There are no data available in the literature that have specifically evaluated differences in adaptation to unilateral conductive or sensory changes. However, based on clinical experience it may be postulated that changes of outer or middle ear function appear to be tolerated more easily than those of cochlear origin. Very often, patients seen in the clinic are unaware of a slight conductive hearing loss. By contrast, patients are immediately disturbed by a minor decline of cochlear function. One of several complaints of these patients is a change in their spatial orientation or difficulties in understanding speech in a noisy environment . The goal of the study was to determine if binaural performance tested psychoacoustically using a lateralization task is influenced differentially by short-term induced unilateral conductive or sensory changes. Lateralization performance was evaluated in seven normal-hearing subjects during induced auditory periphery asymmetry resulting from: l. exposure to noise presented for 5 minutes at 115 dBA SPL or 2. bilateral occlusion with earplugs of unequal attenuation for 48 hrs. An adaptive procedure was used to detenmine hearing thresholds of a 4-kHz narrow-band noise (NBN). In a lateralization task subjects indicated the positions of intracranial images created by the same NBN pr esented binaurally at SO dB SL with interau ral level differences ( I LDs) varying within plus/minus 12 dB. The tests were performed over a one-hour period post-exposure, immediately prior to and following plugging the ears, and at 24 and 48 hrs post-plugging. Immediately after the exposure or after plugging, there was a shift of lateral ization towards an unexposed side or the side blocked by the plug with a smaller attenuation, respectively. After a few minutes post-exposure, signals with I LD=0 were lateralized at midl ine. Within 30 minutes post -plugging, those signals were gradually lateralized closer to midline but remained off center for the rest of the plugging period. Thus, subjects showed fast adaptation to induced unilateral sensorineural changes and incomplete adaptation to induced asymmetrical conductive changes. Those rather unexpected r esults can be explained using a qualitative model assuming that: 1. a conductive impainment reflects a loss of sensitivity and 2. a cochlear impairment reflects both a loss of sensitivity and of the compressive nonlinearity on the basilar membrane. Recently, there has been an increase in the number of psychoacoustical studies on hearing-impaired listeners with a majority of them directed toward revealing deficits in monaural processing. However, in most acoustic environments encountered in everyday life, there are multiple sounds originating from different sources, and hearing-impaired people often display less binaural advantage than do normally hearing persons. The results of the cu rrent study support the view of the lack of a simple relationship between monaural and binaural processing, which is often r eported in studies on hearing-impaired people. This is an important issue in the process of fitting hearing aids binaurally.

No description available.

No description available.

O tema desenvolvido na presente pesquisa refere-se ao contrato de agência, no qual se identifica a inerência da situação de dependência econômica do agente, parte normalmente mais frágil em relação ao proponente. Esta situação de dependência econômica, apesar de não ser vedada a priori pelo ordenamento jurídico, pode dar ensejo ao seu abuso por parte do proponente, mediante a imposição de condições ao agente, às quais este deve anuir por não possuir alternativa viável. Dentre as possibilidades de abuso de dependência econômica pelo proponente, concentrou-se naquela manifestada na resilição unilateral abusiva do contrato, especialmente quando existem investimentos específicos, exigidos do agente, que ainda não foram amortizados ou recuperados pela duração do contrato. Tomando-se como premissa o fato de que tanto a Lei nº 4.886/1965 quanto o Código Civil de 2002 disciplinam especificamente a relação de agência, pode-se verificar que ambos os diplomas normativos possuem dispositivos legais que visam à proteção do agente, mitigando os efeitos da posição de supremacia do proponente no contrato e diminuindo a possibilidade de exercício abusivo da dependência econômica do agente. Esses mecanismos protetivos, no entanto, por estarem previstos em dois diplomas legais diversos, que não possuem qualquer referência expressa um ao outro, não se encontram adequadamente sistematizados, causando dúvidas sobre a sua correta interpretação e aplicação. Dessa forma, após a identificação e estudo de cada uma das ferramentas protetivas consagradas pela legislação específica, foi proposta uma sistematização que se entende a mais adequada para conferir proteção ao agente, conforme pretendido tanto pela Lei nº 4.886/1965 quanto pelo Código Civil, assim como segurança e certeza às partes, servindo como estímulo para as contratações de longo prazo e para a realização de investimentos, de modo a contribuir para a eficiente utilização do contrato de agência, que é importante ferramenta para a promoção do desenvolvimento econômico e social. / The theme developed in the present research refers to the agency agreement, in which exists a inherent economic dependence of the agent, usually the more fragile part in relation to the principal. This situation of economic dependence, although not prohibited by the legal system, can give rise to its abuse by the principal, by imposing conditions on the agent, which the agent must accept because he has no viable alternative. Among the possibilities of abuse of economic dependence by the principal, this research focused on the unilateral termination of the contract especially when there are specific investments made by the agent that have not yet been amortized or recovered during the contract. Taking as a premise that both the Lei nº 4.886/1965 and the Civil Code of 2002 specifically regulate the agency agreement, it can be verified that both normative documents have legal provisions that aim at the protection of the agent, mitigating the effects of the principal supremacy position in the contract and reducing the possibility of abusive exercise of the agent\'s economic dependence. These protective mechanisms, however, because they are in two different legal texts, which do not have any express reference to each other, are not adequately systematized, causing doubts about their correct interpretation and application. Thus, after the identification and study of each of the protection tools provided by the specific legislation, a systematization was proposed that is considered the most appropriate to grant protection to the agent, as intended by the Lei nº 4.886/1965 and by the Civil Code, and to provide security and certainty to the parties, serving as a stimulus for long-term contracting and for the realization of investments, in order to contribute to the efficient use of the agency contract, which is an important tool for the promotion of economic and social development.

No description available.

In 2008 Russia surprised the West by going to war with Georgia. While several analyses have pointed to separate actions by NATO and the West as having influenced the 2008 war, this paper endeavors to show that the combined actions of the West and NATO since the fall of the Soviet Union created a security dilemma for Russia. Because the West refused to properly acknowledge and address Russia’s dilemma, the West inadvertently created the conditions which led to the culmination of Russia’s security dilemma in the form of an invasion of Georgia. Russia’s war with Georgia was less an attempt to protect Russian citizens and prevent atrocities as it was a rebuttal of Western actions. This thesis examines the security dilemma and cooperation theories as presented by Dr. Robert Jervis, and looks specifically at Western-Russian relations relating to three spheres: NATO expansion and Western marginalization of Russia, Western unilateral and extra-U.N. military aggression, and Western anti-ballistic missile defense initiatives and programs. Western actions relating to these three spheres created the conditions for the war, and specifics within the Caucasus region and relating to separatist conflicts drove Russia to deem a war with Georgia a politically safe rebuttal to the West. This paper also examines continued Western refusal to acknowledge Russia’s dilemma and developing conditions, as they relate to the three spheres of NATO expansion, unilateral military action and missile defenses, which could potentially lead to further conflict between Russia and the West. / text

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Esta tese teve como objetivo geral analisar o fenômeno do abandono em psicoterapia psicanalítica (PP) através de metodologia qualitativa. Para tanto, três artigos foram realizados identificando características de inicio e término de tratamento de pacientes adultos classificados por seus psicoterapeutas como pacientes que abandonaram a PP, em um serviço de atendimento da cidade de Porto Alegre/Brasil, cujo objetivo principal é a formação de especialistas em PP. Foi utilizado em todos os estudos o método de Bardin (1995) para analisar o conteúdo das entrevistas iniciais de tratamento, encontradas no arquivo do serviço de atendimento, e das entrevistas pós-tratamento realizadas pela autora da tese. O primeiro artigo apresenta a análise do tratamento de seis mulheres que abandonaram a PP. Objetivos pouco claros de tratamento, fraca disposição para mudar, sinais precoces de transferência negativa e resistência, e ausência de reconhecimento da própria participação nos problemas são fatores que surgiram no início da psicoterapia. Ganhos terapêuticos, insatisfação e resistência durante o processo psicoterapêutico pareceram estar associados ao abandono. O segundo artigo revela os achados dos tratamentos de cinco pacientes que abandonaram a PP e de cinco que a completaram. Pacientes que abandonaram a PP apresentaram no início do tratamento: objetivos e expectativas focalizadas, fraca disposição para mudar, capacidade de insight diminuída, percepção negativa dos tratamentos anteriores, e manifestações significativas de transferência negativa e resistência. Por outro lado, pacientes que completaram a PP possuíam metas e expectativas de psicoterapia relacionada com aspectos mais amplos da vida, foram menos resistentes para começar o tratamento, apresentaram maior disposição de mudar, transferência mais positiva, e níveis mais elevados de percepção e de satisfação com o tratamento anterior. Durante o tratamento, pacientes que completaram a PP foram menos resistentes e estavam mais satisfeitos com a psicoterapia, referiram benefícios mais eficazes e alcançaram maior capacidade de continuar trabalhando em problemas psicológicos, em comparação com os pacientes que abandonaram a PP. E o terceiro artigo, mostra os dados encontrados nos tratamentos de pacientes que abandonaram a PP em diferentes momentos da psicoterapia. Sete pacientes de tempo de abandono médio (AM- dois a 11 meses após o início da psicoterapia) comparados com sete pacientes de tempo de abandono tardio (AT- mais de um ano após o início) foram identificados como aqueles que iniciaram o tratamento mais por indicação de terceiros do que por conta própria, apresentando maior resistência, com expectativas de mais apoio, menor transferência positiva, mais queixas depressivas e experiências negativas com tratamentos anteriores. Na entrevista pós-tratamento revelaram mais resistência durante o processo de psicoterapia. Abandonaram a psicoterapia com menor capacidade de insight, avaliaram mais negativamente o tratamento tanto nos aspectos gerais como nos