Background: A lot of previous research have studied the correlation between bilateral jumps with performance in change of direction (COD) even though COD occurs unilateral. Only a few researches have studied the relationship between COD and unilateral jumps but the results are conflicting. Neither of these have studied the correlation between COD, measured with the Zigzag agility test, and both unilateral horizontal jumps (UHJ) and unilateral lateral jumps (ULJ) among young soccer players.  Aim: The aim was to study the magnitude of the correlation between UHJ and the Zigzag agility test and between ULJ and the Zigzag agility test among young male soccer players.  Method: Thirty young male soccer players between 17-19 years were tested in a Zigzag agility test and two different jumps (UHJ and ULJ). The time of the Zigzag agility test was measured in seconds and the length of the two jumps in meters. Everything were tested during one test session. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to calculate the relationships between UHJ, ULJ and the Zigzag agility test. Following guidelines were used to determine the magnitude of the correlation: r below -0.29 for a small correlation, r= -0.30 to -0.49 for a medium correlation and r -0.50 to -1.0 for a strong correlation.    Results: Small correlation were found between UHJ and the Zigzag agility test (r= -0.028) and as well as between ULJ the Zigzag agility test (r= -0.27). The mean value (SD±) was 6.41s (0.18) for the Zigzag agility test, 1.87m (0.15) for UHJ and 1.65m (0.13) for ULJ.  Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that both UHJ and ULJ had small correlations with the Zigzag agility test as a measurement of COD performance, with a slightly higher correlation for the ULJ. This means that unilateral jumps and COD performance probably are two different skills and should be trained in different ways. Not much research has been done in this area and the results concerning the correlation between COD and unilateral jumps are still mixed. More research is needed to declare the relationship with unilateral jumps and COD performance. Interesting for the further research would also be to involve other factors such as running technique and straight sprinting to determine the importance of each factor.

La anatomía de la fisura labial es diferente para cada paciente y varios autores han descrito modificaciones de técnicas tradicionales en la búsqueda de obtener un diseño más individual con mejores resultados. La técnica de Millard es probablemente la técnica quirúrgica más usada por los cirujanos alrededor del mundo en el manejo de la fisura labial unilateral, sin embargo existen algunas limitaciones en esta técnica en fisuras completas con deficiencia de tejidos en el segmento lateral. En ese sentido, se diseño la presente técnica que busca corregir de manera paralela la deficiencia en el segmento lateral de la fisura labial unilateral completa. Esta técnica se basa en una doble rotación y avance localizando las cicatrices sobre las líneas naturales del labio entre las unidades estéticas del mismo. El presente estudio evalúa la simetría labial obtenida con el uso de esta técnica en el tratamiento quirúrgico de las fisuras labiales unilaterales completas. METODOS El presente es un estudio observacional analítico de cohorte prospectivo. Se evalúa la utilidad de una nueva técnica en el tratamiento quirúrgico en 30 pacientes consecutivos con diagnóstico de fisura labial unilateral completa luego de un año de la operación realizando las medidas antropométricas pre y postoperatorias. El test Wilcoxon, la t de student y un nivel de confidencia de 95 %, fueron utilizados para establecer la significancia de las diferencias entre el lado sano y el lado fisurado (p < 0.05). RESULTADOS El estudio no encontró diferencias significativas entre el lado fisurado y el no fisurado (sano) en la altura labial (p: 0.310), ancho labial (p: 0.425) y altura del bermellón (p: 0.283) después de la cirugía labial utilizando esta técnica. Sin embargo hubo diferencias significativas entre el lado sano y el fisurado en el ancho de la base alar (p: 0.01). CONCLUSIONES Se observó la obtención simetría labial en casos de fisura labial unilateral completa con el uso de la técnica de doble rotación y avance superior. Palabras clave: Fisura labial unilateral Técnica quirúrgica. / ---The anatomy of the cleft lip is different for each patient and many authors have been described modifications of traditional techniques in order to obtain a more individual design and better results. Millard’s technique is probably the most common surgical technique used by surgeons around the world, however there are some short-comings to repair complete clefts with deficiency of tissues of the lateral segment. In that way, we have developed a new technique which corrects the medial and lateral lip segment’s deficiency in complete unilateral cleft lip. This technique is based on a double rotation advancement concept placing the scars over the natural lines between the aesthetic subunits of the upper lip. This study evaluates the symmetry obtained with the use of this technique in the surgical treatment of the complete unilateral cleft lips. METHODS. This is a prospective analytic observational cohort study. It evaluates the utility of a new technique for surgical treatment in 30 consecutive patients with complete unilateral cleft lip after one year of the surgery making the pre and postoperatory anthropometric measurements. The Wilcoxon and t-student tests and level of confidence of 95 % were performed to assess the statistical significance of differences between the cleft side and non-cleft side (p < 0.05). RESULTS This study found no statistically significant differences between cleft side and non-cleft side lip height (p=0.310), lip width (p=0.425) and vermilion height (p=0.283) after lip repair using this technique. However there were significant differences between cleft side and non-cleft side nasal base width (p: 0.01). CONCLUSIONS. We observed the lip symmetry obtained in cases of complete unilateral cleft lip with the use of the upper double rotation and advancement technique. Key words: Unilateral cleft lip Surgical technique

