Orientador: Luiz Antônio de Lima Resende / Resumo: Introdução: A negligência espacial unilateral (NEU) é caracterizada pela incapacidade de reportar ou responder pessoas ou objetos do lado contralateral à lesão cerebral, e ocorre principalmente após Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) do lobo parietal direito, sendo associada à pior desfecho funcional à longo prazo. Objetivo: Os objetivos desta tese foram: normatizar os principais testes diagnósticos de NEU e verificar a relação com fatores sócio-demográficos na população brasileira; avaliar as variáveis bioquímicas que interferem na NEU na fase aguda do AVC; e revisar sistematicamente os principais tratamentos farmacológicos na NEU em pacientes após AVC. Método: Para o primeiro objetivo foi realizado estudo transversal em 150 indivíduos sem alterações neurológicas, sendo aplicados: teste face-mão (TFM), testes de cancelamento de linhas (TCL), cancelamento de estrelas (TCE) e bisseção de linhas (TBL). Os resultados dos testes foram relacionados com o perfil sócio demográfico da população, sendo estipulado pontos de cortes para a normalidade; para o objetivo 2 foi realizado estudo observacional em 40 indivíduos com diagnostico de NEU após AVC. Foram aplicados os TCL, TCE e TBL, sendo relacionado com o nível de hemoglobina na fase aguda do AVC corrigido para potenciais confundidores; para o objetivo 3 foi realizado revisão sistemática de literatura por meio de ensaios clínicos randomizados e quasi-randomizados para determinar o melhor tratamento farmacológico. Resultados: os resul... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / The continuous casting technique in the last four decades has been large used for to production of semi-finished steel. The heat transfer is major mechanism and it occurs in various steps during the continuous casting. The quality of steel is directly related to the way the heat transfer occur because the thermal variations produce mechanical loads as well as contact forces which are generated through the rollers and shake of the mold. Such factors may cause defects such as fractures or cracks in the final product if the resulting stresses and strains exceed critical values. The technique must be improved in order to reduce the appearance of defects and the production time. For this a good understanding of physical phenomena involved during the solidification process is critical. The focus of this work is to apply the EbFVM (Element based Finite-Volume Method) approach to study the effects of linear tensions unidirectionally coupled with the temperature applied to continuous casting of the steel 1013D (0,3% of carbon) In the simulations we adopted some simplifications such as the Plane Strain and isotropic material. We also neglected the body forces contact with the rollers the liquid pressure on the walls of the steel ingot (ferrostatic pressure) and the convective effect. However despite of the simplifications adopted this work provides quantitative informations on the linear tensions accumulation that point out to areas of possible of cracks formations / A tÃcnica de lingotamento contÃnuo nas Ãltimas quatro dÃcadas à cada vez mais utilizada na produÃÃo de aÃo semiacabado. A transferÃncia de calor à o principal mecanismo dominante e ocorre em todas as etapas do processo. A qualidade do aÃo no lingotamento està diretamente relacionada à forma que ocorrem as trocas de calor pois as variaÃÃes tÃrmicas produzem carregamentos mecÃnicos assim como as forÃas de contato as quais sÃo geradas por intermÃdio dos rolos e da oscilaÃÃo do molde. Tais fatores podem causar defeitos como fraturas ou trincas no produto final caso as tensÃes e deformaÃÃes resultantes excedam valores crÃticos. O aprimoramento da tÃcnica tem a finalidade de evitar o surgimento de defeitos e reduzir o tempo de produÃÃo. Para isso à fundamental uma boa compreensÃo dos fenÃmenos fÃsicos envolvidos ao longo do processo de solidificaÃÃo. O foco deste trabalho à aplicar a abordagem do EbFVM (Element based Finite-Volume Method) no estudo dos efeitos das tensÃes lineares acopladas unidirecionalmente com a temperatura aplicado ao lingotamento contÃnuo do aÃo 1013D (0,3% de carbono) Nas simulaÃÃes adotou-se algumas simplificaÃÃes com o estado plano de tensÃes e isotropia do material. Descartando-se as forÃas de corpo o contato com os rolos a pressÃo do aÃo lÃquido nas paredes do lingote (pressÃo ferrostÃtica) e o efeito convectivo. Contudo apesar das simplificaÃÃes adotadas este trabalho traz informaÃÃes quantitativas quanto a formaÃÃo do acÃmulo das tensÃes lineares que apontam para regiÃes de possÃveis formaÃÃes de trincas

