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MSc (Med), Epidemiology and Biostatistics,University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences / Introduction In developing countries, diarrhoea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age. This study aimed to determine the effect of age and HIV infection status on incidence of acute gastroenteritis and to identify risk factors associated with death and prolonged hospitalisation. Methods A secondary data analysis was performed using an existing cohort of children enrolled on a pneumococcal vaccine efficacy study performed in 1998-2005 in Soweto. Results The incidence rate of acute gastroenteritis requiring hospitalisation was 10.13 (CI95% 9.68, 10.58) per 1000 person years. Incidence was highest in those under six months of age, decreased with increasing age, and was 5.42 times (CI95% 4.89, 6.01) higher in those infected with HIV compared to that in HIV-uninfected children. HIV-infected children were more likely to be malnourished, have severe dehydration and have a concomitant diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). HIV-infected children were four times more likely to die in hospital (OR 3.99 CI95% 2.04, 7.81) and almost twice as likely to be hospitalized > 2 days (OR 1.81 CI95% 1.38, 2.38) compared to HIV-uninfected children. Presence of malnutrition, severe dehydration and a concomitant diagnosis of LRTI were also significant risk factors for death and prolonged hospitalisation. Conclusions Acute gastroenteritis is an important cause of hospitalisation in children under 2 years, especially among HIV-infected children. Prevention and management of severe dehydration, malnutrition, HIV infection and concomitant LRTI need to be targeted to decrease mortality and shorten the duration of hospitalisation in children admitted with acute gastroenteritis.

The introduction of legislation aimed at decreasing gender imbalances in Mauritius has not led to an increase in women's access to parliament. While Mauritius is not unique in this, it is an interesting case to examine because Mauritius prides itself on being a leader in Africa as a democratic and strong middle-income country that has achieved success in many socio-economic areas. But Mauritius is faced with a paradox: despite its abundance of gender-related legislation, it is lagging behind in gender equality at the national level, as manifest by the few women in parliament. Regarding this issue, little research has been done to examine the challenges of translating legislative gains into actual change. Albie Sachs, former judge on the Constitutional Court of South Africa (2002), summarizes the Mauritian case by stating: Mauritius can justly be proud of the admiration which its democratic life enjoys internationally. It cannot, however, hold up its head in terms of participation of women in political life. When half the population ends up with only a one-twentieth share of representation, it manifests a grave democratic deficit (as cited in Athal, 2012, p. 17).

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The aim of this study has been to investigate stress-induced whitening in glass fibre/epoxy (0,90)s laminates and to develop a technique to monitor the low strain damage associated with it. The effect of resin cure, laminate geometry, heat treatment and surface finish of glass fibres on the extent and development of damage has also been studied. It has been found that the whitening is caused by the development of micro-cracks in the resin. The micro-cracks developed in the 90° ply and occurred predominantly at or near points of contact between fibres where the strain magnification in the resin is highest. The cracks occurred near the fibre/matrix interface and extended into the resin with the crack faces lying at 90° to the loading axis. Careful observation under oblique illumination conditions has shown that the whitening effect is preceded by other colour effects so that the laminate is observed to gradually change colour from an original blue through to red or white depending on the level of cure of the matrix resin. The whitening is a result of ordinary diffuse reflections from cracks that are larger than the wavelength of light and occurs when the level of cure of the matrix system is low while the reddening is the result of Rayleigh or Mie scattering from cracks that are smaller than the wavelength of light and occurs when the level of cure of the matrix is high. An off-axis LASER diffraction technique has been developed to monitor the amount of damage in the transverse ply of laminates by measurement of the intensity of light diffracted by the micro-cracks. In addition to confirming the results obtained from photomicroscopy, it revealed that decreasing the inner 90° ply thickness in (0,90)s laminates resulted in a substantial increase in the amount of micro damage in the laminate. Heat treatment of the laminate after testing resulted in the disappearance of whitening and healing of micro-cracks in the resin which continues to cure during heat treatment. Successive heat treatments reduced the size of micro-cracks which developed on reloading. In addition to decreasing the rate of re-development of the original cracks on reloading, the heat treatment reduced the rate of development of "new" cracks formed at higher applied strains.

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Bilder vars funktion är förmedla ett budskap är i fokus för denna uppsats. Syftet är att se hur ett urval av porträtt av regenter används i politiska syften för att manifestera sig själva som en reflektion av staten, detta berör den visuella bilden av kungen vars syfte är att övertyga om en ledares kvalitativa egenskaper. Med andra ord, hur förmedlade man sin maktposition och hur man vidmakthöll sin påverkan över befolkningen och riket med hjälp av den visuella retoriken. Det är en analys över stormaktstidens kulturella syn över sin egen självbild som en nybliven maktstat och viljan att visa sig likvärdig bland dem andra europeiska staterna, både gällande de kulturella och politiska aspekterna. Maktsymboler är viktiga retoriska inslag i konsten som berättar om individens intentioner, anspråk och rättigheter. Därför kommer en betydande del av uppsatsen att verifiera och definiera användningen av symboler i porträtter. Dessa kan vara identitetsbyggande symboler eller metaforer för auktoriteten och andra maktbesläktade egenskaper. Exempel på dessa symboler är bland annat konkreta objekt, ansiktsdrag, gester, posering och tecken. Genren ryttarporträtt kommer att behandlas för att betona betydelsen av hästen i konsten och samhället. Hästen är en viktig aspekt i människans vardag som transport och som status. Under slutet av 1600-talet var det vanligt att porträtteras i antika romerska kläder vilket skulle återknyta antikens ideal. Fenomenet á la romaine som det kallas kommer att diskuteras eftersom det berättar mycket om 1600-tals människans anknytning till det förgångna och dess influenser i konsten. Speciellt till den romerska kulturen medsitt bildspråk och maktspråk som togs in i det samtida kulturlivet. Mina frågeställningar är följande: Hur yttrade sig idealen att avbilda mäktiga personer under stormaktstiden? Vad ville hovet berätta med den spridda bilden av regenten? Vad finns det för symboler i porträtten som visar på den avbildades ställning?

In hybrid pixel detector fabrication, high-density interconnection between focal plane array and the read-out integrated circuit is important. Bump bonding is the preferable assembly method, it is small in size, low cost, high performance and flexible I/O. Flip-chip bonding is a vertical connection technique of focal plane array and top substrate with solder bumps. In this paper, Flip-chip bonding by electroplated indium bumps is described. There are advantages of using indium as the solder material. It is relatively inexpensive, it has good thermal and electrical conductivity, it is ductile, and it is cryogenically stable. Indium bumps with a diameter of 30 µm are successfully prepared by an electroplating method, however removing indium conductive layer after electrodeposition is challenging. The corresponding electroplating indium bump process is also discussed. Electrical measurement was applied to detect the connection integrity of the flip-chip assemblies.