This research investigated the existence of <10 £gm nitrogen-fixing unicellular cyanobacteria in the South China Sea. The surveys covered the period from February 2004 to January 2005 and a total of seven cruises. The unicellular cyanobacteria that express orange-yellow from cellular phycoerythrin were observed under a fluorescence microscope. Their expressions in nitrogen-fixation were confirmed by the results from reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and whole cell fluorescence immunolocalization of nitrogenase. The nifH gene sequences of the unicellular cyanobacteria collected from the South China Sea was with >90% identities of their nucleotides similar to the nifH gene sequences of unicellular diazotrophs from ALOHA (Hawaii) as well as Synechocystis sp. WH 8501, Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142, Cyanothece sp. WH 8902, Cyanothece sp. WH 8904 and Synechococcus sp. RF-1. Positive reactions of fluorescence immunolocalization of nitrogenase were only observed in some, not all, of <10 £gm unicellular cyanobacteria, suggesting that cell counting alone can not be used to estimate nitrogen fixation rate. There was great seasonal and spatial variation in the unicellular cyanobacteria cell density. There was, however, no significant relationship between cell density and the investigated environmental factors. Cell density was high when temperature was high or where stratification index of water column was high, such as in summer or in basin in contrast to other seasons or the shelf-slope regions.

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is known that many hyphomycetous fungi are dispersed by wind, water and insects. However, very little is known about how these fungi may differ from each other regarding their ability to be disseminated by different environmental vectors. Consequently, to obtain an indication of the primary means of spore dispersal employed by representatives of the genera Acremonium, Aspergillus and Penicillium, isolated from soil and indoor environments, we monitored spore liberation of cultures representing these genera in an airflow cell. The experimental data obtained, of plate counts conducted of the air at the outlet of the airflow cell, were subjected to an appropriate analysis of variance (ANOVA), using SAS statistical software. Intraspecific differences occurred regarding aerial spore release. Under humid conditions, however, Penicillium species were more successful in releasing their spores than Aspergillus and the Acremonium strain. Under desiccated conditions the Aspergillus took longer to release their spores than representatives of Acremonium and Penicillium. The taxa that were investigated did not differ from each other regarding the release of spores in physiological salt solution (PSS). Although not proven, indications are that water may act as an important dispersion agent for these fungi, because washing of cultures with PSS resulted in all cases in an immediate massive release of colony forming units. Subsequently, using standard plate count techniques, conidial adhesion of the fungi mentioned above to synthetic membranes, leaf cuttings and insect exoskeletons differing in hydrophobicity and electrostatic charge were investigated. We found that the different genera showed different adhesion profiles for the series of test surfaces, indicating differences in physico-chemical characteristics of the fungal spore surfaces. In general, the Penicillium strains showed a greater ability to adhere to the test surfaces, than the aspergilli, while the representative of Acremonium showed the least adherence. No significant difference in the percentage spore adhesion was found between hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials. Furthermore, evidence was uncovered supporting the contention that, under dry conditions, electrostatic surface charges play a role in the adherence of fungal spores to surfaces, because adherence was positively correlated (Correlation coefficient = 0.70898, p = 0.001) to positive electrostatic charges on the lamellar surfaces. In the next part of the study, standard plate count methods were used to determine the relative adhesion of the above mentioned hyphomycetous fungi, as well as a polyphyletic group of yeasts, to the test surfaces submerged in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). As was found with the experiments with the dry surfaces, both intraspecific and intergenus differences were uncovered. Overall, the fungi adhered better to hydrophilic surfaces than to hydrophobic surfaces. This indicated that the fungal surfaces were covered with relatively hydrophilic compounds such as carbohydrates. Subsequently, it was demonstrated that all the fungi adhered to plasma membrane glycoprotein coated polystyrene and the presence of fungal carbohydrates on the surfaces of the fungal propagules was confirmed using epi-fluorescence microscopy. Differences in the strategy of the fungal genera to release their airborne spores, as well as differences in their adhesion profiles for the series of test materials, may be indicative of a unique environmental niche for each genus. In future, this phenomenon should be investigated further. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hifomisete fungi is daarvoor bekend om te versprei deur middel van wind, water, en insek vektore. Maar nietemin, daar is bykans geen kennis m.b.t. hoe hierdie fungi van mekaar verskil t.o.v. hul vermoë om versprei te word deur omgewings vektore nie. Gevolglik was spoorvrystelling van kulture, verteenwoordigend van die genera Acremonium, Aspergillus en Penicillium gemoniteer om ‘n aanduiding te kry van primêre wyse van spoorverspreiding waardeur verteenwoordigers van die onderskeie genera ingespan word. Eksperimentele data ingewin, vanaf plaat tellings wat uitgevoer was op lug afkomstig vanuit die uitlaat-klep van die lugvloei kapsule, was onderwerp aan ‘n toepaslike analise van afwyking (ANOVA), deur gebruik te maak van ‘n SAS statistiese pakket. Intraspesie verskille is waargeneem t.o.v. lug spoorvrystelling. Desnieteenstaande was Penicillium meer suksesvol onder vogtige kondisies t.o.v. spoorvrystelling in vergelyking met Aspergillus en die Acremonium stam. Onder droë kondisies het verteenwoordigers van Aspergillus langer geneem om hul spore vry te stel as verteenwoordigers van onderskeidelik, Penicillium en Acremonium. Geen verskille was waargeneem m.b.t. spoorvrystelling in fisiologiese soutoplossing (FSO) tussen die verskillende filogenetiese stamme nie. Alhoewel dit nie bewys is nie, wil dit voorkom asof water as belangrike verspreidingsagent van die betrokke fungi dien, aangesien die spoel van kulture met FSO tot ‘n oombliklike enorme vrystelling van kolonie-vormende eenhede gelei het. Gevolglik, deur gebruik te maak van standaard plaattellings tegnieke, was spoor aanhegting van bogenoemde fungi aan sintetiese membrane, blaar snitte en insek eksoskelette wat verskil in terme van hidrofobisiteit en elektriese lading, ondersoek. Daar was gevind dat die aanhegtingsprofiele m.b.t. hierdie reeks toetsoppervlaktes van die verskillende genera verskil, wat op sigself ‘n aanduiding was van verskille in fisieschemiese eienskappe van die swamspoor oppervlaktes. Penicillium stamme het ‘n hoër aanhegtings vermoë aan die toetsoppervlaktes getoon as die aspergilli, terwyl die verteenwoordiger van Acremonium die laagste aanhegting getoon het. Geen betekenisvolle verskille i.t.v. persentasie spoor aanhegting was gevind tussen hidrofobiese en hidrofiliese oppervlakte nie. Daarbenewens was die argument dat spoorvrystelling onder droë kondisies beïnvloed word deur elektrostatiese oppervlak ladings, bevestig deur ons bevindinge, want aanhegting het positief gekoreleer (Korrelasie koëffisient = 0.70898, p = 0.001) met positiewe ladings op die oppervlaktes. ‘n Standaard plaattellingstegniek was aangewend in die volgende fasset van die studie om die relatiewe aanhegting van bogenoemde hifomisete fungi, sowel as ‘n polifilitiese groep giste aan die toetsoppervlaktes, gedompel in 10 mM natrium fosfaat buffer (pH 7.0) vas te stel. Intraspesie en intragenus verskille was weereens waargeneem, net soos in die geval van die eksperimente met die droë oppervlakte. In die algemeen het die swamme baie beter geheg aan hidrofiliese oppervlaktes in vergelyking met hidrofobiese oppervlakte. Dit was ‘n aanduiding dat die swamspoor oppervlaktes bedek was met relatiewe hidrofiliese verbindings bv. koolhidrate. Verder was daar bewys dat alle swamme ingesluit in hierdie studie die vermoë het om plasmamembraan glikoproteïn bedekte polistireen te bind, en gevolglik was die teenwoordigheid van van koolhidrate op die swamspore bevestig m.b.v epi-fluoresensie mikroskopie. Verskille in die strategie van swamme om spore in die lug vry te stel, sowel as verskille in die aanhegtingsprofiele vir ‘n reeks toetsmateriale, mag net ‘n aanduiding wees van ‘n unieke omgewings nis vir elke genus wat in hierdie studie ondersoek is. Hierdie verskynsel moet dus in die nabye toekoms nagevors word.

