiniai įsivaizduoja pamokas, kurios juos nuteiktų dirbti ir skatintų labiau domėtis pamokomis, kaip mokytojai įsivaizduoja mokymosi motyvacijos skatinimą pamokų metu. Tyrimo metodai: 2. Mokslinės literatūros analizė. 3. Mokinių ir mokytojų anketinė apklausa. 4. Atlikto tyrimo matematinė analizė. Išvados: 1. Netradicinės pamokos skatina aktyvų įsitraukimą į... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Topicality of the theme. Teachers face lack of pupils’ learning motivation often, thus teachers increasingly often look for new teaching organisation forms; they try to take lessons in untraditional spaces, try using new teaching means and organise lessons of unconventional content and using unconventional methods. The problem of the theme. The greatest attention has so far been paid to what is taught during art lessons and how composition skills are developed. The paper tries to analyze ways to induce teaching motivation. The problem of this research is how unconventional lessons would encourage pupils’ visual expression motivation. The aim of the research. To ascertain whether unconventional lessons would encourage pupils’ visual expressions learning motivation. The object of the research. Pupils’ motivation and its inducement during unconventional lessons. Hypothesis of the research. Unconventional lessons encourage pupils’ learning motivation. The objectives of the research: 1. To discuss and analyse literature according to the issue stated above. 2. To ascertain pupils’ and teachers’ point of view to unconventional lessons. 3. To discuss ways, according to teachers’ opinion, on the influence of unconventional lessons on pupils’ learning motivation. Scope of the research. The research was carried out while surveying 155 pupils of 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12 forms and 43 teachers from different schools in Vilnius. The questionnaires show how pupils imagine lessons that... [to full text]

PrOs₄Sb₁₂ is the first known heavy fermion superconductor containing Pr. Many experiments show results indicating unconventional superconductivity in this system. Most notably, PrOs₄Sb₁₂ exhibits two superconducting transitions. The upper transition occurs at Tc₁ ≈ 1.89 K and the lower transition occurs at Tc₂ ≈ 1.72 K. There are many features of this system that are not understood and do not have a unifi ed consensus among researchers. Many issues remain unanswered, such as the origin of superconductivity, symmetry of the superconducting energy gap, and the nature of the two superconducting transitions. We present specific heat data for a single PrOs₄Sb₁₂ crystal. The data show two superconducting transitions. Variance in the lower superconducting transition (among various samples) suggests multiple superconducting phases. Power law dependence of the low temperature specific heat is indicative of asymmetric energy gap. Cuprates are unconventional high temperature superconductors. The theory on origin and characteristics of superconductivity in these systems is still a debated issue. Experiments indicate presence of a phase in these systems that occurs above the superconducting transition temperature which exhibits some common characteristics with the superconducting state. An important issue is the nature of this so-called "pseudogap" phase and its relationship to the superconducting state. We have developed an experimental apparatus and procedure for measuring the specific heat of a high temperature superconductor and demonstrated it by measuring the heat capacity of a YBCO high-Tc superconductor sample.

Excess water production is a major economic and environmental problem for the oil and gas industry. The cost of processing excess water runs into billions of dollars. Polymer gel technology has been successfully used in controlling water influx without damaging hydrocarbon production in conventional naturally fractured or hydraulically fractured reservoirs. However, there has been no systematic investigation on effectiveness and placement conditions of polymer gels for shutting off water flow from fractures with narrow apertures in shale and tight gas reservoirs. The existing polymer gels, like those based on Chromium(III) Acetate, as a crosslinker will exert very high extrusion pressure to effectively penetrate the narrow aperture fractures present in shale and tight gas reservoirs. This gives rise to a need for a new polymer gel system that can be used for selectively shutting off water flow from narrow aperture fractures in shale and tight gas reservoirs. The new gel system will have a longer gelation time than the existing polymer gels; this ensures minimum crosslinking of the gel by the time it reaches bottom hole. The gelant solution will be pumped at low pressure so that, it penetrates only pre-existing fractures in the formation with ease. This study for the first time focuses on developing an environmentally benign polymer gel system based on high molecular weight HPAM, as a base polymer and a commercial grade PEI as an organic crosslinker. Gel samples of different concentration ratios of the polymer and crosslinker were prepared and classified under Sydansk code of gel strength to find optimum concentration ratios that gave good gels. The gel system was characterized using Brookfield DV-III Ultra Rheometer and Fann-35 Viscometer.

The monetary policy of the Fed and the ECB has greatly change as a result of the global crisis. The goal of the thesis is to analyse the evolution of unconventional monetary instruments in the USA and the EU after the outbreak of the global crisis and nowadays with the help of pivotal economic models; namely, the IS-LM-BP model and the quantity theory of money. In addition, the paper should assess the impacts of adopted instruments and programs and draw conclusions about their success. The theoretical part explains the IS-LM-BP framework and the quantity theory of money and describes the unconventional monetary tools that the central banks can use when the interest rates reach the zero lower bound. The practical part analyses EU and US economy with the explained models. Furthermore, the implemented instruments of the Fed and the ECB are described and compared. The thesis should be concluded with the claim that the transmission mechanism was restored with the help of the non-standard measures, however, the desirable price level stabilization has not been reached.

Both the ECB and the Fed implemented various unconventional measures in response to the last crisis. While the ECB's policies were based on direct lending to banks, the FED adopted large-scale asset purchases. According to the empirical evidence these policies had economically beneficial effects in the US and the Eurozone but these measures have also certain spillovers which scope and exact impacts are quite difficult to estimate. There have been already many papers focusing on cross-border impacts of the FED's policies, but far less studied the spillovers of the ECB's policies. This work provides a theoretical background concerning the unconventional monetary policies implemented by the ECB and the FED after 2008 and analyse the impacts of ECB's policies on six particular countries outside euro area. The Impulse Responses of output, inflation, domestic interest rate and exchange rate are analyzed via block-restricted VAR model. My results confirm that euro area monetary policy does have an impact on non-euro area countries, although the response of macroeconomic variables in analysed countries are heterogeneous and also differ in the period before and after September 2008. Countries seem to be indeed affected more by conventional monetary policies until September 2008, but the euro-area monetary policy spills over via unconventional policies after September 2008. Overall, the ECB's policies affect economic activity outside euro area, but does not have significant impact on inflation. Furthermore, the exchange rate just initially drops in response to monetary tightening, but this reaction usually does not last for more than four months.