Researchers claim that stress has become a word of fashion and is now frequently used. They also state that there is no accepted definition that can easily describe the concept. In this essay, I have examined children and stress. The aim of the diploma work is to illustrate stress more closely the stress concept, the underlying reasons that can influence children and how teachers and school staff support children in their stress handling. My three issues are: What is stress? What stressors put children, at home and at school, in a stress situation? How can teachers help children to manage their stress? The diploma work is based on a literature study in order to find out what has been written on the subject in earlier research. Moreover, the work is based on four interviews with three class teachers and a school nurse in order to illustrate their experiences of what stresses children at school. In order to get a good base for the work the children's participation was of utmost importance to get a good base for the work, therefore questionnaires were given to 89 children in class 4 and 5. The results of the questionnaires showed that children had little or no knowledge of the stress concept. They associate it most often with lack of time and having to hurry. Children can be stressed just like adults. In addition, stress levels differ greatly between them, which means that some children feel more stress-tolerant than others. The conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that the child's environment affects the child, school and home being the greatest stress factors.                                                                                           Keywords: Children under stress, stress, stressor, stress handling.

Most spacecraft are designed to be maneuvered to achieve pointing goals. This is generally accomplished by designing a three-axis control system. This work explores new maneuver strategies when only two control inputs are available: (i) sequential single-axis maneuvers and (ii) three-dimensional (3D) coupled maneuvers. The sequential single-axis maneuver strategies are established for torque, time, and fuel minimization applications. The resulting control laws are more complicated than the equivalent results for three-axis control because of the highly nonlinear control switch-times. Classical control approaches lead to optimal, but discontinuous control profiles. This problem is overcome by introducing a torque-rate penalty for the torque minimization case. Alternative approaches are also considered for achieving smooth continuous control profiles by introducing a cubic polynomial multiplicative control switch smoother for the time and fuel minimization cases. Numerical and analytical results are presented to compare optimal maneuver strategies for both nominal and failed actuator cases. The 3D maneuver strategy introduces a homotopy algorithm to achieve optimal nonlinear maneuvers minimizing the torque. Two cases are considered: (i) one of the three-axis control actuators fails and (ii) two control actuators fail among four control actuators. The solution strategy first solves the case when all three actuators are available. Then, the failed actuator case is recovered by introducing a homotopy embedding parameter, ε, into the nonlinear dynamics equation. By sweeping ε, a sequence of neighboring optimal control problems is solved that starts with the original maneuver problem and arrives at the solution for the under-actuated case. As ε approaches 1, the designated actuator no longer provides control inputs to the spacecraft, effectively modeling the failed actuator condition. This problem is complex for two reasons: (i) the governing equations are nonlinear and (ii) ε fundamentally alters the spacecraft’s controllability. Davidenko’s method is introduced for developing an ordinary differential equation for the costate variable as a function of ε. For each value of ε, the costate initial conditions are iteratively adjusted so that the terminal boundary conditions for the 3D maneuver are achieved. Optimal control applications are presented for both rest-to-rest and motion-to-rest cases that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

This study is concerned with the nature of the parish ministry in the diocese of Canterbury and archdeaconry of Bedford, its educational, professional, economic and social status, its work and its relations with the laity. It is also concerned with the impact of the Civil War and Interregnum on the profession. The pre-Civil War clergy formed a professional group with its own hierarchy, set of rules, rudimentary form of training and career structure. There was a strong sense of professional identity amongst them. The parish ministry was a popular profession in which most ministers could expect resonable renumeration and some chance of promotion. It can be termed a distinct social group, reasonably close to the gentry in social standing. It is likely that most ministers fulfilled their duties; and it is also likely that behind many presentments for clerical negligence lay local conflicts. Between the Scylla and Charybdis of Arminianism and Laudianism on the one hand and Puritanism on the other lay the Anglicanism of the majority of the pre-Civil War clergy. The 1640's and 1650's was a period of extreme but temporary dislocation for the profession. A significant number of ministers were deprived of their livings. Few of these were avid Laudians or implacable opponents of parliament. Many ministers found it difficult to collect their tithes. However, the overall adverse effects of the upheavals of this period should not be exaggerated, for a number of the ejected ministers made peace with parliament and were given new livings. Others were restored to the Church in the early 1660%. Most ministers escaped ejection; and many Anglican ministers survived in their livings undisturbed and it is likely that a number still used the traditional liturgy. The Anglican Church thus survived at a local level into the Restoration period.