More than half of all spinal cord injuries are anatomically incomplete, yet many of these result in complete loss of motor function below the level of injury. One approach to enhance functional recovery is to exploit spared CNS axons (that extend past the point of injury) to sprout and connect to potential targets. We have previously found that application of the neurotrophin; BDNF, to the sensory-motor cortex stimulates expression of regeneration associated genes such as GAP-43, and Tαl tubulin, and results in enhanced sprouting of injured corticospinal fibers rostral to the site of injury. Here, we investigated whether infusion of BDNF into the intact sensorimotor cortex induces sprouting of undamaged corticospinal fibers into denervated cervical spinal cord. We also studied the effect of this treatment using several behavioral tasks: gait analysis, forelimb inhibition during swimming, and food pellet reaching task. The results show that BDNF infusion into the intact sensorimotor cortex subsequent to a unilateral pyramidal lesion increases (3.2 fold) the sprouting of intact corticospinal fibers into the denervated, contralateral grey matter at the lumbar level of the spinal cord when compared with vehicle treated rats. This effect was not seen at the cervical level of the spinal cord. Functionally, unilateral pyramidal injury of corticospinal axons significantly increased toe spread of the contralateral denervated forelimb and hindlimb when compared to the uninjured side. BDNF treatment showed a recovery to presurgical levels. Testing of fine motor control with a food pellet reaching task demonstrated deficits in the impaired forelimb but did not show any improvement due to BDNF treatment.

More than half of all spinal cord injuries are anatomically incomplete, yet many of these result in complete loss of motor function below the level of injury. One approach to enhance functional recovery is to exploit spared CNS axons (that extend past the point of injury) to sprout and connect to potential targets. We have previously found that application of the neurotrophin; BDNF, to the sensory-motor cortex stimulates expression of regeneration associated genes such as GAP-43, and Tαl tubulin, and results in enhanced sprouting of injured corticospinal fibers rostral to the site of injury. Here, we investigated whether infusion of BDNF into the intact sensorimotor cortex induces sprouting of undamaged corticospinal fibers into denervated cervical spinal cord. We also studied the effect of this treatment using several behavioral tasks: gait analysis, forelimb inhibition during swimming, and food pellet reaching task. The results show that BDNF infusion into the intact sensorimotor cortex subsequent to a unilateral pyramidal lesion increases (3.2 fold) the sprouting of intact corticospinal fibers into the denervated, contralateral grey matter at the lumbar level of the spinal cord when compared with vehicle treated rats. This effect was not seen at the cervical level of the spinal cord. Functionally, unilateral pyramidal injury of corticospinal axons significantly increased toe spread of the contralateral denervated forelimb and hindlimb when compared to the uninjured side. BDNF treatment showed a recovery to presurgical levels. Testing of fine motor control with a food pellet reaching task demonstrated deficits in the impaired forelimb but did not show any improvement due to BDNF treatment.

