This study evaluates how future climatic projections will affect the suitability of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean(L) Verdc.), a type of underutilised crop in Sikasso and Ségou, southern Mali. This study was performed using a simulation approach, which considered the potential changes in suitability due to projected changes in two climate variables; temperature and precipitation. Monthly outputs of the two climate variables from 10 CORDEX bias-corrected regional projections under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 were applied. The suitability index range of bambara groundnut was projected, using the Ecocrop suitability model, considering three time periods: historical (1975-2005), near-term (2011-2040), and end of century (2070-2099). The results of this study showed that the model captured a long planting window for the crop in the regions across the time periods. With the projected increase in future climatic conditions, the suitability index range of bambara groundnut is projected to increase across the months suitable for planting the crop. Furthermore, Sikasso is projected to maintain a high suitability index in the near-term, and by the end of century, Ségou is expected to experience a potential increase in suitability index range and suitable areas, especially by the end of century. The results indicate that the CORDEX projections and suitability modelling technique applied in the study captured well the suitability of bambara groundnut in the regions which can help the farmers in making planting decisions. These results suggest an opportunity for optimal utilisation of the crop in the regions, as with a long planting window and expansion in suitable areas, farmers in the regions can plant multiple times and have more suitable areas to cultivate. This study contributes to improving the decision-making surrounding the promotion of underutilised crops as part of the strategy for climate-resilient agriculture and food security in Sikasso and Ségou.

Due to considerations for sustainable development and urban sprawl we have to address the growing concern of abandoned buildings and cities. Underutilised buildings and urban spaces are the development sites of the future. This dissertation investigates the problems of underutilised buildings and cities, and by doing so aims to contribute to a good urban environment, “the good city” according to Stern (2003: 21). As a further challenge, many of these underutilised buildings were designed with abrupt thresholds and inward orientation, instantly divorcing them from the public domain. Therefore not only is the re-use of an existing building explored, but is the extension of the public realm into the building also investigated. The project addresses this extension of the public realm through layering as a tool and a design generator. The layered tectonic is applied through spatial, componential, material and transitional layering. The building chosen for the dissertation is the old Pretoria Central Fire Station. The new proposed programme is a Centre for Architecture. Site information: Programme: Centre for Architecture: includes exhibition space, auditorium, conference facilities, offices, library, archives, bookshop and restaurant. Site description: Old Pretoria Central Fire Station, 1912 Client: Client body consisting of SACAP and voluntary associations within the architecture profession Users: Professionals and students in the Built Environment industry, tourists and the general public Site Location: Erven 913 + 914 Address: 449 Bosman Street, c/o Minnaar Street, Pretoria CBD, South Africa Between African Window and City Hall GPS coordinates: 25°45’12.99”S, 28°11’8.61”E / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Architecture / unrestricted

The management and implementation of unique resources contribute to the creation of a sustainable competitive advantage that has a positive impact on the owner of the resource’s profits. Customer relationship management becomes very important because customers with their own personal devices and options such as cloud computing, social media and mobility have converged into a renewed driving force expecting organisations to remember their experiences. These experiences should not been stored in separate channels or silos. With a customer resource management system organisations could have the opportunity to get better insights of customers and derive better business value. Customer data should be managed by organisations just like any other corporate asset. Because of the importance of customer data and the critical advantage it creates, organisations see an effective customer data management strategy as an important cornerstone of a customer relationship management strategy. A system should have the ability to provide accurate, timely, and reliable data and information that can tailor customer capabilities that could influence an organisation’s performance. Big data is an extension of customer relationship management and big data customer relationship management initiatives will require integration and analysis of both structured and unstructured data to identify the most relevant insights of a customer and determine the most appropriate customer action. Knowledge management should be applied to solve business problems to support current work styles and make better use of social software. The biggest reason for organisations to address knowledge management is the impact of fast retrieval of the right information to ensure customer satisfaction. The role of information technology is to enable information management and transform the organisation to business excellence. Information technology is a powerful tool for defining, organising, and building knowledge assets within an organisation. Information technology is developing fast and organisations can apply technology to enhance their competence which showed a positive correlation in a customer focused approach. Together with customer resource management, market resource management could be used to support more customer centric strategies with fewer resources. Management of customer resources using information technology could develop significant customer relationships and improve an organisation’s competitive advantage in the market. Exploratory research found that in selected South African business schools the use of a customer resource management system to analyse the growing volume and variety of customer information can create better customer insights. The customer resource management system supports marketing efforts and can create new business by gaining new customers. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The management and implementation of unique resources contribute to the creation of a sustainable competitive advantage that has a positive impact on the owner of the resource’s profits. Customer relationship management becomes very important because customers with their own personal devices and options such as cloud computing, social media and mobility have converged into a renewed driving force expecting organisations to remember their experiences. These experiences should not been stored in separate channels or silos. With a customer resource management system organisations could have the opportunity to get better insights of customers and derive better business value. Customer data should be managed by organisations just like any other corporate asset. Because of the importance of customer data and the critical advantage it creates, organisations see an effective customer data management strategy as an important cornerstone of a customer relationship management strategy. A system should have the ability to provide accurate, timely, and reliable data and information that can tailor customer capabilities that could influence an organisation’s performance. Big data is an extension of customer relationship management and big data customer relationship management initiatives will require integration and analysis of both structured and unstructured data to identify the most relevant insights of a customer and determine the most appropriate customer action. Knowledge management should be applied to solve business problems to support current work styles and make better use of social software. The biggest reason for organisations to address knowledge management is the impact of fast retrieval of the right information to ensure customer satisfaction. The role of information technology is to enable information management and transform the organisation to business excellence. Information technology is a powerful tool for defining, organising, and building knowledge assets within an organisation. Information technology is developing fast and organisations can apply technology to enhance their competence which showed a positive correlation in a customer focused approach. Together with customer resource management, market resource management could be used to support more customer centric strategies with fewer resources. Management of customer resources using information technology could develop significant customer relationships and improve an organisation’s competitive advantage in the market. Exploratory research found that in selected South African business schools the use of a customer resource management system to analyse the growing volume and variety of customer information can create better customer insights. The customer resource management system supports marketing efforts and can create new business by gaining new customers. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / It is well established that the modern global food system is highly unsustainable, distorted by industrialisation and corporate consolidation, with negative repercussions on the environment and biodiversity as well as human health. Innovative approaches are necessary to push food systems to be more sustainable, equitable, and healthy for all people regardless of income and wealth. In the Cape Town area, the food system is failing to adequately nourish the poor, while climate change poses increasing challenges to the region’s agricultural system. Conceptualising food systems as complex adaptive social ecological systems and utilising the Multilevel Perspective (MLP) framework, this thesis looks at the burgeoning economy in neglected and underutilised species (NUS) in the Cape Town area as a potential innovation that could make the local food system more socially and ecologically resilient. Though at present NUS are only marginally included in the local food system and policy debates, they are increasingly appearing in the food service industry, driven by international gastronomic trends. They hold potential as climate resilient, nutritionally dense, and socially and culturally significant foods in the region, but also carry ecological and social risks. This thesis critically examines the fledgling NUS economy in the Cape Town area, using participant observation and semistructured interviews to unpack its primary motivations and challenges, and ultimately contributes towards a better understanding of the NUS economy as it develops locally. This research shows that the main risks associated with NUS are negative ecological repercussions, privatisation of the NUS economy, and the reproduction and further entrenchment of unequal power dynamics in the region. In order to mitigate these risks and actualise the related benefits associated with NUS, engagement with the ecological, social, and political context of NUS needs to be significantly deepened. This is particularly true for those working in food service, who appear to be driving the NUS economy, and will require education around sustainability and TEK as well as a foregrounding of power-awareness.

Die andauernde Armut, Nahrungsmittel- und Ernährungsunsicherheit im Subsahara-Afrika (SSA) verweist auf die Notwendigkeit für einen Paradigmenwechsel in Ernährungssystemen, der auf die Diversifizierung von Nahrungsmittelketten wie z.B. durch unzureichend genutzten Pflanzenarten (UPS) abzielt. In diesen Pflanzenarten steckt das Potenzial, SSA mit ertragreichen, ernährungssensiblen und resilienten Nahrungsmittelsystemen zu versorgen. Jüngste Studien belegen, dass UPS zur Ernährungssicherheit beitragen, indem sie Grundnahrungsmittel ergänzen, einen Puffer in Zeiten von Knappheit darstellen und die Nahrungsqualität erhöhen. Sie können somit als ein Hebel zur Armutslinderung verstanden werden. Trotz der Bedeutsamkeit von UPS, fokussiert sich die bestehende Literatur vorwiegend auf angebaute Nahrungsmittel und Nutzpflanzen. Diese Dissertation trägt dazu bei, die Faktoren Geschlecht, kollektives Handeln und die Auswahl von Vermarktungskanälen unter den Sammler:innen von UPS zu verstehen. Sie besteht aus drei Aufsätzen, die auf unterschiedliche Weise einen Beitrag zur existierenden Literatur zu UPS leisten. Alle drei Aufsätze basieren auf Haushaltsbefragungen von 864 Baobabsammler:innen (Baobab ist ein Beispiel für UPS) in Malawi, im Jahr 2021. Im ersten Aufsatz analysieren wir die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede bei der Sammlung und Vermarktung von Baobab. Insbesondere evaluieren wir die Unterschiede zwischen weiblichen Baobabmanagerinnen (FBMs) und männlichen Baobabmanagern (MBMs) in Bezug auf die gesammelte Menge Baobab. Wir erweitern unsere Analyse und betrachten auch die Unterschiede zwischen FBMs in Bezug auf ihren Familienstand (verheiratete FBMs vs. unverheiratete FBMs). Bestehende Literatur über Geschlecht und Agrarwirtschaft hat sich überwiegend auf die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede in Bezug auf agrarwirtschaftliche Ertragfähigkeit und die Einführung von Technologien fokussiert, insbesondere im Hinblick auf den Hauptpflanzenbestand in Afrika. Dahingegen existieren begrenzte empirische Untersuchungen über die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede zwischen den UPS-Geschlechtern, besonders in Bezug auf das Sammeln und die Vermarktung von Baobabprodukten. Wir wenden ein exogenes Switching-Regressionsmodell in einem kontrafaktischen Rahmen an. Diese Methode erlaubt uns, Schätzungen über die Kausaleffekte des Geschlechts auf das Sammeln und die Vermarktung von Baobabprodukten anzustellen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass weibliche Baobabmanagerinnen und unverheiratete weibliche Baobabmanagerinnen wahrscheinlicher weniger sammeln und verkaufen als männlichen Baobabmanager und verheiratete weibliche Baobabmanagerinnen. Die empirischen Ergebnissen zeigen, dass die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede auch unter Kontrolle sozioökonomischer Faktoren (z.B. Alter, Bildung, Familienstand) bestehen bleiben. Dementsprechend deuten diese Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass es unbeobachtete Faktoren wie z.B. Normen und Führungsqualitäten gibt, die geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede beeinflussen. In dem zweiten Aufsatz untersuchen wir die Wirkung kollektiven Handelns auf das Wohlergehen der Haushalte von UPS-Sammler:innen. Die Anzahl von Studien über kollektives Handeln und seine Wirkung auf das Wohlergehen von Haushalten in Entwicklungsländern wächst. Jedoch sind die empirischen Ergebnisse und Aussagen gemischt und nicht aussagekräftig. Ein Großteil dieser Wirkungsstudien konzentrieren sich auf Grundnahrungsmittel und hochwertige Nutzpflanzen, mit einem geringem Anteil an Studien über UPS. Dennoch fehlen empirische Befunde und Aussagen über das südliche Afrika, insbesondere Malawi, und in Bezug auf Baobab. Einige Studien über UPS berücksichtigen den Selfselektionsbias nicht. Des Weiteren geben diese Studien keinen Auskunft über die Heterogenität der Wirkungen, insbesondere in Bezug auf das Geschlecht Wir verwenden den inversen wahrscheinlichkeitsgewichteten Regressionsanpassungsschätzer (IPWRA), um die durchschnittlichen und heterogenen Verfahrenseffekte kollektiven Handelns auf Baobab-Einkommen und Ernährungssicherung zu schätzen. Wir stellen fest, dass die Mitgliedschaft in Genossenschaften das Baobab-Einkommen, den Vielfaltswert in der Haushaltsernährung, und den Nahrungsmittelkonsumwert jeweils um 3,57%, 11% und 5,6% erhöht. Die Wirkung der Genossenschaftsmitgliedschaft ist bei männlichen Baobabmanagern höher. Dahingegen weisen Haushalte mit unverheirateten, weiblichen Managerinnen bessere Wirkungen auf das Gemeinwohl auf. Die empirischen Befunde beleuchten daher die Notwendigkeit, kollektives Handeln im unzureichend genutzten Pflanzensektor durch Genossenschaften zu unterstützen, um das Gemeinwohl der Haushalte zu verbessern. In der dritten Aufsatz evaluieren wir die durchschnittlichen Verteilungseffekte der Auswahl von Vermarktungskanälen in Bezug auf das Einkommen und die Ernährungssicherheit von Baobabsammler:innen. Sie beteiligen sich hauptsächlich in drei Vertriebskanälen: Im landwirtschaftlichen Betrieb, in ländlichen Märkten und urbanen Märkten. Wir zeigen, dass die Beteiligung an Vertriebskanälen außerhalb der Landwirtschaft, also Off-Farm Marktkanälen, (ländliche und urbane Märkte) im Verhältnis zu landwirtschaftlichen Vertriebskanälen höhere Baobab-Einkommen und Ernährungssicherheit zur Folge hat. Wir wenden den Quantilbehandlungseffekt an, um zu zeigen, dass der durchschnittliche Behandlungseffekt in der Umstellung von landwirtschaftlichen Vertriebskanal zu Vertriebskanälen außerhalb der Landwirtschaft, also Off-Farm Vertriebskanälen, sich je nach Quantil des Baobab-Einkommens und der Ernährungssicherheit unterscheidet. Die Baobab-Einkommenseffekte von Vertriebskanälen außerhalb der Landwirtschaft, also Off-Farm Marktkanäle, im Vergleich zu landwirtschaftlichen Vertriebskanäle, also Farm-Gate Marktkanälen, sind nur für Baobabsammler:innen im oberen Quantil der Einkommensverteilung positiv. In Bezug auf die Ernährungssicherheit ist der positive prozentuale Effekt für Haushalte mit einem niedrigeren Maß an Ernährungssicherheit höher. Basierend auf den drei Aufsätzen dieser Dissertation, ziehen wir folgende Schlussfolgerungen: Aus dem ersten Aufsatz kommen wir zum dem Schluss, dass es geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei der Sammlung und Vermarktung von Baobab gibt. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen auch, dass diese Unterschiede variieren wenn das Geschlecht mit dem Familienstand interagiert. Bemühungen zur Verminderung geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschiede in der Produktion und Vermarktung sollten auf die Befähigung von Frauen / weiblichen Personen sowie auf die zugrundeliegenden Ursachen von Geschlechterungleichheiten ausgerichtet sein. Aus dem zweiten Aufsatz schlussfolgern wir, dass kollektives Handeln zur Verbesserung der Einkommen und Ernährungssicherheit von Baobabsammler:innen beitragen kann. Die wichtigste Auswirkung für die Politikausrichtung ist, dass Bündnisse zwischen den Akteuren im UPS-Sektor ein wichtiges Instrument zur Verbesserung des Gemeinwohls der Haushalte von UPS-Sammler:innen sind. Wir betonen jedoch, dass dieser positive Effekt ungleichmäßig auf alle Genossenschaftsmitglieder verteilt ist. Wiederum kommen wir aus dem dritten Aufsatz zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass die Beteiligung an Vertriebskanäle außerhalb der landwirtschaftlichen Marktkanäle, also Off-Farm Marktkanälen, im Verhältnis zu landwirschaftlichen Vertriebskanälen, also Farm-Gate Marktkanälen, zu einem verbesserten Baobab-Einkommen und einer besseren Ernährungssicherheit unter den Baobabsammler:innen beiträgt. Daher sollte der Zugang zu Verkaufsstellen außerhalb der Landwirtschaft für Baobabsammler:innen verbessert werden. / The persistence of poverty and food and nutrition insecurity in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA), highlights the need for a paradigm shift in food systems that focuses on diversification into other food chains such as underutilised plant species (UPS). These crops have the potential to provide SSA with a productive, nutrition-sensitive, and resilient food system. Recent evidence concludes that UPS contribute to food security by supplementing staples, acting as a buffer in time of shortages, and increasing diet quality, and can be viewed as a lever towards poverty alleviation. Despite the significance of UPS, previous literature has extensively focussed on food and cash crops. This dissertation contributes to understanding of the aspects of gender, collective action and market channel choices among collectors of UPS. It is composed of three essays that contribute to the literature on UPS in different ways. All the three essays are based on a household survey of 864 baobab (an example of UPS) collectors in Malawi in the year 2021. The first essay analyses the gender gaps in the collection and marketing of baobab. In particular, I evaluate the differences in the