específicos. Embora distinções tenham sido observadas, entende-se que a diferenciação das características dos grupos de AM e AT é tênue e necessita de mais investigações. Esta tese oferece algumas hipóteses ou explicações para o complexo fenômeno do abandono da PP. Sugere que as decisões de iniciar, abandonar ou completar a psicoterapia dependem de múltiplos fatores, tais como: definição de metas e objetivos estabelecidos em conjunto pela dupla paciente/psicoterapeuta, disposição para empreender mudanças, capacidade de insight que implica em reconhecimento da condição psíquica e da participação nos problemas, resistência, transferência e experiência vivenciada em tratamento anterior. Os resultados obtidos nesta tese são exploratórios necessitando mais estudos nessa área. / This thesis had as general objective to analyze the phenomenon of dropout in psychoanalytic psychotherapy (PP) through qualitative methodology. To do so, three articles were written identifying characteristics of beginning and end of treatment of adult patients who were classified by their psychotherapists as patients who dropped out the PP, in a service of attendance in the city of Porto Alegre/Brazil, whose main objective is the formation of specialists in PP. The Bardin’s method (1995) was used in all the studies to analyze the content of the initial interviews of treatment, which were found in the file of the attendance service, and of the post-treatment interviews accomplished by the authoress of the thesis. The first article presents the analysis of treatment of six women who dropped out the PP. Factors that came up in the beginning of the psychotherapy were: unclear objectives of the treatment, weak readiness to change, precocious signs of negative transference and resistance and absence of recognition about the own participation in the problems. Therapeutic gains, dissatisfaction and resistance during the therapeutic process seemed to be associated to the dropout. The second article reveals the findings of the treatments of five patients who dropped out the PP and other five who completed it. Patients who dropped out the PP presented in the beginning of the treatment: focalized objectives and expectations, weak disposition to change, decreased capacity for insight, negative perception of the previous treatments and meaningful manifestations of negative transference and resistance. On the other hand, patients who completed the PP had goals and expectations of psychotherapy related to wider aspects of life, were less resistant to begin the treatment, presented a bigger disposition to change, more positive transference and higher levels of perception and satisfaction concerning the previous treatment. During the treatment, patients who completed the PP were less resistant and were more satisfied about the psychotherapy, referred more effective benefits and reached a bigger capacity to continue working in psychological problems if compared to patients who dropped out the PP. And the third article shows the data found in treatments of patients who dropped out the PP in different moments of the therapy. Seven patients of medium time of dropout (MD - two to eleven months after the beginning of the psychotherapy) compared to seven patients of late time of dropout (LD - more than one year after the beginning) were identified as the ones who started the treatment by indication of others more than by their own, presenting more resistance, with expectations of more support, less positive transference, more depressive complains and negative experiences about the previous treatments. In the post-treatment interview they revealed more resistance during the process of psychotherapy. They dropped out the psychotherapy with minor capacity of insight, evaluated the treatment in a more negative way concerning its general aspects as well as the specific ones. Although distinctions have been observed, it is understood that the differentiation of the characteristics of the groups of MD and LD is tenuous and it needs more investigation. This thesis offers some hypothesis or explanations for the complex phenomenon of dropout of PP. It suggests that the decisions about initiate, dropping out, or completing the psychotherapy depend on multiple factors, such as: definition of marks and objectives established in partnership (patient/psychotherapist), disposition to undertake changes, capacity of insight which implies in recognition of the psychic condition and the participation of problems, resistance, transference and experience that were experienced in previous treatment. The results which were obtained in this thesis are exploratory and it is necessary to study more in this area.