Les rejets d'effluents liquides des Centres Nucléaires de Production d'Electricité (CNPE) sont constitués d'un mélange de substances stables et radioactives. L'exposition d'organismes à des substances en mélange peut faire l'objet d'interactions diverses, conduisant à une augmentation ou à une diminution des effets observés. Afin d'identifier de possibles interactions dans le cas de mélanges de substances caractéristiques (en termes de toxicité et de quantité) des rejets de CNPE, l'effet d'un mélange binaire composé de cuivre et d'HTO a été étudié sur le modèle d'algue unicellulaire Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Dans un premier temps, la toxicité de l'HTO a été analysée. L'HTO s'est révélée être peu toxique envers notre modèle biologique. L'effet le plus sensible et le plus précoce est une augmentation du stress oxydant (dès 40 kBq mL-1 - 0.13 µGy h-1). Lors de l'exposition des cellules algales au mélange HTO/Cu, une interaction a été révélée au niveau du stress oxydant cellulaire, celui-ci étant supérieur à une simple addition de l'effet des deux substances. Cette interaction peut s'expliquer par une augmentation de l'internalisation du cuivre en présence d'HTO, mais aussi potentiellement par des interactions toxiques directes (notamment sur les processus de régulation du stress oxydatif). En conclusion, il a été démontré que l'effet de substances stables et radioactives en mélange peut être supérieur à l'addition. Bien qu'étant uniquement représentative du mélange binaire HTO/Cu, cette étude montre néanmoins de potentielles interactions entre substances stables et radioactives, à considérer lors de l'évaluation des risques écologiques relatifs aux rejets de CNPE. / Liquid releases by Nuclear Power Plants (NPP) are composed of a mixture of radioactive and non-radioactive substances. When organisms are exposed to mixtures of contaminants the resultant toxicity can be enhanced, or reduced, due to interactions. In order to identify potential interactions between substances released by NPP, two substances representative of such effluents (in term of toxicity and of quantity) were selected for studies: Tritiated water (HTO) and copper (Cu). Effects of this binary mixture were studied on the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. HTO, when examined along, was not very toxic to C. reinhardtii. The most sensitive and early effect of HTO was an increase in oxidative stress at concentrations of 40 kBq mL-1 (0.13 µGy h-1). Algae exposure to the binary mixture HTO/Cu induced interactive effects on oxidative stress. Reactive Oxygen Species production was higher from exposure to the mixture of contaminants than the addition of the effect from each substance individually. This interaction was explained by an enhanced copper uptake by the alge when in the presence of HTO. The observed supra-additive effect could also be due to direct toxic interactions, especially on the antioxidant system. To conclude, this study showed that the effects of a mixture of radioactive and non-radioactive substances can be greater than what would be predicted based on mere addition of individual effects. Even thought this binary mixture is just a small part of NPP effluents, the study showed that potential interactions should be considered when determining ecological risks too aquatic ecosystems from NPP effluents.

Seasonal dynamics of unicellular diazotrophs were investigated in the upstream Kuroshio and the northern South China Sea (SCS). Unicellular diazotrophs had been postulated as an important N2-fixing contributor for the phenomenon of N* in the SCS where abundances of filamentous Trichodesmium and Richelia were scarced. Samples were collected during four cruises between August 2008 and August 2009 in summer (CR1310 and CR910), winter (CR886), and late spring (CR899), respectively. Sampling stations located between 21¢XN-22¢XN and 116¢XE-122¢XE in the upstream Kuroshio off southeast Taiwan and covering the shelf and basin waters of the northern SCS. The abundance of the unicellular diazotrophs was determined using whole-cell immunocytochemical method in which antibody of nitrogenase was used as the probe. Cells containing nitrogenase can be visualized and counted after the antigen-antibody reaction under microscope. Unicellular diazotrophs were classified to four types according to their sizes and shapes. For diameters of those with 1-3 £gm and in coccoid shape are called 1-3 £gm C, diameters of 1-3 £gm and in rod shape are called 1-3 £gm R, diameters of >3-10 £gm and in coccoid shape are called >3 £gm C, and diameters of >3-10 £gm and in rod shape are called >3 £gm R. Surface abundance of the unicellular diazotrophs was highest in winter in both the Kuroshio and the SCS, followed by summer, and was least in late spring. Among four cell types, 1-3 £gm C usually was the most abundant group, followed by 1-3 £gm R and >3 £gm R, and was least for the group of >3 £gm C. The abundances between groups of 1-3 £gm C and 1-3 £gm R were positively correlated. Likewise, the abundances between >3 £gm C and >3 £gm R were positively correlated. However, the total abundance of small cells (1-3 £gm C+R) was not significantly related to the large cells (>3 £gm C+R). During summer and late spring, the abundance of unicellular diazotrophs in the SCS was 1.3-2 times of that in the Kuroshio. However, in winter the abundance in the Kuroshio was 1.2 times of that in the SCS. Surface water temperature was found negatively correlated to the abundance of 1-3 £gm C, >3 £gm C, >3 £gm R, and large cells (>3 £gm C+R), respectively. Significant correlations among surface water temperature and surface chlorophyll a, [NO2+NO3], SRP and N:P ratio implicated that the dynamics of cell abundances could be attributed to the correlated ecological variables of surface water temperature. The dynamics for the abundances of >3 £gm C, >3 £gm R, and large cells (>3 £gm C+R) were suggested to relate with the fluctuation of SRP concentration. Unicellular diazotrophs accounted for 60-90 % of total unicellular cells in terms of cell number. Vertical distributions of unicellular diazotrophs in the Kuroshio and the SCS were in similar trends, with maximum abundance in deep water during summer and late spring, and on surface water during winter.

No description available.

Thesis (doctoral)--Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2003. / Accompanying CD-ROM includes color images of all figures. Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-135). Original thesis in German available online via the Internet.

Ce travail de thèse a pour but d'étudier la fixation d'azote marine dans les environnements riches mais déficitaires en azote (N), comparé au phosphore (P) dans un rapport N:P<16, grâce à l'utilisation d'approches complémentaire en culture in vitro et sur le terrain in situ. La première partie de ce travail a consisté à évaluer la réponse de la fixation d'azote de la cyanobactérie unicellulaire diazotrophe Crocosphaera watsonii face à des concentrations micromolaires en azote inorganique dissous (DIN) supposées inhiber l'activité de fixation d'azote : - suite à un apport sporadique, ou, - après une longue période d'acclimatation. Les résultats de ces études n'ont pas permis d'observer une inhibition des activités de fixation d'azote de cet organisme, laissant supposer que ce processus pourrait être actif dans une zone de l'Océan ayant ces même caractéristiques biogéochimiques : le Sud Est Tropical de l'Océan Pacifique (ETSP). En effet, cette zone est une des trois plus grandes zones de minimum d'oxygène (OMZ) de l'Océan et d'intenses processus de pertes de N (dénitrification et anammox) y ont lieu, résultant en un déficit de N par rapport au P. Des études présumaient que des processus inverses, de gains de N par la fixation d'azote, pourraient y être actifs mais aucune mesure à l'échelle du bassin n'y avait été faite car la fixation d'azote n'était supposée se produire que dans les environnements oligotrophes, comme les gyres subtropicaux. Dans le cadre d'un projet international, des missions océanographiques ont pu avoir lieu dans cette zone en Février 2010 pendant un évènement El Niño et en Mars-Avril 2011 pendant un évènement La Niña. / The objectif of these thesis was to study dinitrogen fixation in marine environments rich but deficient of nitrogen (N) compared to phosphorus (P) in a ratio N:P<16, by using complementary approaches in culture in vitro and in the field in situ. The first part of this work was to evaluate the response of nitrogen-fixing unicellular Cyanobacteria Crocosphaera watsonii faced with micromolar concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) supposed to inhibit nitrogen fixation activity : - after sporadic input, or, - after a long period of acclimatization. The results of these studies have failed to observe the inhibition of nitrogen fixation activities of this organism, suggesting that this process could be active in an area of the Ocean with these same biogeochemical characteristics : the Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP). Indeed, this area is one of the three largest oxygen minimum zones (OMZ) of the Ocean, where intense processes of N losses (denitrification and anammox) took place, resulting in a deficit of N compared to P. Studies assumed that the inverse process, gain of N by nitrogen fixation, could be active in the ETSP but no measurements across the basin have been performed because nitrogen fixation was assumed to occur only in oligotrophic environments, such as the subtropical gyres. In the framework of an international project, cruises took place in this area in February 2010 during a El Niño event and in March-April 2011 during a La Niña event. Results of these two cruises have confirmed that nitrogen fixation was unexpectedly active with an intensity comparable to those reported in oligotrophic areas.