Bakgrund: Det har studerats huruvida styrkeövningar genomförda med två armar (bilateralt) leder till bättre prestation i jämförelse med övningar genomförda med enbart en arm (unilateralt), och det har visat sig att båda genomförandena resulterar i liknande resultat efter en kortare träningsperiod. Samtidigt visar forskning på att blandade resultat mellan olika genomföranden sett till muskelaktivering och kraftutveckling existerar. Syfte: Huvudsyftet med denna studie var att se effekten av unilateral eller bilateral uppvärmning i bänkpress och dess påverkan på efterföljande unilaterala och bilaterala genomföranden i bänkpress, i faktorerna muskelaktivering, effekt, och kraftutveckling. Dessutom var syftet att relatera resultaten i studien till bilateralt index för att se om bilateralt underskott eller bilateral facilitering dominerade. Metod: Styrketränade män (n = 13, ålder 25 ± 3 år) värmde upp med två olika genomföranden (unilateralt eller bilateralt) och efter varje individs uppvärmning utfördes tre submaximala lyft (40 och 80 % av 1RM) i unilateral och bilateral bänkpress. Muskelaktivering, effekt, och kraftutveckling, uppmättes i musklerna pectoralis major, främre deltoideus, och triceps brachii, efter varje individs uppvärmning under tre submaximala lyft (40 och 80 % av 1RM) i unilateral och bilateral bänkpress. Resultat: Signifikanta resultat hittades vid unilateral prestation i effekt och kraftutveckling efter unilateral uppvärmning (184 ± 36 W och 164 ± 31 W; 416 ± 76 N och 412 ± 74 N), jämfört med bilateral uppvärmning (p = 0,05). Vid bilateral prestation hittades ingen signifikant skillnad mellan de olika genomförandena. Ingen signifikant skillnad hittades heller i muskelaktivering i något av genomförandena. I studien hittades även bevis på skillnad mellan testdeltagare gällande bilateralt underskott och bilateral facilitering sett till effekt och kraftutveckling, där större delen av testdeltagarna hade bilateral facilitering. Slutsats: Oberoende av uppvärmning kunde ingen skillnad ses i styrketränade män gällande muskelaktivering i bilateral eller unilateral bänkpress, däremot hade uppvärmningen betydelse för prestationen. Därför ska unilateral uppvärmning appliceras inför unilateral prestation, då detta visade på signifikant förbättring. Trots ingen signifikant förbättring bör även ett bilateralt genomförande efterfölja en bilateral uppvärmning. / Background: It has been studied whether strength-exercises performed with two arms (bilateral) leads to better performance when compared to exercises performed with only one arm (unilateral), and it has been shown that both implementations result in similar results after a short training period. At the same time, research shows that mixed results between different implementations in terms of muscle activation and force development exists. Objective: The main purpose of this study was to see the effect of unilateral or bilateral warm-up in the bench press and its influence on subsequent unilateral and bilateral performance in the bench press, investigating the factors: muscle activation, power, and force development. A secondary purpose was to relate the results of the study to bilateral index, to see if bilateral deficit or bilateral facilitation dominates. Method: Strength-trained men (n = 13, age 25 ± 3 years) warmed up with two different implementations (unilateral or bilateral), and after each individual warm-up they performed three submaximal lifts (40 and 80% of 1RM) in unilateral and bilateral bench press. Muscle activity, power, and force development were measured in muscles pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and triceps brachii, after each individual warm-up during three submaximal lifts (40 and 80% of 1RM) in unilateral and bilateral bench press. Results: Significant results were found in unilateral performance in power and force development after unilateral warm-up (184 ± 36 W and 164 ± 31 W; 416 ± 76 N and 412 ± 74 N) compared with bilateral warm-up (p = 0.05). There were no significant differences between the different implementations in bilateral performance. Significant differences were neither found in the muscle activation of any of the implementations. The study also found evidence of a difference between the test participants regarding bilateral deficit and bilateral facilitation in terms of power and force development, where the majority of the test participants had bilateral facilitation. Conclusion: Regardless of warm-up, no difference was seen in the strength-trained men regarding muscle activation in the bilateral or unilateral bench press, however, the warm-up  was of importance to performance. Therefore, unilateral warm-up should be applied before unilateral performance, as this showed significant improvement. Although no significant improvement was observed, a bilateral warm-up should also preceed a bilateral performance.

More than half of all spinal cord injuries are anatomically incomplete, yet many of these result in complete loss of motor function below the level of injury. One approach to enhance functional recovery is to exploit spared CNS axons (that extend past the point of injury) to sprout and connect to potential targets. We have previously found that application of the neurotrophin; BDNF, to the sensory-motor cortex stimulates expression of regeneration associated genes such as GAP-43, and Tαl tubulin, and results in enhanced sprouting of injured corticospinal fibers rostral to the site of injury. Here, we investigated whether infusion of BDNF into the intact sensorimotor cortex induces sprouting of undamaged corticospinal fibers into denervated cervical spinal cord. We also studied the effect of this treatment using several behavioral tasks: gait analysis, forelimb inhibition during swimming, and food pellet reaching task. The results show that BDNF infusion into the intact sensorimotor cortex subsequent to a unilateral pyramidal lesion increases (3.2 fold) the sprouting of intact corticospinal fibers into the denervated, contralateral grey matter at the lumbar level of the spinal cord when compared with vehicle treated rats. This effect was not seen at the cervical level of the spinal cord. Functionally, unilateral pyramidal injury of corticospinal axons significantly increased toe spread of the contralateral denervated forelimb and hindlimb when compared to the uninjured side. BDNF treatment showed a recovery to presurgical levels. Testing of fine motor control with a food pellet reaching task demonstrated deficits in the impaired forelimb but did not show any improvement due to BDNF treatment. / Medicine, Faculty of / Graduate