Background: Appropriate child feeding prevents nutrient deficiencies, diseases, and deaths in children. However, only 13.3% of children aged 6-23 months in Ghana receive the minimum acceptable diet. Thus, undernutrition remains high in rural northern Ghana, especially among under-fives. This is showing no improvement despite economic development and implementation of globally recommended nutrition & feeding interventions. There is limited context specific evidence about child feeding in rural northern Ghana. Aim: To examine how culture might impact upon the feeding of children under five years of age in rural northern Ghana. Methods: A qualitative ethnographic study was completed between October 2014 and May 2015. Data were collected in a rural Ghanaian community via participant observation and sixty-one ethnographic interviews with mothers, fathers, and grandparents in 15 households, and spiritual leaders are known as "diviners". Themes were developed through inductive analysis of field notes and verbatim transcribed interviews using a framework approach. Results: The content of a child's diet and the pattern of feeding were found to be influenced by the community's notion of food, taboos, and beliefs which originated in a traditional African religion. Shared household responsibility for feeding children and the gendered and age related hierarchy of household decision making also influenced child feeding. Discussion: This study has shown multifaceted taken-for-granted social and cultural influences on child feeding. Whilst mothers are the main recipients of the official public health nutrition and child feeding advice, the communal structures, living arrangements and social interactions support, enhance, and reinforce the community inclined practices that limit mothers' independent decision making. Conclusion: To effect community change and promote uptake of public health nutrition recommendations, a community wide nutrition intervention approach may be more beneficial than the current approach which targets mothers. Furthermore, community and cultural influences must be understood and considered by health professionals if such interventions are to succeed.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / Infants and under 5 mortality have been universally researched and it reduction by twothird by 2015 has been announced as one of the millennium development goal of the United Nation. Continuous monitoring in form of studies on mothers related factors that determines infant, child and under 5 mortality appears to be a step towards achieving this goal. Therefore using the Eastern Cape Province as a case study, this study utilises the secondary data of the 1998 South Africa Demographic and Health Survey (SADHS) dataset for children to examine some specific mothers related socioeconomic and demographic determinants of infant and child mortality. As at the time this study is being conducted the SADHS 2003 survey datasets are not available. However, reports that summarize the survey and some preliminary results are available. In this study, infant and child mortality have been grouped into 0-12 months and 13-60 months age at death,which is taken as independent variable. Profiles of the distributions of the dependent and the independent variables are described with the aid of cross tabulation. Demographic factors examined include the age of the mother at the time of delivery, order of birth and birth interval, while the socioeconomic factors examined include working status of the mother, mother‟s work place (at home work at home or away) mothers‟ education level , and the place of residence. We found that demographic variables such as age of mothers at first birth, birth order, birth interval, and socioeconomic factors such as mothers‟ education level, and the place of birth, have a significant effect on the probability of child‟s survival. Therefore, the postponement of the female age at birth with an appropriate child spacing, nonetheless, the improvement mother‟s education will enhance the reduction of infant and child mortality. Steps that may be taken towards improving the health status of infant and child, including ways by which infant and child mortality may be reduced are recommended.

