<p> "A Worthy Cause" brings to life a topic never before researched on the nineteenth-century Regular Baptist position surrounding the preservation of the Lord's Day (also known as Sabbatarianism) in Upper Canada. Within nineteenth-century Evangelicalism in the province the crusade for the protection of the Lord's Day was preeminent among social reform initiatives. Canadian Regular Baptists in Upper Canada viewed the observance and celebration of the Lord's Day as vital and of paramount significance in the quest for social reform and religious piety. Viewing this topic through the lens of various newspapers that made up the Regular Baptist press, this thesis demonstrates why the Lord's Day was considered to be one of the most worthy causes among nineteenth-century Upper Canadian Regular Baptists. The thesis contends that Baptist support for the Lord's Day was rooted in a number of interrelated convictions: its scriptural, doctrinal and confessional significance, its observation strengthened personal holiness and the family unit, its desecration was harmful to society, and lastly, its observance would bring a blessing to the nation. The Baptist approach was especially unique in that Baptists, champions of the separation of Church and State and religious liberty, deviated from their evangelical counterparts when it came to the legal enforcement of the Lord's Day. The thesis is an original contribution to the social and intellectual history of Baptists and the province at large.</p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

This study examines what motivates newly arrived students to study English while atthe same time immersed in and studying Swedish as a second language, both coresubjects and necessary to attend higher education. The question arises since manystudents fail to pass the English course in secondary school but at the same time manageto pass the course in Swedish as a second language. The study was performed with help of a questionnaire with close-endedquestions that was handed out to 30 students studying Swedish as a second languageand English as a third language, in upper secondary school. The motivational theoryused in the study was the L2 Motivational Self System, which is divided in threemotivational categories: the Ideal L2 Self, the Ought-to L2 Self and the L2 learningexperience, in this study referred to as the Ideal L3 Self, the Ought-to L3 self and the L3learning experience. The result shows that what primarily motivate these students are the L3 learningexperience. The study also shows that these students seem to see English as somethingthat is important only if they have an intention to travel, study or work overseas.

Ballistic shields are supported by a user’s arm, placing the upper extremity at close proximity to the back-face of the shield. Although ballistic shields must pass a protective standard that outlines projectile (bullet) penetration; there is no standard that stipulates the amount of acceptable deformation when ballistic shields stop or deflect projectiles. There are no injury criteria developed for the high-rate, short duration and focal loading that is typical of shield back-face deformation from these events. In this research, an anthropomorphic test device (ATD) was modified to allow for additional instrumentation capable of measuring these loads. It was then used in a ballistic testing facility to quantify loading at the hand, wrist, forearm, and elbow. A lightweight projectile was created that matched the shape and stiffness of the deforming ballistic shield and impacts within 5% of the peak force measured in the ballistic testing facility were applied with it to post-mortem human subjects (PMHS) until failure. Eight 50th percentile male PMHS pairs were segmented at the mid-humerus and impacted to failure to determine the fracture threshold of the hand, wrist, forearm, and elbow, confirmed by x-ray imaging. The peak force required to generate fracture varied significantly among anatomical location, indicating boundary conditions influence failure threshold. Further, these injury criteria were substantially different than previously reported criteria for other loading events (e.g., automotive), highlighting the importance of developing injury criteria specific for the intended application. An existing finite element human body model designed for automotive impacts was also assessed for its applicability to predict injury in these high-rate loading scenarios, and performed well for peak force, but not for the force-time curve shape. This is the first study of its kind to assess injury risk resulting from shield behind armour blunt trauma, and results from this work will inform a protective standard to assess ballistic shields. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Ballistic shields used by defence personnel are designed to stop incoming bullets by deflecting or absorbing them. In the process, the back-face of the shield undergoes a rapid deformation that can potentially cause an upper extremity injury to users, an injury mechanism termed behind shield blunt trauma. This work aimed to quantify the injury risk that this mechanism poses at four locations along the upper extremity: the hand, wrist, forearm, and elbow. This was conducted by modifying and employing a crash test dummy upper extremity and measuring loads applied to the upper extremity in a ballistic testing range. Assessment of whether these loads caused injury was conducted using cadaveric specimens and testing them to failure. An existing finite element human body model was also assessed for its applicability to predict injury in these high-rate loading scenarios. Results from this work will inform a protective standard to assess ballistic shields.

