Este trabalho enfoca a cidade de Porto Alegre no período de 1937 a 1961,reconstruindo no tempo a produção das idéias e práticas do urbanismo desenvolvidos no âmbito das administrações municipais da cidade. O ponto central é a produção do conjunto de dispositivos legais que vão sendo produzidos como instrumentos de ordenação e controle da produção do espaço urbano, público e privado. Mostra-se como esses instrumentos vão sendo idealizados relacionados às idéias difundidas nos meios técnicos e políticos locais a cada tempo. Procura-se identificar a origem dessas idéias sobre a cidade e o urbanismo a partir do discurso e das práticas adotadas pelos especialistas e pelos dirigentes a cada período. Privilegia-se a avaliação daqueles instrumentos que vão determinar o controle da altura das edificações e, portanto vão influir no processo de verticalização da cidade. As avaliações são procedidas dentro de um campo contextualizado, identificando-se a cidade especialmente, no âmbito políticoadministrativo, meio no qual vai sendo produzido o instrumental jurídico analisado. / This work investigates the city of Porto Alegre in the period from 1937 to 1961,rebuilding in the time the production of the ideas and practices of the urbanization development in the extent municipal administrations of the city. The central focus is the production of the group of legal devices that were edited as instruments of public policies of ordination and control of the urban space. The analysis is driven through the evaluation of those instruments on the political and administrative context. It show, at the same time, as those regulations were being formulated relating to city concept and its current urbanization process proposed by the technical body and local political forces, considering to identify their origins and diffusing forms. The main concern are the instruments that established control devices about the height of construction and its influence and relation to the production of the building typologies that characterized the verticalization process of the city in each period of analysis.

There are numerous factors that influence the generation of municipal urban solid waste. Among the most significant are: population, cultural factors, activities of the population, changing of consumption patterns and the economic component. Moreover, the issue of street cleaning plays an important place in society demands, whether by public health aspects, social or environmental. In the case of Laranjeiras, Sergipe municipality to be treated in this research, distant about 20 km from the capital Aracaju, the litter problem can be emphasized by touristic potential and architectural city, whose historic center is overturned at the federal and state levels. The central object of this research is to investigate the relationship between the growth of the city of Laranjeiras and solid waste management, from the analysis of official documents drawn up in years 1975, 2003 and 2008. For this, it is necessary to achieve the following objectives: identify the main changes in the urban design of Laranjeiras (SE), influenced by urban growth on the infrastructure and processes of solid waste management occurred since 1975; characterize the solid waste public policy based on official documents of the municipality and, finally, highlight the influence of urban growth in terms of solid waste management related to asset quality and cultural city. It is then, understanding and analysis of relations between the activities carried out in the city during a certain period with the types of waste generated and how they were managed by the government and the community and how the potential architectural and cultural the city has influenced this process. The theoretical framework used was based on literature review, documentary surveys and semi structured and open questionnaires, besides, it was guided by three main official documents of the city's Urban Plan, dated 1975, the City Profile, 2003 and the Master Plan of 2008. The research methodology was qualitative, based on the method or theory revision history. The subjects of the research are the municipal public managers as well as the local community, through the oldest area resident of the municipality. Through research we can conclude that the legal instruments of planning and control of environmental management of the municipality were not met, causing the continuity and enhancement of environmental damage found, furthermore, emphasizes the influence of public policy development by the fact it is a historic city. It is hoped that this work can give foundation for future research on the subject covered and, with the understanding of the research problem, get yourself achieve a solid foundation for future interventions that respect the specifics of the municipality. / Existem inúmeros fatores que influenciam na geração de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Entre os mais significativos estão: número de habitantes, fatores culturais, atividades desenvolvidas pela população, mudanças dos padrões de consumo e a componente econômica. Além disso, o tema da limpeza urbana assume papel de destaque entre as demandas da sociedade, seja pelos aspectos ligados à saúde pública, sociais ou ambientais. No caso de Laranjeiras, município sergipano a ser tratado neste trabalho, distante cerca de 20 km da capital Aracaju, o problema do lixo pode ser enfatizado pelo potencial turístico e arquitetônico da cidade, cujo centro histórico é tombado nos âmbitos federal e estadual. O objeto central dessa pesquisa é investigar a relação existente entre o crescimento urbano da cidade de Laranjeiras e a gestão de resíduos sólidos, a partir da análise de documentos oficiais de planejamentos elaborados nos anos de 1975, 2003 e 2008. Para isso, faz-se necessário alcançar os objetivos específicos: identificar as principais mudanças ocorridas na malha urbana de Laranjeiras (SE), influenciadas pelo crescimento urbano quanto à infraestrutura e aos processos de gestão de resíduos sólidos ocorridos a partir de 1975; caracterizar as políticas públicas de resíduos sólidos baseadas em documentos oficiais do município e, por fim, destacar a influência do crescimento urbano no tocante à gestão de resíduos sólidos relacionadas à qualidade patrimonial e cultural da cidade. Trata-se então, do entendimento e análise das relações entre as atividades exercidas na cidade durante um determinado espaço de tempo com os tipos de resíduos gerados e como eles eram gerenciados, pelo poder público e pela comunidade geradora e como o potencial arquitetônico e cultural da cidade influenciou neste processo. O referencial teórico utilizado foi baseado na pesquisa bibliográfica, levantamento documental e aplicação de questionários abertos e semi-estruturados e foi norteado principalmente por três documentos oficiais da cidade, quais sejam, o Plano Urbanístico, datado de 1975, o Perfil da Cidade, de 2003 e o Plano Diretor, de 2008. A Metodologia da pesquisa é de natureza Qualitativa, baseada no método Histórico ou de Revisão Teórica. Os sujeitos participantes da pesquisa são os gestores públicos municipais, assim como a comunidade local, através dos moradores mais antigos do município. Através da pesquisa pode-se concluir que os instrumentos jurídicos de planejamento e controle da gestão ambiental do município não foram respeitados, causando a continuidade e aumento dos danos ambientais encontrados, além disso, destaca-se a que o fato de se tratar de uma cidade histórica influencia positivamente na elaboração de políticas públicas. Espera-se que este trabalho possa dar embasamento a futuras pesquisas sobre o tema tratado e que, com o entendimento do problema de pesquisa, obtenha-se uma base sólida para futuras intervenções que respeitem as especificidades do município estudado.