This is a socio-economic study of agriculture and its contribution to livelihoods in Venda, one of the black 'homelands' created in South Africa under apartheid. It is based on a survey of households on the Tshiombo irrigation scheme, a project in central Venda with approximately six hundred plot-holders. The alms of the study are to understand the opportunities and constraints facing small farmers, and to suggest ways in which public action can promote rural livelihoods and overcome the legacy of racial oppression and under-development in South Africa. The study includes a review of micro-studies of agriculture and livelihoods from the ten former homelands. A range of unpublished materials and original field research are also used to provide an overview of society and economy in Venda at the end of apartheid and to highlight the problems faced by households attempting to secure a livelihood from the land. The Tshiombo case found that agriculture, on average, contributed approximately a quarter of household income (in cash and kind), with the balance coming mainly from wages and state pensions. Wide disparities were found between households, however, in terms of land-holding, agricultural output and overall household income. Relative poverty was associated with a lack of wage income and poorer households tended to be disproportionately dependent on agriculture. Both arable and livestock farming were dominated by older men, some of whom had a history of off-farm employment but others who had been full-time farmers since the 1960s. The study concludes that there is scope for further development of the agricultural economy at Tshiombo but this will require comprehensive reform of existing state services such as tractor ploughing and agricultural extension. More flexible partnerships between the state and non-state organisations, including private entrepreneurs, individual farmers and the struggling Tshiombo Co-operative in the provision of credit, marketing and transport services are also identified as areas suitable for development. Constraints of land, capital and household labour suggest that in most cases agriculture is likely to remain supplementary to income obtained from the non-farm economy, but can be a valuable source of food and an important safety-net in times of crisis.

In the last 100 years, vast technological and communicational changes have occurred in all modes of transportation, with momentous changes to the carriage of cargo by sea. In response, the shipping industry has attempted to codify, at the international level, regulations and standards with the aim of providing a safe environment at sea. In turn, the shipping industry’s regulations impact upon the way sea carriage is performed. The obligation of seaworthiness is no exception. The requisite standard of seaworthiness is also, to a limited extent, governed by the shipping indsutry’s regulations. It is notable that the shipping industry’s regulations cannot keep pace with technological developments and they therefore lag behind the latest inventions. This creates an imbalance in the risk borne between the parties to the contract of carriage. Accordingly, the current law on seaworthiness requires modification in order to keep up with the technological evolution in the shipping industry. For such reasons, the Rotterdam Rules and its provisions on seaworthiness, were agreed. This thesis focuses on the scope of the provisions that relate to the obligation of seaworthiness in the Rotterdam Rules as compared to the parallel obligation in the existing regime under the Hague/Hague-Visby Rules. In order to ascertain whether the new convention provides a sound system to govern the law relating to seaworthiness, it is necessary to deal with the carrier’s obligation of seaworthiness under the Rotterdam Rules as compared to the widely used regime of the Hague/Hague-Visby Rules. However, the Rotterdam Rules introduce additional changes to the regime governing the carriage of goods; for example, multimodal transport. These changes are also considered in this study. This thesis discusses the impact of multimodal carriage on the obligation and liability of seaworthiness. It proposes that a multimodality approach should not be used with particular types of sea carriage; for example, container carriage. Throughout the thesis, proposals for both regimes concerning changes to areas where the risk between the contracting parties is imbalanced are provided. This inevitably involves a detailed study on the provisions relating to the obligation of exercising due diligence (and related potential liabilities in case of breach) under the Hague/Hague-Visby Rules and the Rotterdam Rules.

Bakgrund Den blivande mammans matvanor under graviditeten är viktiga eftersom hon har ett ökat näringsbehov och försörjer en annan individ. En del av grunden för barnets framtida hälsa och matvanor ges redan i mammans mage. Trots det har studier visat att mammans matintag är otillräckligt jämfört med rekommendationerna samt att intaget av godis och fikabröd ofta ökar under graviditeten. Syfte Syftet med studien var att utforska inställningen till hälsosam och ohälsosam mat, samt hur denna inställning upplevdes påverka matintaget, hos nyblivna förstagångsmammor under graviditeten. Metod Åtta intervjuer genomfördes med nyblivna förstagångsmammor. Intervjuerna genomfördes med en semistrukturerad intervjuguide och spelades in med hjälp av en inspelningsapp. Data som samlades in transkriberades och analyserades sedan med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat Deltagarna berättade att de ändrade inställningen till sina matvanor då de blev gravida. Det blev allt viktigare att äta en varierad kost innehållande mycket grönsaker och frukt (hälsosam mat), och intaget av snabbmat och produkter innehållande mycket socker minskade (ohälsosam mat). Denna inställning följdes inte under hela graviditeten, och intaget av snabbmat och sockerrika livsmedel ökade under den senare delen. Kostråden från vårdpersonal upplevdes som bristfälliga på grund av att de gavs för få råd, och att mycket information själv fick hämtas från framförallt Livsmedelsverket. Slutsats Deltagarna följde inte sin initiala inställning till upplevd hälsosam och ohälsosam mat under hela graviditeten. Deltagarna efterfrågade även mer information om mat under graviditet från vårdpersonal. Mer stöd och information från vården kan ge den gravida kvinnan bättre förutsättningar till att hålla en hälsosam kost under hela graviditeten.

