Det finns idag flera olika militära planeringsramverk som är fastställda och gällande i Sverige. De baseras dels på normativ beslutsteori med en systematisk-rationell utgångspunkt, dels på deskriptiv beslutsteori med en naturalistisk utgångspunkt. Det finns därmed möjlighet att använda olika planeringsramverk beroende på förutsättningar, situation och ledningsnivå. Eftersom det är skillnad mellan systematisk och naturalistisk utgångspunkt inom beslutsteori kan frågan ställas om det också råder en skillnad kopplat till grad av intuitivt och analytiskt tänkande mellan planeringsramverken som används på olika nivåer. Hur ser dessa skillnader och likheter ut? I uppsatsen jämförs två svenska planeringsramverk, Svensk planerings- och ledningsmetod (SPL 3.0) och Planering under tidspress (PUT) utifrån indikatorer på analytiskt respektive intuitivt tänkande för att lyfta fram skillnader och likheter. Dessa belyses därefter utifrån systematisk och naturalistisk utgångspunkt inom beslutsteori. Analysen visar på skillnader mellan planeringsramverken, inte så mycket i form av skillnader i graden av analytiskt och intuitivt tänkande utan snarare i form av hur de båda formerna av tänkande är tänkt att användas och när i de olika stegen i beslutsprocessen.

Published Article / Under-performance and failure in first year accounting is a problem experienced in many higher education institutions world-wide as well as in South Africa. Literature shows that the problem is relatively well researched. Most of the research has taken place within the quantitative paradigm and in many cases focused on a search for determinants of possible success and / or failure in the subject or the factors contributing to the situation. The findings of all these research projects are varied and often inconclusive. It also becomes clear that the contexts of the studies are diverse, which makes it difficult for institutions and concerned lecturers to apply the findings in their specific situations. In this article the authors provide an overview of some of the most prominent research findings on factors determining or influencing success / failure in the field. They also attempt to organise these findings in a digestible way for the concerned lecturer and interested researcher. This is followed by a report on the first phase of an investigation into possible factors contributing to the low performance levels of students at a South African higher education institution. The unit of analysis is the first year accounting class of the first author (a lecturer at the institution). The research is quantitative in nature and statistical analyses are employed. In addition to factors such as age, gender, matric performance in key subjects, M-scores, class attendance and nationality, the investigation also looked at the levels of learning approach of the students as a possible determinant of success or failure. The findings are compared with the findings from literature and the implications of the research are discussed.

Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka kvaliteten och kvantiteten på högläsningen i förskolan. Den fokuserar på hur ofta högläsningen sker och om den är planerad eller spontan, för att ta reda på högläsningens kvantitet. Samt vilka slags samtal som existerar i samband med högläsningen och hur ofta de förekommer, för att undersöka högläsningens kvalitet. För att undersöka detta genomfördes åtta observationer, under fyra förmiddagar och fyra eftermiddagar, på fyra olika förskolor i en kommun i Mellansverige. Resultatet i studien visar att det sker mest planerade högläsningar och att det till större del är läsvila som sker efter lunchen varje dag. Detta indikerar att det inte är alla barn på förskolan som har möjlighet att ta del av högläsningen eftersom att en del av barnen sover vid denna tidpunkt på dagen. Syftet med läsvilan var först och främst att lugna ner barnen och att de skulle vila, vilket blev synligt i resultatet då antalen samtal var relativt låga. Läsvilans syfte och därmed låga antal samtal påverkan högläsningens kvalitet. De samtal i samband med de spontana högläsningstillfällena skedde inte i samma utsträckning som i de planerade högläsningarna. / <p>Godkännandedatum: 2016-06-05</p>

