Additional cognitive deficits, including impairments in spatial working memory and/or saccadic remapping processes, have recently been implicated in unilateral neglect – a neurological condition classically characterized as a disorder of attention. The interactions between saccadic remapping and three memory processes (position memory, object memory and object-location binding) were investigated in healthy young (n=27) and elderly (n=20) participants to establish a baseline of comparison for future use with neglect patients and to study the effects of aging on these processes. In a computerized task, participants were instructed to first detect a target, and then hold in memory either its position, identity or both over a delay period. Subsequently, participants were tested on their memory for that particular task. The saccadic remapping component was introduced at the onset of the delay period with the fixation cross shifting either to the left, or right, requiring participants to remap the visual array into either right or left space, or remaining in the centre of the screen (i.e., no remapping condition). In the position memory and object-location binding task, a consistent cost to memory performance was found when remapping right only for the young participants. Overall the elderly did not perform any of the tasks involving a position memory component as well as the young participants and showed spatial asymmetries in the target detection task. The lack of an effect of remapping in the elderly group may be due to a general decrement in performance. These results are discussed in terms of hemispheric asymmetries and cognitive theories of aging.

Cross-education of strength is a neural adaptation defined as the increase in strength of the untrained contralateral limb after unilateral training of the opposite homologous limb. The neural mechanisms of the effect have remained elusive, although it appears to be a motor learning adaptation. Despite cross-education of strength being an inter-limb effect, no previous study has determined the influence of handedness and the direction of transfer (dominant to non-dominant or the reverse). Arguably, this is partly responsible for massive variation in the literature regarding the magnitude of the effect. The primary purpose of this document is to attempt to determine the central and peripheral neuro-physiological mechanisms controlling cross-education of muscular strength. Prior to determining the mechanisms of the effect, the influence of handedness and the preferred direction of transfer for cross-education of strength must be addressed. The secondary purpose is to determine the preferential direction of transfer of cross-education of strength in order to isolate the circumstances in which the effect is more pronounced. Two experiments were necessary to meet these objectives. <p>Experiment 1: The purpose was to determine the effect of the direction of transfer on cross-education in right-handed individuals. Subjects were randomized into a left-hand training (LEFT), right-hand training (RIGHT), or non-training control (CON) group. Strength training was 6 weeks of maximal isometric ulnar deviation, 4 times per week. The change in strength in the untrained limb was greatest in the RIGHT group (39.2%; p<.01), whereas no significant changes in strength were observed for the untrained limb of the LEFT group (9.3%) or for either of the CON group limbs (10.4% and 12.2%). There were no changes in muscle thickness of untrained limbs compared to CON. Changes in untrained limb EMG were not different compared to CON. Cross-education with hand strength training occurs only in the right-to-left direction of transfer in right-handed individuals. Cross-education of arm muscular strength is most pronounced to the non-dominant arm. <p>Experiment 2: The purpose of this study was to determine the central and peripheral mechanisms of cross-education of strength after actual and imagery training. Subjects were randomized into an actual training, imagery training, or non-training control group. A sub-sample of 8 subjects (4 actual, 4 imagery training) had brain activity during exercise assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Strength training was 6 weeks of maximal isometric handgrip ulnar deviation (Biodex) of the right arm, 4 times per week. Actual training was highly effective for increasing strength in trained (45.3%; p<.01) and untrained (47.1%; p<.01) limbs. Imagery training and control groups had no increases in strength for either arm. Muscle thickness increased only in the trained arm of the actual group (8.4%; p<.001). After actual training, there was an increase in activation of contralateral sensorimotor cortex and left temporal lobe during actual contractions with the untrained left arm (p<.001). Actual training was associated with a significantly greater change in agonist muscle activation pooled over both limbs, compared to the imagery and control groups (p<.05). Cross-education of strength is only significant after actual training, indicating that peripheral feedback is necessary for the effect. Cross-education of strength is accompanied by changes in cortical activation indicative of motor learning and the retrieval of memory of movement acquired by the trained limb. <p>General Conclusion: The neuro-physiological mechanism of cross-education of strength is that changes in cortical activation indicative of motor learning occur in both brain hemispheres after unilateral training. Cross-education of strength is influenced by strength asymmetries related to handedness, and the preferential direction of transfer is from dominant to non-dominant limb. Cross-education is a motor learning adaptation also reliant on peripheral feedback during training.

The premise of this dissertation is straight-forward – the U.S., as hegemon, acts unilaterally given the power disparity between it and the rest of the world. In solving the puzzle of why presidents make the “wrong” decision to act alone, I organize international conflict literature along traditional lines – international and domestic explanations – and use Gilpin’s (1981) hegemonic stability theory to test a theory of unilateral use of force decision making. In order to overcome a lack of scientific study on unilateralism, I devise a definition and coding rules for unilateral use of force, develop a sequential model of presidential use of force decision making, and construct a new, alternative measure of military power, a Composite Indicator of Military Revolutions (CIMR). I then use three methods – a statistical test with a heckman probit model, an experiment, and case studies – to test U.S. crisis behavior since 1937. I find that presidents are realists and make an expected utility calculation to act unilaterally or multilaterally after their decision to use force. The unilateral decision, in particular, positively correlates with a wide military gap vis-à-vis an opponent, an opponent located in the Western hemisphere, and a national security threat.

In this study the important issue of unilateral forgiveness is researched. Chapter one contains the problem, research questions, objectives, methodology and central theoretical argument which involves the following: the healthy (faith mature) treatment of unilateral forgiveness, in the absence of the offender's remorse, as a essential element in the healing process in recovering for the emotional wounded person. This is the reason why such a person should be guided pastorally. In chapter 2, the aspect of basic-theory is being looked into, which entails the following: The Old Testament example of forgiveness in Jonah, and also forgiveness and repentance in the New Testament, and four passages namely Luke 17:3-4, Matt 18:15,21-22; Mark 11-25 6:12-15 and Matt 6: 12-15 were discussed. Afterwards, penitence and forgiveness in Judaism and Christianity were also investigated where conditional and unconditional pardon came into question. The various dimensions of forgiveness -that is from the divine side, human side and intrapersonal were researched. Finally God's purpose for forgiveness was discussed. Chapter three fostered the meta-theoretical aspect of the study. A brief history was given of the psychology of forgiveness and the relationship between theology and psychology were examined. The definition of forgiveness also received attention in order to better understand the concept. The reason for forgiveness, and the consequences of anger, (a core element of unforgiveness) on the total person, the physical, neurological, psychological, and psychiatry sides were discussed. Attention were given to therapy where the process of forgiveness, with two different models were discussed namely Pyramid Model of Worthington and the Concept of prosesmodel of Enright & Fitzgibbons. The chapter ends with reconciliation and inner preparation to unilateral forgiveness. In chapter four the empirical research received the focus, which included the value of empirical research, different paradigms, the choice of an approach, and the nature and characteristics of qualitative research. Thereafter, data collection, including basic personal interviews, parameters of the interview, questionnaire design, sampling design and identification of themes for interviews, got attention The discussion of the interview results were concluded with a preliminary conclusion from the empirical research to end this chapter. In chapter 5 attention was given to the practical theoretical perspectives with regard to unilateral forgiveness. Because Zerfass's model were used in the study, particular attention had been given to examining of the effect of Zerfass's model. Then a summary were given of the findings of Scriptural perspective, relevant sciences, empirical research and practical theoretical guidelines in brief. It concludes with a summarized report of findings in respect of unilateral forgiveness, practical theory and proposed guidelines. The study ended in chapter six where the final conclusion regarding the research on unilateral forgiveness were given and topics were proposed for further research. / Thesis (M.A. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

In this study the important issue of unilateral forgiveness is researched. Chapter one contains the problem, research questions, objectives, methodology and central theoretical argument which involves the following: the healthy (faith mature) treatment of unilateral forgiveness, in the absence of the offender's remorse, as a essential element in the healing process in recovering for the emotional wounded person. This is the reason why such a person should be guided pastorally. In chapter 2, the aspect of basic-theory is being looked into, which entails the following: The Old Testament example of forgiveness in Jonah, and also forgiveness and repentance in the New Testament, and four passages namely Luke 17:3-4, Matt 18:15,21-22; Mark 11-25 6:12-15 and Matt 6: 12-15 were discussed. Afterwards, penitence and forgiveness in Judaism and Christianity were also investigated where conditional and unconditional pardon came into question. The various dimensions of forgiveness -that is from the divine side, human side and intrapersonal were researched. Finally God's purpose for forgiveness was discussed. Chapter three fostered the meta-theoretical aspect of the study. A brief history was given of the psychology of forgiveness and the relationship between theology and psychology were examined. The definition of forgiveness also received attention in order to better understand the concept. The reason for forgiveness, and the consequences of anger, (a core element of unforgiveness) on the total person, the physical, neurological, psychological, and psychiatry sides were discussed. Attention were given to therapy where the process of forgiveness, with two different models were discussed namely Pyramid Model of Worthington and the Concept of prosesmodel of Enright & Fitzgibbons. The chapter ends with reconciliation and inner preparation to unilateral forgiveness. In chapter four the empirical research received the focus, which included the value of empirical research, different paradigms, the choice of an approach, and the nature and characteristics of qualitative research. Thereafter, data collection, including basic personal interviews, parameters of the interview, questionnaire design, sampling design and identification of themes for interviews, got attention The discussion of the interview results were concluded with a preliminary conclusion from the empirical research to end this chapter. In chapter 5 attention was given to the practical theoretical perspectives with regard to unilateral forgiveness. Because Zerfass's model were used in the study, particular attention had been given to examining of the effect of Zerfass's model. Then a summary were given of the findings of Scriptural perspective, relevant sciences, empirical research and practical theoretical guidelines in brief. It concludes with a summarized report of findings in respect of unilateral forgiveness, practical theory and proposed guidelines. The study ended in chapter six where the final conclusion regarding the research on unilateral forgiveness were given and topics were proposed for further research. / Thesis (M.A. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Submitted by Alice Rocha (rochaalice@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-08-30T01:25:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BUANI.pdf: 6422556 bytes, checksum: dadda644b304bcdf1640dba4d7047923 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-30T01:25:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BUANI.pdf: 6422556 bytes, checksum: dadda644b304bcdf1640dba4d7047923 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T21:50:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 BUANI.pdf.txt: 423827 bytes, checksum: a7162d7e7d03b96d13ec3ff3f2f99241 (MD5) license.txt: 346 bytes, checksum: 6440c47a50909adf871d5cc0caf0b4f9 (MD5) BUANI.pdf: 6422556 bytes, checksum: dadda644b304bcdf1640dba4d7047923 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-29 / O trabalho trata da administração internacional no Kosovo, com a proposta de analisar a situação atual face à declaração unilateral de independência de 17 de fevereiro de 2008. Parte-se de uma análise histórica e dos conflitos dos Bálcãs, com a intervenção internacional de 1998-1999, para compreender a estrutura internacional montada na região, principalmente as atividades da Missão Interina das Nações Unidas para o Kosovo (MINUK) e da Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte (OTAN). A MINUK apresenta-se como tentativa de operação de reconstrução de estruturas da província, com objetivos indefinidos desde o início: encaminhar o Kosovo à independência ou a uma autonomia sob supervisão internacional. Essa indefinição reflete-se no plano jurídico, sem que haja um pronunciamento do Conselho de Segurança sobre a situação atual. A diversidade de atores, os interesses divergentes das grandes potências, a seqüência de desrespeito às normas e aos princípios internacionais tornam a análise do assunto complexa, um desafio ao direito internacional no mundo contemporâneo, com a chance de que o Kosovo sobreviva como Estado dentro de uma perspectiva européia.

The aim of this review is to provide a unified perspective of unilateral spatial neglect (USN). USN is a neurological disorder frequently observed following damage or diseases to the brain. It is particularly associated with strokes to specific anatomical structures within the right hemisphere. Patients with USN fail to respond to or orient towards stimuli located in the hemispace contralateral to the lesion. They also show peculiar behavioral manifestations. There are several distinct subtypes of USN which can affect sensory or motor modalities, spatial representations, the range of space, or pure imagery. This disorder can appear in any sensory modality but the majority of studies have investigated the visual aspect of USN in these subtypes. Theoretical proposals are supported by empirical evidence deriving from neuroimaging which distinguish between these subtypes of USN. Thus, the heterogeneity of the disorder is evident and clinical assessment methods face great difficulties while prevalence rates vary. The neural pathways of spatial attention distinguish between the ventral and dorsal visual streams, both with distinct functional roles and anatomical bases. Prism adaptation (PA) is a common rehabilitation technique among many others and has shown positive effects on USN while having some limitations. A general discussion and concluding remarks are presented in the final section followed by future research suggestions.