Since its publication in 1947, Malcolm Lowry’s novel Under the Volcano has been gaining in reputation until it has come to be regarded as one of the masterworks of this century. The aim of this thesis is to consider Under the Volcano in the light of the Romantic and Symbolist tradition in which it belongs, and to provide an interpretation of the novel through an exploration of its structure, symbolism and theme. Chapter I attempts to demonstrate that an understanding of the world view which Lowry adopts in Under the Volcano - the doctrine of universal analogy, which had such a profound influence on the nineteenth-century Romantic and Symbolist writers - is essential to an appreciation of the formal design and the theme of the novel. Chapters II and III examine the implications of two of the major symbols of Under the Volcano - the wheel and the abyss — and attempt to show how these symbols function on several levels to support both the narrative sequence and the mythic framework of the novel. Some attention is paid to the metaphorical identification of the protagonist with the archetypal ‘suffering hero,’ especially in relation to the Promethean and Orphic imagery employed in the novel. Chapter IV is concerned with the tragic stature of the hero, particularly as it is revealed in the culminating scenes of the novel, and with an examination of the paradoxical resolution of the central conflict - the struggle between love and death. The Conclusion contains a brief review of some critical comments on the novel and modern literature in general, which may contribute to an appreciation and understanding of Lowry’s achievement in writing Under the Volcano. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

Between 1936 and 1946 Malcolm Lowry produced a succession of versions or revisions of Under the Volcano. He began this lengthy undertaking in Cuernavaca, Mexico, and continued it in Los Angeles—where he moved in 1938—and Vancouver, British Columbia to which he moved just prior to the outbreak of war in 1939. In 1940 he submitted what he considered at the time to be the final version to a number of major and minor publishers, all of whom had rejected it by 1941. During the same year, having moved out of the city of Vancouver to the nearby squatter's settlement at Dollarton, Lowry re-commenced to revise the novel. By Christmas of 1944, after thousands of pages of revisions, he had more-or-less completed another "final" version, and a retyped copy of this was accepted in 1945 for publication early in 1947. In general, the many successive post-1940 versions of the novel show only minor alterations to the basic story or plot of the rejected version. But Lowry re-presented this fundamental story in such a way that the overall effect of the novel published in 1947 was extremely different from that of the rejected 1940 version. In the course of this post-1941 revising of the novel, Lowry made a great many marginal annotations. As a rule they recorded his immediate feelings or thoughts about some aspect of the draft version he was considering at the time. Examination of these notes reveals a pattern of motivation lying behind Lowry's gradual representation of the novel's basic story. On the one hand, his critical notes ultimately expressed dissatisfaction with a melodramatic and allegorical view of the world implicitly held by the narrator of the pre-1941 versions of the novel; on the other, his strategic notes complemented this criticism by recording his local attempts to represent the novel's basic story from a philosophically and psychologically more complex point-of-view. It also becomes clear during examination of Lowry's marginalia that the earlier narrator's implied view of the world was profoundly neurotic. And the structure of this neurosis precisely paralleled a neurosis evident in Lowry's own view of the people around him prior to 1941 and his move to Dollarton. Regarded in this light, Lowry's marginal notes appear to record not only a creative aesthetic development but also a creative re-vision of his own personality—a movement away from his own neurosis that he achieved by means of his literary engagement. In the final analysis the personal and literary undertakings must be understood as a single integrated process; the record of Lowry's revision of Under the Volcano is thus an extremely detailed example of precisely how literary creativity can be understood as therapy. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate