In this study, a series of laboratory model experiments carried on shallow foundations is intended to be simulated through numerical modeling. The laboratory model tests were conducted by Fukui et al. (2005), over square shaped, shallow surfacial foundations located over air-dried Toyoura sand. Tests included centered vertical and combined loading cases on sand with 60% and 80% relative densities. Plastic limit loads obtained from numerical analyses and available analytical solutions in literature are compared to the laboratory test results and the differences are discussed. Employment of Mohr - Coulomb yield criterion and linear elasticity, resulting in linear elastic perfectly plastic constitutive law, is one of the most common practices in modeling geotechnical problems. Accuracy of this approach for the modeled experiments is judged by comparison of analyses results with experimental findings and solutions in literature. Finite element method is utilized for modeling purposes, with Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion and linear elastic behavior. Abaqus 6-10.2 is selected as the analysis software, and two and three dimensional models are used in the analyses. Analyses, the results of which are compared with experimental findings, aim employment of associated flow rule. Additional analyses are conducted with varying dilation angles in order to examine the influence of unassociated flow rule on eccentric and concentric loading results. Differences between the results of numerical analyses and experimental observations varied between 2% and 34%. Main reason of the difference is attributed to employed soil behavior modeling approach in analyses and the eccentric placement of model weight in monotonic horizontal loading experiments. In the case when this eccentric placement is accounted for in numerical models, it is seen that the difference diminished to vary between 8% and 18%, and order of the difference was similar for similar experiment cases. Therefore, based on this condition, it is seen that results of the modeled experiments are consistent, while in general they are somewhat higher than the results obtained from analyses and solutions in literature. Difference between the results of analyses and average of selected solutions in literature in both cases is at most 9%. Finite element method employing Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion could provide results in close agreement with solutions in literature that inherently assume Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion as well. However, the same accuracy could not be obtained for experiments due to uncertainties involved in the material properties as well as the insufficiencies of the model to represent the behavior precisely. Finite element method has the potential to consider more advanced material models. Nonetheless, employment of Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion provides results with sufficient accuracy for most cases.

Expansive soils are one of the most serious problems which the foundation engineer faces. Several attempts are being made to control the swell-shrink behavior of these soils. One of the most effective and economical methods is to use chemical additives. Fly ash and desulphogypsum, both of which are by-products of coal burning thermal power plants, are accumulating in large quantities all over the world and pose serious environmental problems. In this study, the expansive soil was stabilized using the fly ash and desulphogypsum obtained from &Ccedil / ayirhan Thermal Power Plant. Fly ash and desulphogypsum were added to the expansive soil from 0 to 30 percent. Lime was used to see how efficient fly ash and desulphogypsum on expansive soil stabilization were, and was added to the expansive soil from 0 to 8 percent. The properties obtained were chemical composition, grain size distribution, consistency limits, swelling percentage, and rate of swell. Fly ash, desulphogypsum, and lime added samples were cured for 7 days and 28 days, after which they were subjected to free swell tests. Swelling percentage decreased and rate of swell increased with increasing stabilizer percentage. Curing resulted in further reduction in swelling percentage and further increase in rate of swell. 25 percent and 30 percent fly ash and desulphogypsum additions reduced the swelling percentage to levels comparable to lime stabilization.

Expansive soils are a worldwide problem that poses several challenges for civil engineers. Such soils swell when given an access to water and shrink when they dry out. The most common and economical method for stabilizing these soils is using admixtures that prevent volume changes. In this study the effect of using rock powder and aggregate waste with lime in reducing the swelling potential is examined. The expansive soil used in this study is prepared in the laboratory by mixturing kaolinite and bentonite. Lime was added to the soil at 0 to 9 percent by weight. Aggregate waste and rock powder were added to the soil at 0 to 25 percent by weight. Grain size distribution, Atterberg limits and swell percent and rate of swell of the mixtures were determined. Specimens were cured for 7 and 28 days. This method of treatment caused a reduction in the swelling potential and the reduction was increased with increasing percent stabilizers.

Seawater-fresh groundwater natural equilibrium conditions in the aquifers of the Sel&ccedil / uk sub-basin may be disturbed by the discharge occurred during the past 30 years in order to supply water for irrigation and domestic purpose usage. Two dimensional density dependent cross sectional saturated flow and solute transport simulations were carried out to determine whether seawater intrusion has occurred in the Sel&ccedil / uk sub-basin due to the imposed discharge or the determined salt-water in the western section of the aquifers represents natural interface equilibrium conditions. The numerical simulation model was calibrated using field measurements. The results of the simulations suggest that the seawater intrusion has occurred in the study area since the pumping activity increased in the region. Five scenarios were simulated for future predictions: (1) Present recharge and discharge conditions are maintained, (2) Discharge increases at a rate of the municipality need as a result of increasing population, (3) Discharge decreases by 12% from the present value, (4) Discharge decreases by 25% from the present value, and (5) No discharge occurs or recharge amount equals to the present discharge amount condition supplied to the aquifer. These scenario results suggest that seawater intrusion in the Sel&ccedil / uk sub-basin would progress in the following years unless proper management measures are taken into consideration. KEYWORDS: seawater intrusion, density dependent groundwater flow, solute transport, contamination, Sel&ccedil / uk sub-basin.

One of the most critical problems geotechnical engineers face with is the determination of the amount of consolidation settlement that will occur at a site as a result of the construction of a structure. The compressibility behavior of the soil is an important parameter in determining the amount of consolidation settlement. The goal of this study is to develop probabilistically based correlation between the compressibility behavior of soil and in-situ test data. Within the scope of this research effort, performed CPT tests and the recorded settlement case histories where consolidation settlements at the field under various surcharge loads were compiled from the Bursa East and West Waste Water Treatment Plant soil investigation projects. A database was composed of the results of 45 CPT and 57 settlement plate recordings. For the compilation of this database, a series of finite difference software FLAC-3D analyses were carried out to calculate the change in stress distribution under the settlement plates. A maximum likelihood framework was used for the development of compressibility behavior of soils. As a result of careful processing of available data, the cone tip resistance (qc), soil behavior type index (Ic) were selected as two important parameters effecting the value of the one-dimensional constraint modulus, M. The regression analysis which uses the settlement values recorded at the site and those computed using the change in the stress distribution, the thickness of the sublayers and the proposed one-dimensional constraint modulus were carried out to calculate the values of these model parameters. Two correlations based on the cone tip resistance and soil behavior type index were developed for the computation of the one-dimensional constraint modulus, M.

A landslide occurred during the construction of the Giresun &ndash / Espiye road between Km: 1+030 &ndash / 1+170 in April 2003. Investigating the causes and mechanism of this slope failure along with suggesting a proper stabilization technique is aimed in this study. For that purpose, a detailed site investigation study, including engineering geological mapping, drilling work, in situ and laboratory tests, was performed. Weathered tuffite, tuffite, flysch and dacitic tuffite, from top to bottom, are the major units in the study area. A &ldquo / translational slide&rdquo / occurred in completely weathered tuffite owing to the disturbance of the stability of the slope by the excavations performed at the toe of the slope / particularly the foundation excavation for the restaurant building and for the road cut for the Giresun &ndash / Espiye road. After establishing the model of the landslide in detail, shear strength parameters of the failure surface were determined by the back analysis method as &quot / cohesion&quot / =2.5 kN/m2 and &quot / friction angle&quot / =9&deg / . Toe buttressing, ground water and surface water drainage options were considered for stabilizing the slope. For the back analysis calculations, the Morgenstern-Price and Spencer methods were used with the aid of the SLOPE/W computer program.

A new reliability-based probabilistic model is developed for the estimation of liquefaction-induced lateral ground spreading, taking into consideration the uncertainties within the model functional form and the descriptive variables as well. The new model is also introduced as performance-based probabilistic engineering tool.

The purposes of this study are to investigate the possible effects of variables like testing depth, length to diameter ratio of the probe, presence of disturbed annulus around the borehole etc. on the derived parameters from the pressuremeter test, and to develop possible alternative methods for the determination of undrained shear strength of cohesive soils, and cohesion and internal friction angle of intermediate geomaterials. For this purpose numerical simulations of pressuremeter test were performed. In the study, it is also aimed to investigate the effect of rock quality designation (RQD) or some other rock mass parameters such as geological strength index (GSI) and rock mass rating (RMR) and intact rock strength on the deformation modulus determined from the pressuremeter test. To accomplish this task, Dikmen greywackes, weathered andesites and mudrocks exposed around Ankara - Sincan region were selected for field and laboratory studies. Empirical relationships using GSI, RMR, RQD were developed for the estimation of deformation modulus of greywackes and mudrocks cropping out around Ankara. Numerical simulations revealed the presence of disturbed annulus around the borehole causes underestimation of deformation modulus and overestimation of undrained shear strength. Test depth has no effect on the deformation modulus and undrained shear strength / the effect of length to diameter ratio of the probe on the deformation modulus is minor where as it causes overestimations of undrained shear strength. Pore pressure dissipation in low permeability soils around the pressuremeter was studied using numerical simulations. These analyses suggest that for permeabilities lower that 10-10 m/sec there is no pore pressure dissipation around the pressuremeter probe. It was determined that the inverse analysis yielded successful results for the determination of shear strength parameters of intermediate geomaterials.

Capes / Diante da crescente ocupação dos ambientes urbanos e das demandas por infraestrutura, a ocupação do espaço subterrâneo mostra-se uma opção. Para este fim, os túneis são a principal alternativa, seja para a implantação de redes de utilidades, para transporte rodoviário, para transporte metroviário ou para sistemas de saneamento. Contudo, não se observam estudos de alternativas para a escolha do método construtivo ideal, aquele que seja mais adequado a cada contexto que se apresenta. Assim, a escolha do método construtivo de um túnel, dada a diversidade e complexidade de fatores envolvidos, tem se amparado na experiência adquirida pelos envolvidos com a obra ou em aspectos subjetivos e escusos, podendo ocasionar ora túneis mais onerosos do que deveriam ser, ora túneis de integridade estrutural e funcional comprometida. Neste contexto, o presente estudo apresenta um panorama geral a respeito dos túneis, aspectos qualitativos de estruturas e geotecnia a eles relacionados, os métodos construtivos mais consagrados, as variáveis que possuem interferência direta nos diversos métodos construtivos, os custos técnicos, sociais e ambientais de túneis e o estado da arte no processo decisório para este tipo de empreendimento. Traz como resultado uma sistemática simplificada para escolha do método construtivo, baseada em critérios objetivos e norteada pelo contexto em que a obra se encontra e por seu custo total. O trabalho busca contribuir, assim, com a racionalização da concepção, do projeto e da construção de túneis. / Given the increasing occupation of urban environments and the demands for infrastructure, the use of underground space seems to be an option. For this purpose, tunnels are the main alternative, either for utilities, for road transport, for subway, or for sanitation. However, no studies are observed about comparison of alternatives aiming the choose of the right tunneling method, one that is most appropriate in each context it presents. Thus, the choice of tunneling method, given the diversity and complexity of factors involved, has been done with majority support of the experience gained by those involved with the work or subjective and vain aspects, causing either tunnels more expensive than they should be or tunnels which structural and functional integrity are impaired. In this context, this study presents an overview about the tunnels, geotechnical and structural qualitative aspects related to them, the most established construction methods, variables that have direct interference in the various construction methods, technical costs, social costs and environmental costs involved with tunnels and the state of the art about decision making for this type of venture. As a result, this research gives a systematic and simplified way of choosing the tunneling method, based on objective criteria and guided by the context in which the work is and the total cost. The work seeks to contribute as well, with the rationalization of design and construction of tunnels.

Capes / Diante da crescente ocupação dos ambientes urbanos e das demandas por infraestrutura, a ocupação do espaço subterrâneo mostra-se uma opção. Para este fim, os túneis são a principal alternativa, seja para a implantação de redes de utilidades, para transporte rodoviário, para transporte metroviário ou para sistemas de saneamento. Contudo, não se observam estudos de alternativas para a escolha do método construtivo ideal, aquele que seja mais adequado a cada contexto que se apresenta. Assim, a escolha do método construtivo de um túnel, dada a diversidade e complexidade de fatores envolvidos, tem se amparado na experiência adquirida pelos envolvidos com a obra ou em aspectos subjetivos e escusos, podendo ocasionar ora túneis mais onerosos do que deveriam ser, ora túneis de integridade estrutural e funcional comprometida. Neste contexto, o presente estudo apresenta um panorama geral a respeito dos túneis, aspectos qualitativos de estruturas e geotecnia a eles relacionados, os métodos construtivos mais consagrados, as variáveis que possuem interferência direta nos diversos métodos construtivos, os custos técnicos, sociais e ambientais de túneis e o estado da arte no processo decisório para este tipo de empreendimento. Traz como resultado uma sistemática simplificada para escolha do método construtivo, baseada em critérios objetivos e norteada pelo contexto em que a obra se encontra e por seu custo total. O trabalho busca contribuir, assim, com a racionalização da concepção, do projeto e da construção de túneis. / Given the increasing occupation of urban environments and the demands for infrastructure, the use of underground space seems to be an option. For this purpose, tunnels are the main alternative, either for utilities, for road transport, for subway, or for sanitation. However, no studies are observed about comparison of alternatives aiming the choose of the right tunneling method, one that is most appropriate in each context it presents. Thus, the choice of tunneling method, given the diversity and complexity of factors involved, has been done with majority support of the experience gained by those involved with the work or subjective and vain aspects, causing either tunnels more expensive than they should be or tunnels which structural and functional integrity are impaired. In this context, this study presents an overview about the tunnels, geotechnical and structural qualitative aspects related to them, the most established construction methods, variables that have direct interference in the various construction methods, technical costs, social costs and environmental costs involved with tunnels and the state of the art about decision making for this type of venture. As a result, this research gives a systematic and simplified way of choosing the tunneling method, based on objective criteria and guided by the context in which the work is and the total cost. The work seeks to contribute as well, with the rationalization of design and construction of tunnels.