Les personnes publiques ont la faculté de produire des normes par voie unilatérale ou contractuelle. Toutefois, ni la jurisprudence ni les textes n'affirment l'existence d'une liberté de choix entre ces deux instruments. L'observation du droit montre davantage de situations dans les personnes publiques ne peuvent pas librement choisir que des situations dans lesquelles elles ont effectivement cette liberté de choix. Le Conseil d'État est particulièrement actif, imposant tantôt le contrat, tantôt l'acte unilatéral pour l'exercice des compétences. Aussi, dans une discipline telle que le droit administratif, où l'action des personnes publiques est strictement encadrée par les normes de compétence, la doctrine n'est en général pas favorable à la reconnaissance de véritable liberté dans l'action au profit de l'Administration. Pourtant, le caractère objectif du droit administratif n'obère pas totalement la qualité de sujet de droit des personnes publiques ni leur capacité à exprimer une volonté propre. Le principe de la liberté de choix des modes de gestion illustre par exemple cette dimension libérale de l'action administrative. En réalité, dès l'instant où les normes de compétence n'ont pas vocation à prescrire l'instrument au moyen duquel une compétence doit être exercée, les personnes publiques disposent d'une liberté de choix entre le contrat et l'acte unilatéral. Si le législateur ou le Conseil d'État imposent aux personnes publiques d'utiliser le contrat ou l'acte unilatéral pour l'exercice de telle ou telle compétence, cela ne signifie pas pour autant que, en amont, les personnes publiques n'ont pas une liberté de choix. Au contraire, l'existence de limitation à la faculté d'agir révèle l'existence d'une liberté. Dès lors, la liberté de choix entre le contrat et l'acte unilatéral et son encadrement par le droit objectif constituent les deux pièces d'une même médaille, formant ainsi un droit général du recours au contrat ou à l'acte unilatéral. Il s'est agi de tracer les contours précis, tant sur un plan conceptuel que pratique, de la liberté de choix et de l'encadrement de cette liberté de choix, en révélant les mécanismes et critères en action sur les deux versants de deux droits. / Public entities have the ability to produce standards unilaterally or under contract. However, neither the law nor the texts affirm the existence of a choice between the two instruments. Observing the right shows more situations in public entities can not freely choose that situations where they actually have this freedom of choice. The State Council is particularly active, sometimes imposing the contract, sometimes unilateral act for the exercise of powers. Also, in a discipline such as administrative law, where the action of public persons is strictly governed by the standards of jurisdiction, the doctrine is generally not favorable to the recognition of true freedom in action for the benefit of 'Administration. Yet, the objective character of administrative law does not totally hampers the quality of legal subject of public figures or their ability to express their own will. The principle of freedom of choice of management methods illustrious example this liberal dimension of administrative action. In fact, as soon as the standards of competence are not intended to prescribe the instrument by which a jurisdiction must be exercised, public figures have a choice between the contract and the unilateral act. If Parliament or the Council of State to require public entities to use the contract or unilateral act for the performance of a particular jurisdiction, this does not mean that upstream, public figures have not a freedom of choice. On the contrary, the existence of limitations on the ability to act reveals the existence of freedom. Therefore, the choice between the contract and the unilateral act and its frame by objective law are the two parts of the same coin, thus forming a general right of appeal to the contract or the unilateral act. It came to trace the precise contours, both conceptually and practically, freedom of choice and the framing of this freedom of choice by revealing the mechanisms and criteria for action on both sides of two rights

Comentario a una resolución del tribunal Federal Laboral alemán en la que se utilizan categorías jurídicas del Derecho Civil como el negocio jurídico y la representación para la solución de una controversia jurídica laboral. Se grafica con ello la inexistencia en el sistema jurídico alemán de la pretendida autonomía del Derecho Laboral respecto del Derecho Civil. Commentaries on a Federal Labor Court of Germany sentence where legal concepts of civil law as the legal transaction and the representation are used for the solution of a labor law dispute. It is shown thereby the absence in the German legal system of the alleged autonomy of labor law with respect to civil law.

This article summarizes the significant contributions of Fred H. Bess to the early detection of hearing loss in infants and children. Based on public health and educational policy, Bess challenged audiologists to view hearing screening as a responsibility that brought with it the need to develop screening tools that are effective in identifying hearing loss - whether for use with infants, preschoolers, or school-age children - and that adhere to important screening principles. A review of his influence on pertinent guidelines, position statements, and recommendations highlights his belief that early identification of hearing loss is critical if children are to overcome the significant obstacles presented by even mild and unilateral hearing losses. This section is followed by a review of seminal papers that stimulated research in universal newborn hearing screening programs and the detection of unilateral and minimal hearing loss. We conclude with a review of selected studies that build on Bess's earlier work and strive to drive our field forward to practices that are both evidence-based and effective in detecting hearing loss in children.