Joint kinematics of upper extremity (UE) impairments in a pediatric population are often difficult to examine using marker-based motion capture. As a result of the cost and availability of tools such as marker-based motion capture in clinical settings, clinicians use functional tasks to examine improvement in movement quality. However, some of these tasks, such as the Box and Block test (BBT), which is examined in this study, rely on scoring to assess motor improvement. This scoring method can be misleading due to the possibility of movement compensation to improve scores. Therefore, finding kinematic correlations that can lead to improved BBT scores could improve the quality of functional assessments by providing discrete measures for clinicians. Understanding human motion using marker-based motion capture has been the accepted standard in biomechanics. However, it is not without its drawbacks, especially in upper extremity examination due to complex anatomical positioning. The introduction of markerless motion capture software could drastically alter how human biomechanics is analyzed in various settings. Additionally, avoiding possible errors due to clothing and skin movement could greatly improve reported results. Therefore, examining similarities in UE joint kinematics between accepted marker-based and markerless software could introduce markerless motion capture as a method for examining complex kinematics. This study aims to examine UE joint kinematics in a typically developing pediatric population while they complete the BBT, as well as validate Theia3D (Theia Markerless Inc., Kingston, ON, Canada). Marker-based motion capture was used to capture UE kinematics during the BBT. This study was performed on typically developing children aged 7, 9, and 11. Average and peak joint angles were determined, as well as hand segment velocity and path length. Significant correlations to BBT scores were found in peak shoulder flexion (FLEX) angle (r = -0.556, p-value = 0.009), peak (r = -0.479, p-value = 0.028), and average (ρ = -0.535, p-value = 0.012) wrist extension (EXT) angle, average mediolateral (ML) hand segment velocity (r = 0.494, p-value = 0.023), and path length (r = -0.522, p-value = 0.015). Additionally, significant differences between BBT scores (p-value = 0.005), peak shoulder FLEX (p-value = 0.024), and peak shoulder abduction (ABD) angle (p-value = 0.022) were found between the 7- and 11-year-old age groups. Peak elbow FLEX angle was significantly different (p-value = 0.049) between 9- and 11-year-old age groups. These results show that the BBT score could be related to the shoulder and wrist angle, as well as hand segment velocity and path length for typically developing children. Furthermore, root mean square deviation (RMSD) values less than 6° existed in all joint angles. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) greater than 0.75 were found in shoulder ABD (ICC = 0.79), forearm pronation (ICC = 0.81), wrist EXT (ICC = 0.75), and radial deviation (ICC = 0.87). Additionally, validation results between the marker-based and markerless systems show that there are differences in pose estimations and joint calculations based on rotation sequences. Overall, UE joint kinematics are shown to have correlations to BBT scores, so scores alone may not be indicative of movement quality in other patient populations. Markerless motion capture shows many benefits, however, it should be noted that, due to the complexity of upper extremity motion analysis, understanding what joint rotation sequences align the best with task-specific motions is important. / Master of Science / Human motion is commonly analyzed using marker-based motion capture, which consists of fitting participants with retroreflective markers that can be seen by specialized cameras. However, due to equipment costs, difficult implementation, and the occurrence of markers shifting on skin or being concealed by clothing, markerless motion capture is beginning to be introduced into biomechanics research and could be used in hospitals, clinical settings, and for outdoor examination due to its versatility. The software uses machine learning software that can determine skin landmarks in videos from several cameras to develop a 3D skeleton. Markerless motion capture could be beneficial in examining patients with neuromotor disorders or injuries due to being able to capture abnormal or quick movement which often accompanies many neurological disorders that affect motor function. Additionally, observing movement in children is a challenge due to markers being too close together on smaller limbs. Due to cost and obtainability, clinicians tend to use functional tests to examine improvements in motor function by a scoring system relevant to the specific test, such as the Box and Block test (BBT) which will be used in this study. However, there is the possibility of the patient's ability to adapt to the test to improve their score without improving general motor function. Therefore, it is important to find a relationship between upper limb movement and BBT scores. This study aims to find correlations between upper limb movement and Box and Block test scores as well as differences between 7-, 9-, and 11-year-old age groups and compare marker-based motion capture and the Theia3D (Theia Markerless Inc., Kingston, ON, Canada) markerless motion capture software. Joint assessment is completed with motion capture, which uses reflective markers on specific landmarks on the skin surface. Markerless motion capture is collected simultaneously with marker-based motion capture to assess similarities. The entire procedure was also completed 2 times within 1 visit. The results showed meaningful comparisons between the BBT scores and shoulder and wrist angle, and hand velocity. BBT scores and shoulder angles were shown to be different between the 7- and 11-year-old age groups. Elbow angles were shown to be different between the 9- and 11-year-old age groups. Additionally, comparisons between the marker-based and markerless results showed that all resulting joint angle data captured by each system were similar. Markerless measurement comparisons showed similarities between both sessions as well. These results show that there are ways to provide discrete measurements in clinical settings to examine movement quality. Comparisons between both motion analysis systems show the need to determine task-specific analyses to obtain meaningful results concerning the upper limbs, due to the inherent joint complexity and differing methods of completing the same task.

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Several methods for the palaeobotanical analysis of inorganic rocks are developed and through the employment of these methods both microfossils and macrofossils have been recovered from certain Upper Ordovician Strata. These fragments are assigned to series, basing such designation upon their sources and individual morphological characteristics. The problematical identity and biological importance of these fragments is discussed, and their practical usage in problems of correlation is considered. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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