A presente dissertação trata do direito de preferência para a celebração de negócios jurídicos, em geral translatícios de propriedade, que não encontra definição expressa no Código Civil, muito embora diversos dispositivos legais aludam ao referido direito. Na medida em que limita a liberdade contratual do vinculado à prelação, no tocante à escolha do outro contraente, a preferência, de origem legal ou negocial, atribui ao sujeito ativo da relação prelatícia o direito de ser preferido. Para tal, exige-se que o vinculado à preferência tenha decidido, de maneira livre e inequívoca, celebrar um contrato preferível, e que a sua intenção se tenha materializado, com a presença de um terceiro efetivamente interessado em com ele contratar. Constituído o direito do preferente, o que em geral chega a seu conhecimento por meio de notificação extrajudicial remetida pelo obrigado à prelação, pode aquele manifestar interesse em preferir, ou não. No primeiro caso, nasce na esfera jurídica do vinculado à prelação o dever de com ele contratar, nos mesmos termos e condições ajustados com terceiro. Dever este cuja violação, a depender da eficácia, real ou obrigacional, da preferência, possibilitará ao sujeito ativo perseguir não só as perdas e danos por ele eventualmente sofridas em decorrência do desrespeito a seu direito, como também, cumulativamente, lhe facultará exigir o cumprimento específico da obrigação. Neste último caso, o negócio jurídico celebrado entre o obrigado à preferência e terceiro será, perante o preferente, inoponível. / This thesis examines rights of first refusal to enter into a business transaction, generally involving the transfer of property. Rights of first refusal are not specifically defined in the Brazilian Civil Code, although various provisions of the Code allude to them. While on one hand rights of first refusal, whether legal or contractual in origin, limit the contractual freedom of the obligor, by restricting his choice of contracting parties, on the other they generate a preference or option in the right holder to conclude the transaction contemplated by the right. Before this preference or option can be exercised, however, the obligor must have formed the free and unmistakable intention to enter into the business transaction subject to the right of first refusal, and this intention must be made manifest in relation to a third party that is effectively interested in making the contract. The holder of the right of first refusal usually becomes aware that the right has become exercisable by notice sent by the obligor, and in response the right holder is required to state whether the right will be exercised or not. If the right is exercised, a new obligation arises on the part of the obligor to enter into the transaction with the right holder, on the same terms and conditions agreed with the third party. Depending on whether the right of first refusal is personal or real in nature, violation of this obligation can give rise not only to the right to reparation of losses suffered as a consequence of the breach, but also the right to demand specific performance of the obligation, in which case any transaction made between the obligor and a third party will be unenforceable against the holder of the right of first refusal.

A presente dissertação trata do direito de preferência para a celebração de negócios jurídicos, em geral translatícios de propriedade, que não encontra definição expressa no Código Civil, muito embora diversos dispositivos legais aludam ao referido direito. Na medida em que limita a liberdade contratual do vinculado à prelação, no tocante à escolha do outro contraente, a preferência, de origem legal ou negocial, atribui ao sujeito ativo da relação prelatícia o direito de ser preferido. Para tal, exige-se que o vinculado à preferência tenha decidido, de maneira livre e inequívoca, celebrar um contrato preferível, e que a sua intenção se tenha materializado, com a presença de um terceiro efetivamente interessado em com ele contratar. Constituído o direito do preferente, o que em geral chega a seu conhecimento por meio de notificação extrajudicial remetida pelo obrigado à prelação, pode aquele manifestar interesse em preferir, ou não. No primeiro caso, nasce na esfera jurídica do vinculado à prelação o dever de com ele contratar, nos mesmos termos e condições ajustados com terceiro. Dever este cuja violação, a depender da eficácia, real ou obrigacional, da preferência, possibilitará ao sujeito ativo perseguir não só as perdas e danos por ele eventualmente sofridas em decorrência do desrespeito a seu direito, como também, cumulativamente, lhe facultará exigir o cumprimento específico da obrigação. Neste último caso, o negócio jurídico celebrado entre o obrigado à preferência e terceiro será, perante o preferente, inoponível. / This thesis examines rights of first refusal to enter into a business transaction, generally involving the transfer of property. Rights of first refusal are not specifically defined in the Brazilian Civil Code, although various provisions of the Code allude to them. While on one hand rights of first refusal, whether legal or contractual in origin, limit the contractual freedom of the obligor, by restricting his choice of contracting parties, on the other they generate a preference or option in the right holder to conclude the transaction contemplated by the right. Before this preference or option can be exercised, however, the obligor must have formed the free and unmistakable intention to enter into the business transaction subject to the right of first refusal, and this intention must be made manifest in relation to a third party that is effectively interested in making the contract. The holder of the right of first refusal usually becomes aware that the right has become exercisable by notice sent by the obligor, and in response the right holder is required to state whether the right will be exercised or not. If the right is exercised, a new obligation arises on the part of the obligor to enter into the transaction with the right holder, on the same terms and conditions agreed with the third party. Depending on whether the right of first refusal is personal or real in nature, violation of this obligation can give rise not only to the right to reparation of losses suffered as a consequence of the breach, but also the right to demand specific performance of the obligation, in which case any transaction made between the obligor and a third party will be unenforceable against the holder of the right of first refusal.