quantity of baobab collected between male baobab managers (MBMs) and female baobab managers (FBMs). We further extend our analysis and also evaluate differences among FBMs relative to their marital status (i.e. married FBMs vs unmarried FBMs). The literature on gender and agriculture has mainly focused on gender gaps in agricultural productivity and technology adoption, especially for major crops in Africa. However, there is limited empirical evidence on gender gaps in UPS, especially in terms of collection and marketing. We employ an exogenous switching regression model in a counterfactual framework, as this method allows us to estimate the causal effects of gender in the collection and marketing of baobab products. We find that female baobab managers and unmarried female managers are more likely to collect and sell less than male baobab managers and married female managers, respectively. The results demonstrate that the gender gap persists even after controlling for observed socio economic factors (for example, age, education, marital status). These findings mean that there are unobserved factors such as norms and managerial ability that influence the gender gaps. In the second essay, we examine the impact of collective action on household welfare of collectors of UPS. The number of impact studies on collective action and their effect on household welfare in developing countries is growing, yet the findings are mixed and the evidence is inconclusive. Most of these impact studies focus on staple and high-value crops with a few studies on UPS. However, there is no empirical evidence from Southern Africa, particularly Malawi and specific to baobab. In the case of UPS, some studies fail to account for self-selection bias. Further, these studies do not provide an account of heterogeneity in impacts, particularly with respect to gender. We use the Inverse Probability Weight Regression Adjustment estimator (IPWRA) to estimate average and heterogeneous treatment effects of collective action on baobab income and food security. We find that the cooperative membership increases baobab income, household dietary diversity score, and food consumption score by 3.57%, 11% and 5.6%, respectively. However, the impact of cooperative membership was higher in male baobab managers. Households with unmarried female managers have better welfare outcomes. The results, therefore, highlight the need to promote collective action through cooperatives in the underutilised crop sector to enhance household welfare. In the third essay, we evaluate the average and distributional effects of market channel choices on income and food security of baobab collectors. Baobab collectors mainly participate in three market channels; farmgate, rural market, and urban market. We show that participation in off-farm market channels (rural and urban market) relative to farmgate, was associated with increases in baobab income and food security. We use quantile treatment effect to show that the average treatment effect of moving from farm gate market channels to off-farm market channels differed across quantiles of baobab income and food security. For baobab income, the effects of the off-farm market channels compared to the farm gate market are positive only for baobab collectors in the upper quantile of the income distribution. In terms of food security, the positive percentage effect is higher for households with low levels of food security. Based on the three essays in this dissertation, we draw the following conclusions. From the first essay we conclude that there are gender gaps in the collection and marketing of baobab. The results also confirm that these gaps vary as gender interacts with marital status. Efforts to reduce gender differences in production and marketing should focus on empowering women and also addressing the underlying causes of gender inequality. From the second essay, we conclude that collective action can contribute to better incomes and food security among baobab collectors. The important policy implication is that organization among actors in the UPS sector is a major mechanism of improving household welfare of collectors of UPS. But we stress that this positive effect is not distributed uniformly across all cooperative members. From the third essay, we conclude that participation in off-farm market channels relative to farmgate contributes to improved baobab income and food security among baobab collectors. Hence baobab collectors’ access to off-farm selling outlets should be enhanced.