No description available.

Cette thèse se place à l'interface entre la topologie et la combinatoire. On s'intéresse dans un premier temps au problème de réalisation des boules unités duales des normes d'intersections sur les surfaces orientables. On montre aussi un certain lien entre les normes d'intersections et la norme de Thurston sur les 3-variétés.On montre par ailleurs l'existence d'un graphe dit de chirurgie sur l'ensemble des cartes unicellulaires d'une surface orientable. Dans le cas des collections unicellulaires et de cartes cubiques unicellulaires, le graphe de chirurgie s'avère connexe. / This thesis stay in between topology and combinatory. Our first concerned is the problem of realization of dual unit ball of intersection norms on orientable surfaces. We also show a certain relation between intersection norms and Thurston norms on 3-manifolds. On the other part, we show the existence of graph structure on unicellular maps on orientable surface coming from a surgery operation on unicellular maps: a surgery graph. Its happen that surgery graph on unicellular collections and cubic unicellular maps is connected.

Heterotrophic protists, consisting largely of the Cercozoa, Amoebozoa, Ciliophora, Discoba and some Stramenopiles, are a poorly characterized component of life on Earth. They play an important ecological role in soil communities and provide key insights into the nature of one of life’s most enigmatic evolutionary transitions: the development of the complex unicell. Soil ecosystems are crucial to the functioning of global biogeochemical cycles (e.g. carbon and nitrogen) but are at risk of drastic change from anthropogenic climate change. Heterotrophic protists are the primary regulators of bacterial diversity in soils and as such play integral roles in biogeochemical cycling, nutrient mobilization, and trophic cascades in food webs under stress. Understanding the nature of these changes requires examining the rates, diversity, and resiliency of interactions that occur between soil organisms. However, soils are the most taxonomically diverse ecosystems on Earth and disentangling the complexities of dynamic and varied biotic interactions in them requires a unique model system. The McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, one of the harshest terrestrial environments on Earth, serve as a model soil ecosystem owing to their highly reduced biological diversity. Exploring the functioning of heterotrophic protists in these valleys provides a way to test the applicability of this model system to other soil food webs. However, very little is known about their taxonomic diversity, which is a strong predictor of function. Therefore, I reviewed the Antarctic literature to compile a checklist of all known terrestrial heterotrophic protists in Antarctica. I found significant geographical, methodological, and taxonomic biases and outlined how to address these in future research programs. I also conducted a molecular survey of whole soil communities using 18 shotgun metagenomes representing major landscape features of the McMurdo Dry Valleys. The results revealed the dominance of Cercozoa and point to an Antarctic heterotrophic protist soil community that is taxonomically diverse and reflects the structure and composition of communities at lower latitudes. To investigate whether biotic interactions or abiotic factors were a larger driver for Antarctic heterotrophic protists, I conducted variation partitioning using environmental data (e.g. moisture, pH and electrical conductivity). Biotic variables were more significant and accounted for more of the variation than environmental variables. Taken together, it is clear that heterotrophic protists play key ecological roles in this ecosystem. Deeper insights into the ecology of these organisms in the McMurdo Dry Valleys also have implications for the search for complex unicellular life in our universe. I discuss the theoretical underpinnings of searching for these forms of life outside of Earth, conclude that they are likely to occur, and postulate how future missions could practically search for complex unicells.