A utilização do mascaramento contralateral durante a pesquisa do potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico é uma temática bastante discutida, visto a inexistência de um consenso na literatura acerca de sua necessidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a necessidade do uso do mascaramento contralateral no potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico com estímulo tone burst apresentado com fone de inserção 3A e propor a aplicabilidade do ruído mascarador white noise na perda auditiva sensorioneural unilateral de graus severo ou profundo. Foram avaliados 15 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, com o diagnóstico audiológico prévio de perda auditiva sensorioneural unilateral de graus severo ou profundo, com idades entre 2 a 40 anos. Para tanto, foi pesquisada a resposta neural definida pela presença da onda V na orelha com perda auditiva, nas frequências de 500, 1000, 2000 e 4000 Hz. Nos casos em que houve o registro, a pesquisa foi repetida com mascaramento white noise na orelha contralateral. Os registros foram analisados por dois juízes experientes em eletrofisiologia, a fim de verificar a concordância entre as análises. O Coeficiente Kappa (1,00) apresentou força de concordância quase perfeita e o de Correlação Intraclasse (1,00) foi excelente, entre as duas avaliadoras, em todas as análises. Como resultado, foi observada a audição cruzada, ao menos uma vez, em todas as frequências analisadas. Os níveis de mascaramento contralateral mínimos necessários para eliminar a participação da orelha não testada variaram de 10 a 20 dBnNA acima do limiar eletrofisiológico da orelha sem perda auditiva. Não foi possível realizar a análise para a frequência de 500 Hz devido à presença de artefato e ruído elétricos. Conclui-se que o uso do mascaramento contralateral no potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico com estímulo tone burst apresentado com fone de inserção 3A é necessário nas frequências de 1000, 2000 e 4000 Hz em indivíduos com perda auditiva sensorioneural unilateral de graus severo ou profundo, nas intensidades de 15, 20 e 10 dB acima dos limiares eletrofisiológicos, respectivamente. / The use of contralateral masking on the investigation of auditory brainstem response is a topic widely discussed, however there is no consensus in literature about its necessity. The aim of this study was to verify the need of using masking in auditory brainstem response with tone burst stimulus presented with 3A insert earphones and to propose the applicability of white noise masking in severe or profound unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Fifteen individuals of both genders with previous audiological diagnosis of severe or profound unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, aged between 2 to 40 years, were evaluated. For this, the neural response, which is defined by the presence of the V wave in the ear with hearing loss, was investigated in frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz. In cases where there was a record, the search was repeated using white noise masking in the contralateral ear. The records were analyzed by two judges experienced in electrophysiology, in order to verify the concordance between the analyses. The Kappa coefficient (1.00) had almost perfect agreement strength and the Intraclass Correlation (1.00) was excellent between the two evaluators in all analyses. As a result, cross-audition was observed at least once in all analyzed frequencies. The minimum contralateral masking levels required to eliminate the untested ear involvement varied from 10 to 20 dBnNA above the electrophysiological threshold of the ear without hearing loss. It was not possible to perform the analysis for the frequency of 500 Hz due to the presence of electrical artifact and noise. It is concluded that the use of contralateral masking in the auditory brainstem response with tone burst stimulus presented with 3A insert earphone is necessary in frequencies of 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz in individuals with severe or profound unilateral sensorineural hearing loss in intensities of 15, 20 and 10 dB above the electrophysiological thresholds, respectively.

[pt] O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a dupla função do parágrafo único do artigo 473 do Código Civil: (i) garantir que a denúncia seja feita após o cumprimento de um período mínimo do contrato, apto a permitir o seu adimplemento satisfativo e a amortização dos investimentos realizados pelo denunciatário e (ii) garantir que o denunciatário seja notificado com antecedência necessária para tomar providências a fim de se preparar para o término do contrato. Tendo em vista os interesses que o parágrafo único do artigo 473 do Código Civil visa tutelar, pretende-se verificar se o referido dispositivo legal deve acarretar a manutenção compulsória do contrato ou o pagamento de indenização por danos materiais e quais danos devem ser indenizados. Para isso, parte-se da análise da resilição unilateral, prevista no caput do artigo 473 do Código Civil, como direito potestativo, distinguindo-a do distrato, da resolução do contrato e da denúncia. Também serão examinadas as hipóteses em que a lei admite a resilição unilateral e a possibilidade de as partes estabelecerem contratualmente a denúncia unilateral do contrato mediante aviso prévio ou pagamento de multa. Em seguida, se examinará a boa-fé objetiva como critério de aferição da abusividade da denúncia; a função do dever de aviso prévio; a função do prazo estabilizador; e os critérios para fixação de prazo razoável. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo irá tratar das formas de reparação do dano decorrente da resilição unilateral do contrato - quais sejam, a execução específica da obrigação e o pagamento de indenização por danos materiais - e dos danos a serem indenizados. / [en] This dissertation aims to analyze the double function of the sole paragraph of article 473 of the Civil Code: (i) ensure the termination by notice is made after the fulfillment of a minimum period of the contract, allowing its satisfactory performance and the amortization of the investments made by the reported party, and (ii) ensure the reported party is notified early enough to take action in order to prepare for the termination of the contract. In view of the interests that the sole paragraph of article 473 of the Civil Code aims to protect we intend to verify whether the aforementioned legal provision should result in the compulsory maintenance of the contract or the payment of compensation for material damages, and which damages should be compensated. To that end, we initially analyze the unilateral termination, foreseen in the caption of article 473 of the Civil Code, as a potestative right, distinguishing it from dissolution, contract cancellation and termination by notice. Also examined are the hypotheses in which the law allows unilateral termination and the possibility of the parties contractually establishing the termination by claim of the contract upon prior notice or payment of a fine. Then, objective good faith is examined as a criterion for assessing the abusiveness of the termination by notice; the duty of prior notice; the function of the stabilizing period; and the criteria for setting a reasonable period. Finally, the third chapter deals with the remedies for unilateral termination of the contract - namely, the specific performance of the obligation and the payment of compensation for material damages - and the damages to be compensated.

Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe atskleidžiama ofertos ir akcepto, kaip asmens valios išraiškos aktų, teisinė prigimtis. Kadangi teisės doktrinoje ir teismų praktikoje oferta ir akceptas yra prilyginami vienašaliams sandoriams, darbe oferta ir akceptas yra analizuojami sandorių ir vienos iš jų rūšies, t. y. vienašalių sandorių, atžvilgiu. Pirmajame darbo skyriuje analizuojama asmens valia ir jos išraiška bei prieinama išvados, jog bendrąja prasme, nevertinant ofertos ir akcepto teisinės prigimties, oferta ir akceptas yra laikytini sąmoninga į konkretų tikslą nukreipta asmens valios išraiška. Be to, yra prieinama išvados, jog sandoriais yra tikslingiau laikyti ne asmens veiksmus, tačiau asmens valios išraišką, kuria yra siekiama sukurti, pakeisti arba panaikinti civilines teises ir pareigas. Antrajame ir trečiajame darbo skyriuose yra tiriama ir analizuojama ofertos ir akcepto samprata, šiems asmens valios išraiškos aktam būdingos savybės bei jų veikimo specifika. Kartu pastarieji aspektai yra vertinami sandoriams būdingų savybių kontekste, o padarytų išvadų pagrindu formuojama pozicija dėl teisinės ofertos ir akcepto prigimties. Atlikto tyrimo pagrindu darbe iškelta hipotezė, remiantis kuria oferta ir akceptas nelaikytini vienašaliais sandoriais, pasitvirtino. Savo teisine prigimtimi oferta ir akceptas – tai išskirtinai su sutarties sudarymu susiję asmens valios išraiškos aktai, tarp jų šalių sukuriantys procedūrinius teisinius santykius, ir savo prigimtimi esantys... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The research object of this paper is the legal nature offer and acceptance, as an expression of will of a person. Since the legal doctrine and judicial practice treat offer and acceptance as an unilateral transaction, offer and acceptance are analyzed with regard to the transactions and one of their kind – unilateral transactions. The first chapter analyses the person's will and its expression, and concludes that in the common sense, regardless of the legal nature of the offer and acceptance, offer and acceptance are to be regarded as a conscious expression of the will aimed at a specific legal consequence. Furthermore, it is concluded that it is not appropriate to treat the transaction as an action of a person. Contrarily transaction should be regarded as the expression of the will, intended to create, modify or repeal civil rights and obligations. The second and third sections analyze the concept of offer and acceptance, their individual characteristics and functional performance. At the same time the latter aspects are assessed with the characteristics inherent to the transactions. On the basis of the analysis made conclusions are used to form position regarding the legal nature of the offer and acceptance. The hypothesis of the master thesis regarding which the offer and acceptance can not be considered as a unilateral transaction, has been confirmed. By its legal nature, the offer and acceptance are unique will expression acts coherent with the contract formation... [to full text]

Occlusal asymmetries are common in orthodontic patients. A treatment option for correcting moderate asymmetries is asymmetric extractions. This study evaluated post-treatment dental arch symmetry in patients treated with unilateral premolar extractions. Post-treatment casts of 60 patients were divided into four treatment groups based on the history of occlusal asymmetry and the treatment plan. DesignCAD3000 software (Upperspace Corporation, Pryor, OK) was used to evaluate asymmetrically treated arches for symmetry. The four treatment groups were compared to identify differences in arch asymmetry based on treatment. The lateral incisor and canine were found to be more palatal on the extraction side in patients treated with unilateral extractions (P < .001). Arch length increased (P < 0.001) and area under the arch decreased (P < 0.01) on the extraction side. On average, patients with asymmetric extractions did not finish with more arch asymmetry than those without asymmetric extractions.

The aim of this thesis was to determine the biomechanical adaptations made by active unilateral trans-tibial amputees when they used a prosthesis incorporating a hydraulically-damped, articulating ankle-foot device compared to non-hydraulically attached devices. Kinematic and kinetic data were recorded while participants ambulated over a flat and level surface at their customary walking speeds and at speeds they perceived to be faster and slower using the hydraulic device and their habitual foot. Use of the hydraulic device resulted in increases in self-selected walking speeds with a simultaneous reduction in intact-limb work per meter travelled. Use of the device also attenuated inappropriate fluctuations in the centre-of-pressure trajectory beneath the prosthetic foot and facilitated increased residual-knee loading-response flexion and prosthetic-limb load bearing during stance. These changes occurred despite the hydraulic device absorbing more, and returning less, energy than the participants’ habitual ankle-foot devices. The changes were present across all walking speeds but were greatest at customary walking speeds. The findings suggest that a hydraulic ankle-foot device has mechanical benefits, during overground gait, for active unilateral trans-tibial amputees compared to other attachment methods. The findings also highlight that prosthetic ankle-foot device ‘performance’ can be evaluated using surrogate measures and without modelling an ‘ankle joint’ on the prosthetic limb.

This thesis focuses on the legal aspects of Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence. At first I describe the historical and political development in this region. Further follows the explanation of the instruments of international law, such as the definition of a state, the unilateral acts of states and the role of the International Court of Justice. As conclusion I descirbe the role of this instruments on the example of Kosovo and evaluate the impact of the Kosovo indendence on the legal sphere.

Bei der Anpassung eines Cochlea-Implantates (CI) entscheidet der Patient über die Lautstärke, mit der das CI ihm seine akustische Umwelt präsentiert. Mit der Methode der „kategorialen Lautheitsskalierung“ wurden Lautheitsurteile unilateraler CI-Träger ermittelt und ausgewertet. 26 unilateral versorgte CI-Träger beurteilten in 4 Versuchsabschnitten je einen Stimulustyp, der 169 mal mit 13 unterschiedlichen Lautstärken in festem zeitlichem Raster sequenziell dargeboten wurde. Der Sequenzaufbau stellte jeden Pegel jedem anderen möglichen Pegel als Vorgänger voran. Von jedem der Probanden wurden so 676 Lautheitsurteile erhoben und der statistischen Auswertung zugeführt. Probandenindividuell schwankten die Lautheitsurteile in Lage und Streuung. Mehrere Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit sind annähernd identisch mit denen einer Referenzgruppe von 26 Normalhörenden, die in einer Vorgängerarbeit mit dem gleichen Versuchsaufbau getestet worden waren. So wurden schmalbandige Stimuli signifikant leiser beurteilt als breitbandige. Beide Probandenkollektive zeigten eine positive Vorgängerpegelabhängigkeit sowie eine (signifikant stärkere) Vorgängerurteilsabhängigkeit. Sowohl bei den CI-Trägern als auch bei den Normalhörenden ging jede Erhöhung des Pegels um 5 dB mit einer signifikanten Erhöhung des Lautheitsurteils einher (strenge Monotonität). Die Lautheitsempfindungskurve der CI-Träger über alle Probanden und Stimuli verlief kontinuierlich unterhalb der der Normalhörenden. So wurde bei Sprachlautstärke (60–70 dB) gleiche Lautheit in der CI-Gruppe im Vergleich zur Referenzgruppe bei ca. 5 dB höheren Pegeln empfunden. Die unterschiedliche Lautheitsempfindung ist hinreichend durch die binaurale Hörsituation der Normalhörenden im Gegensatz zur monauralen der CI-Gruppe zu erklären. Es muss angenommen werden, dass die getesteten CI-Träger mit mindestens sechs Anpasssitzungen vor der Versuchsteilnahme über ausreichend Erfahrung zur Festlegung ihrer individuellen, idealen Lautstärke für den Alltagsgebrauch verfügten und diese an der Sprachlautstärke orientierten. Es bleibt Gegenstand weiterer Untersuchungen, warum unilaterale CI-Träger trotz der technischen Möglichkeit im Rahmen der Anpasssitzungen keine Kompensation des Lautheitsunterschiedes wünschen. / To investigate the overall level of loudness perception of cochlear implant (CI) users, 26 unilaterally implanted subjects (Med-El C40+ with Tempo+-processor) performed loudness scaling tasks. Four different types of stimuli, two narrow band and two broad band signals (1 kHz pure tone, warble tone, CCITT speech spectrum noise and a speech signal of 1 s duration each) were presented at 13 different SPLs in 5 db steps from 30 dB to 90 dB. The stimuli were presented in free field condition in an anechoic chamber. Each stimulus type was presented 169 times. This main sequence of SPLs was designed such, that each was offered 13 times and each SPL preceded each possible other. An additional initial sequence of SPLs, unrecognized by the subject, preceded the main sequence to allow for possible adaptation. Loudness judgments were made on a 1 to 50 scale, which was subdivided into five main loudness categories. Responses had to be given within a time window of four seconds. Depending on the individual CI user, loudness judgments varied in overall level and variance. In group statistics, judgments were strictly monotonic increasing with SPL, where each step of 5 dB was accompanied by a statistically significant increase in loudness judgment. Broad band stimuli were judged significantly louder than narrow band stimuli. A positive correlation of judgments both with the preceding SPL and the preceding judgment was found. In comparison to a reference group of 26 normal hearing listeners tested in the same setup in a preliminary work, the 26 CI users exhibited surprisingly similar results except for overall loudness level, especially in the lower SPL region. Generally, stimuli were judged significantly quieter than by normal hearing listeners. To produce the same loudness perception as in normal hearing listeners, approximately 5 dB higher SPLs would be necessary. The difference in loudness perception of the two groups can possibly be attributed to binaural loudness summation in normal hearing listeners as opposed to monaural hearing in the CI group. In the course of repeated mapping sessions and by adjusting their clinical processors, CI users have the option to decide about their CI system's loudness level. Assuming that binaural normal hearing establishes the optimal loudness perception, the question remains open, why CI users do not request loudness adjustment.

The main goal of this thesis is to provide coherent, comprehensible and transparent view on the issues of termination of basic employment relationships by unilateral legal act, it is based on relevant legal rules (including relevant case law on to this issue). Although this institute was the principal topic of this work, I considered it necessary to pay attention to other questions which are connected with termination of basic employment relationships. In my thesis I tried to focus on individual forms of termination of employment relationship, but I also included the issue of employment relationship itself, labor law in general, and I tried to show that this law, as well as entire legislation of the Czech Republic is in harmony with sources of various international organizations and legislation of the European Union.