This study examined how middle school students planned to obtain future STEM college majors and careers through a possible selves curriculum in a 13-week, in-school cognitive apprenticeship model. STEM undergraduates mentored STEM-interested middle school mentees (N= 21) from six under-served middle schools. Through possible selves activities, mentees worked on strategies to avoid becoming their feared possible self and become their hoped-for possible self. In the middle of the semester, mentee self-reported competency in STEM fields, motivation, administrator-reported STEM course grades, and STEM attendance were collected. On average, mentees felt 10.67% more motivated to pursue STEM than they felt competent in STEM. Mentees who reported higher competency tended to have higher course grades, and mentees who reported higher motivation tended to have higher attendance, although attendance was high overall, indicating insufficient sample size or variance to demonstrate significance. Mentees who attended class more tended to have a higher course grade but the same statistical issue occurred in that there may not have been a significant correlation due to sampling and self- selection biases. The majority of mentees identified unrelated possible selves, defined concrete self-improvement and abstract self-maintenance strategies, identified self-discipline as a requirement in middle school, described intellectual independence and teacher harmony strategies to solve everyday problems in middle school, identified instructivist college requirements, described responsibility as a transferable strategy, and dependence on an expert as a nontransferable strategy to solve long-term problems in college to obtain their STEM possible self.

Conventionally, the performances of Analog and Mixed-Signal (AMS) circuits have been characterized using specification-based functional tests. In these test methods, the correct functionalities of AMS circuits are verified by measuring pre-determined specification parameters of AMS circuits. The conventional test methods provide accurate test results by using various test equipments which generate functional test signals and capture the test responses externally. However, due to rapid increase in the performance of AMS circuits in recent years, the conventional test methods face various challenges in the aspects of test cost, test time and testability. The goal of this dissertation is to develop innovative functional test methods for AMS circuits which are aimed at reducing the test cost and test time while providing comparable test accuracy to the conventional test methods. To achieve this goal, efforts have been made to explore the characteristics of AMS circuits in a system level and to research efficient performance characterization methods based on the system level modeling of Devices Under Test (DUTs). As a part of these efforts, the pseudorandom test methods for nonlinear AMS circuits have been developed. In these methods, the pseudorandom signal is used to excite the DUT and to generate the test response which has sufficient information to characterize DUT performances. The pseudorandom test methods use the Volterra series model to capture the nonlinear behaviors of AMS circuits and to calculate various specification parameters of the DUT using the pseudorandom test response. In doing so, the performances of nonlinear AMS circuits can be characterized straightforwardly and accurately using a low-cost test setup. Also, in an effort to reduce the test time, parallel test methods of AMS circuits have been developed in which multiple DUTs are tested simultaneously by sharing a common test setup. In these methods, the test responses generated from different DUTs are combined together and the resulting composite test response is used to characterize the performance of each DUT individually. This will reduce the use of tester resources and will increase the test throughput beyond the level limited by the test equipments. The spectral characteristics of test stimulus are studied along with the system level behavior of AMS circuits to develop the efficient parallel test methods. Finally, in order to consider the practical issue of generating at-speed test stimuli for high-speed DUTs using a low-cost test setup, a reconfigurable built-off test interface is developed which can be used to generate various test patterns, including high-speed pseudorandom signal, using a low-speed tester. / text

Uncertainty surrounds the future evolution of key factors affecting the attractiveness of various nuclear fuel cycles, rendering the concept of a unique optimal fuel cycle transition strategy invalid. This work applies decision-making under uncertainty to fuel cycle transition analysis, demonstrating a new, systematic methodology for choosing flexible, adaptable hedging strategies that yield middle-of-the-road results until uncertainties are resolved. A case study involving transition from the current once-through light water reactor (LWR) fuel cycle to one relying on continuous recycle in fast reactors (FRs) is cast as a no-data decision problem. The transition is subject to uncertainty in the cost of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and high-level waste (HLW) disposal in a geologic repository, slated to open some years into the future. Following the repository open date, the cost of SNF and HLW disposal is made known, and may take on one of five possible values. Strategies for the transition are enumerated and simulated using VEGAS, a systems model of the nuclear fuel cycle that solves for its material balance and applies input cost data to calculate the associated annual levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Perfect information strategies are found using the lowest average, maximum, and integrated LCOE objective functions. The loss in savings for following a strategy other than the perfect information strategy is the “regret” which is calculated by evaluating the performance of each strategy for every end-state. Hedging strategies are then selected by either minimizing the maximum or the expected regret. Generally, the optimal hedging strategy identified using the decision methodology suggests a partial transition to a closed fuel cycle prior to the repository open date. Once the repository opens, the transition may be abandoned or accelerated depending on which disposal cost outcome is realized. The lowest average and integrated LCOE objective functions perform similarly; however, the lowest maximum LCOE objective function appears overly sensitive to aberrations in the annual LCOE that arise due to idle reprocessing capacity. The minimax regret choice criterion is shown to be more conservative than the lowest expected regret choice criterion, as it acts to hedge against the worst-case outcome. By following a hedging strategy, agents may alter their fuel cycle strategy more readily once uncertainties are resolved. This results since hedging strategies provide flexibility in the nuclear fuel cycle, preserving what options exist. To this end, the work presented here may provide guidance for agent-based, behavioral modeling in fuel cycle simulators, as well as decision-making in real world applications. / text