L’expression de la « bilatéralisation du cautionnement » suggère que ce dernier ne serait plus un contrat unilatéral par lequel seule la caution s’oblige. Dans un premier temps, l’étude de cette hypothèse permet de revenir sur le critère de l’unilatéralité du cautionnement, afin d’en proposer une définition et d’examiner dans quelles conditions ce caractère unilatéral peut varier. La démarche entreprise à l’endroit de la qualification du cautionnement se prolonge ensuite dans le but de vérifier ce qu’il reste du régime du contrat unilatéral en la matière. Il apparaît ainsi que le cautionnement est toujours un contrat unilatéral, et que le droit continue de le traiter comme tel. Dans un second temps, l’étude propose d’analyser la qualification et le régime des sujétions légales et prétoriennes qui sont à la charge de la plupart des créanciers cautionnés depuis une trentaine d’années. En droit du cautionnement, les sujétions légales sont des incombances, une qualification puisée dans les droits suisse, allemand, et belge. En droit commun, le créancier est assujetti par le devoir de bonne foi, de loyauté ou encore de cohérence comportementale, qui exprime la force obligatoire du cautionnement mais ne révèle aucune obligation contractuelle à proprement parler. Quant au régime de l’assujettissement du créancier, il est guidé par la déchéance en droit du cautionnement, et par la responsabilité civile en droit commun. En somme, ce n’est pas le caractère unilatéral du cautionnement qui change, mais les éléments qui en font douter qui doivent être appréhendés autrement, dans la théorie du droit des obligations comme dans la pratique du procès. / The expression « bilatéralisation du cautionnement » (« Bilateralisation of Suretyship ») implies that the contract of Suretyship is no longer a unilateral contract whereby the Surety is the only obliged party.. First, the study of this hypothesis enables to reexamine the criterion of the unilateral feature of the suretyship contract, in order to propose a definition and to examine in what conditions this unilateral feature may vary. The approach chosen for the characterization of the suretyship is then carried on, in order to verify what is left from the regime of unilateral contracts in the domain of suretyships. It appears that suretyship is always a unilateral contract, and that French law continues to treat it that way.. Second, the study is carried on by the analysis of the characterisation and the regime of the legally- and judicially-imposed duties on the beneficiaries of a suretyship for thirty years. In suretyship law, the legal duties are « incombances », a norm inspired from the laws of Switzerland, Germany and Belgium. In civil law, the creditor is bound by the duty of good faith, loyalty or even behavioral consistency, which all exprès the binding power of the contract of suretyship but hide no contractual obligation per se, strictly speaking. As for the régime of duties imposed upon the creditor, it is dominated by the sanction of forfeiture in suretyship law, and by civil liability in civil law. In the end, changes do not affect the unilateral aspect of the suretyship contract ; they should alter the way we approach the elements that cast a doubt on it, be it in the law of obligations of in the judicial practice.

The aim of the study was to examine the muscle activities of fifteen male participants (23.44 ±2.63 years) during unilateral hockey bag load carrying of different weights (10%, 20%, and 30% bodyweight) and sizes (small and large). Walking without a hockey bag was the control condition. The results showed that increased peak and integrated EMG occurred with an increased load weight in the semitendinosus, gastrocnemius, rectus abdominis, and vastus medialis. The left rectus femoris and left semitendinosus were both significantly greater than the right corresponding muscle. Carrying the large hockey bag produced greater peak EMG in the right rectus abdominis and the right rectus femoris, whereas the right vastus medialis showed a larger peak EMG in the small hockey bag. It was concluded that the posterior-lateral carrying style of hockey bag load carriage explained the results being similar to both backpack and side pack load carriage studies.

No description available.

The aim of the study was to examine the muscle activities of fifteen male participants (23.44 ±2.63 years) during unilateral hockey bag load carrying of different weights (10%, 20%, and 30% bodyweight) and sizes (small and large). Walking without a hockey bag was the control condition. The results showed that increased peak and integrated EMG occurred with an increased load weight in the semitendinosus, gastrocnemius, rectus abdominis, and vastus medialis. The left rectus femoris and left semitendinosus were both significantly greater than the right corresponding muscle. Carrying the large hockey bag produced greater peak EMG in the right rectus abdominis and the right rectus femoris, whereas the right vastus medialis showed a larger peak EMG in the small hockey bag. It was concluded that the posterior-lateral carrying style of hockey bag load carriage explained the results being similar to both backpack and side pack load carriage studies.