A range of electronic databases and two journals were subjected to a detailed literature search, focusing on studies evaluating psychological interventions with children aged 0-5 years of age. Outcome studies, utilising experimental design, were included for critical review. The search strategy revealed predominantly attachment-informed intervention studies, prompting a review of this aspect of the literature. A total of twelve studies were identified for closer scrutiny: five with a preventative focus; four describing interventions with clinical populations and three detailing large-scale intervention programmes. This review found evidence that early interventions are effective in altering maternal sensitivity and insecure patterns of attachment. Moreover, interventions were effective in reducing the effects of postnatal depression on attachment security, reducing the incidence of placement breakdown in fostered and adopted children and preventing behaviour difficulties in school-age children. These findings indicate a burgeoning evidence base for attachment-based intervention models for the prevention or treatment of infant or child psychopathology.

Sustainable approaches have been extensively proposed in product, process and system levels. However, a lack of applicable solutions for these methods is identified in the existing research. This research considers uncertainties affecting sustainable systems and comprehensively discusses the need for the optimal design in product and system levels under uncertainty. Based on the economic, social and environmental requirements of a sustainable product, and uncertainties in engineering systems, two innovative methods are proposed. The methods, including agent-based modeling (ABM) and Big Data, quantify effects of users’ preference changes as a significant uncertainty source in a product design process. The effect of quantified uncertainties on the product sustainability is then evaluated, and solutions to reduce the effects are developed. Through a novel control engineering method, uncertainties are modeled in the design process of a product. Using two mathematical models, the cost and environmental impacts in the design process are minimized under users’ preference changes. The models search for an optimal number of iterations in the design process to achieve a sustainable solution. The methods have been extended to model and optimize the sustainable system design under uncertainties. Design of Eco-Industrial Parks (EIPs) is a practical and scientific solution to achieve sustainable industries. To improve the feasibility of flow exchanges between industries in an EIP under several uncertainties, this research provides a perspective analysis for establishing flow exchanges between industries. The sources of uncertainties in the EIPs are then comprehensively studied, and research gaps are highlighted. Finally, models to optimize flow exchanges between industries are presented and the validity of models is evaluated using real data. A major is including all sustainability pillars in the proposed approach. The research addresses users’ preferences to highlight the role of individuals in the society. Moreover, the economic and environmental objective functions have been considered for optimal decision making in the design process. This research underlines the role of uncertainty studies in the sustainable system design. Multiple classifications, perspective analysis, and optimization objectives are presented to help decision makers with the optimal design of sustainable systems under uncertainties. / February 2017

InledningBokläsning är ett vanligt förekommande inslag i förskolans verksamhet. Förskollärare kan använda sig av detta som pedagogisk metod och det kan då vara språkutvecklande för förskolebarnen. Det sociala samspelet vid bokläsning mellan barn och förskollärare kan vara viktigt både för den kognitiva samt den sociala förmågan. Genom att utgå från barnens intressen vid boksamtal kan förskollärare utveckla barnens språkutveckling genom ett lustfyllt lärande.SyfteStudiens syfte är att undersöka hur förskollärare utifrån sina erfarenheter beskriver hur de använder bokläsning för att stödja barns språkutveckling i förskolan. Vi har valt att lyfta boksamtalet som en viktig del inom bokläsning.MetodVi har i denna undersökning använt oss av en kvalitativ metod i form av kvalitativa intervjuer. Intervjuerna är semistrukturerade och därmed har vi utgått ifrån en intervjuguide under intervjutillfällena.ResultatResultatet av vår undersökning visar att förskollärare ofta har boksamtal under bokläsning. Under dessa tillfällen har dock fokus legat på bilderna i böckerna då barnen visat stort intresse för dem. Texterna och bokstäverna diskuteras det inte lika mycket om. Förskollärarna beskriver det som att barnen ännu inte har kommit till den nivån att de förstår vad texten är. Vi kunde se skillnad i intresset för faktaböcker mellan könen på barnen. Några förskollärare utgick från flanosagor som utgångspunkt för boksamtalen. Då det finns en del flerspråkiga barn med annat modersmål än svenska får förskollärarna ofta visa konkret, ibland med tecken som stöd, istället för att ha samtal om det lästa. Barnens skriv-och läsutveckling börjar med att barnen visar intresse för sina namn och bokstäver i dessa, enligt vår undersökning.

Іnеquаlіtіеs іn thе rерrеsеntаtіоn оf wоmеn іn hіghеr аdmіnіstrаtіvе рublіс sсhооl роsіtіоns аrе а рrоduсt оf hіstоrісаl аnd sосіеtаl раttеrns (Byrd-Blаkе, 2000). Thеsе раttеrns hаvе dеtеrmіnеd thе соnstrаіnts wоmеn hаvе fасеd аnd соntіnuе tо fасе whеn thеy аttеmрt tо оbtаіn аdmіnіstrаtіvе роsіtіоns іn рublіс educational sсhооl systеms. Shаkеshаft's (1999) study revealed thаt wоmеn rерrеsеnt thе mаjоrіty оf thе tеасhіng рrоfеssіоn in public education (83.5%), but thеy rерrеsеnt approximately 14% of thе mіnоrіty оf tор lеvеl аdmіnіstrаtіvе роsіtіоns іn рublіс еduсаtіоn. Ассоrdіng tо Dаvіеs-Nеtzlеy (1998), wоmеn соntіnuе tо bе аt thе bоttоm оf thе соrроrаtе оrgаnіzаtіоnаl сhаrts, hаvе fеwеr сhаnсеs fоr аdvаnсеmеnts, аnd еаrn lеss іnсоmе thаn mеn іn sіmіlаr роsіtіоns. Out of the nations 13, 728 k-12 public school superintendents, 1, 984 are women (AASA, 2000). Thіs lасk оf gеndеr bаlаnсе аnd rеlаtеd іnеquіtіеs rаіsеs thе quеstіоn оf whеthеr wоmеn аrе trеаtеd іnеquіtаbly wіth rеgаrd tо nаtіоnаl stаtіstісs оn аdmіnіstrаtіvе hіrіng. Ассоrdіng tо thе Lоuіsіаnа Stаtе Dіrесtоry (2007), 20 оf thе stаtе 64 suреrіntеndеnts аrе wоmеn. Yеt, the number of k-12 public school wоmеn superintendents rеmаіn disproportionate to the number of women serving as classroom teachers. This study examined thе саrееr раths оf five wоmеn suреrіntеndеnts, thеіr suссеssеs, strugglеs, аnd bаrrіеrs tо k-12 рublіс sсhооl suреrіntеndеnts іn thе stаtе оf Lоuіsіаnа. Іn аddіtіоn, thе undеr-rерrеsеntаtіоn оf wоmеn suреrіntеndеnts іn thіs stаtе wаs іnvеstіgаtеd thrоugh іntеrvіеws, оbsеrvаtіоns, аnd dосumеnt аnаlysis.