This study aims to insert the history of Aracaju city into an environmental history, whose questions reside to find the moments in which some premises and practices bad reintegrated were reforced in their foundation process, they have been remaining in the contemporary practices about their urban environment. Such worries at the present time join themselves, into the worries during the environmental crisis contemporary and the cities participation in this context. Like this, this work intends to contribute to the nature understanding of the relation man environment in their mechanisms of practices and appropriations into an environmental perspective, our objective is to describe and to analyze how evolved the urban legislation of Aracaju city in its environment perspective, among the decades from 1855 to 1920. In the same way, to understand how processed the management of Aracaju city in its initial years in the articulation of urban question with its development. Thereby, we search to understand several appropriations realized by competent discourse produced by intellectuals who themselves dedicated to the city and we crossed it into the legislation made to normalization and regulation of the urban legislation concurred to permanencies in the integration of urban question with its development. In this case, we understood that state actions were straight connected with the executing and elaborating of legal particularities that has permitted since the city origin, the rising of a tradition that has been prolonging itself in its history: The tradition of put land and destroy dunes to the promotion, struturaction and direct and indirect valorization of some specific areas of the city and the formation of an unstructured periphery with high occupation density. For better research operacionalization we applied to the urban legislation aracajuana the technique of the content analyze the urban Aracaju legislation and the usage concept definite by Michel de Certeau (1994) and applied to the city s users. / Esse estudo pretende inserir a história da cidade de Aracaju no âmbito de uma história ambiental, na qual as inquietudes residam em encontrar os momentos em que algumas premissas e práticas mal reinteiradas do seu processo de fundação foram reforçadas permanecendo nas práticas contemporâneas sobre seu ambiente urbano. Tais preocupações se enquadram, na atualidade, dentro das preocupações decorrentes da crise ambiental contemporânea e da participação das cidades nesse contexto. Desse modo, este trabalho pretende contribuir para o entendimento da natureza da relação homem-meio ambiente em seus mecanismos de práticas e apropriações. Dentro de uma perspectiva ambiental, nosso objetivo é descrever e analisar como evoluiu a legislação urbana de Aracaju na perspectiva do seu meio ambiente, entre as décadas de 1855 e 1920. Da mesma maneira, entender como se processou o gerenciamento da cidade de Aracaju em seus anos iniciais na articulação da questão urbana com o seu desenvolvimento. Nesse sentido, buscamos compreender as diversas apropriações realizadas pelo discurso competente produzido pelos intelectuais que se dedicaram à cidade e o cruzamos com a legislação traçada para normatização e regulamentação do uso do espaço aracajuano em seus anos iniciais. Ao final, identificamos que as práticas esboçadas sobre a cidade que se afirmaram na evolução de sua legislação urbana concorreram para as permanências no trato da integração da questão urbana com seu desenvolvimento. Neste caso, entendemos que as ações do Estado estiveram diretamente ligadas à execução e elaboração do aparato legal que permitiu, desde a origem da cidade, o surgimento de uma tradição que tem se prolongado em sua história: a tradição de aterramentos e arrasamentos de dunas para a promoção, estruturação e valorização, direta ou indireta, de algumas áreas específicas da cidade e a formação de uma periferia desestruturada com alta densidade de ocupação. Para melhor operacionalização da pesquisa aplicamos à legislação urbana aracajuana a técnica da Análise de Conteúdo e empregamos como aporte teórico os conceitos de uso definidos por Michel de Certeau (1994) e aplicados aos praticantes da cidade.

Orientador: Denio Munia Benfatti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T17:26:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Donadon_EdileneTeresinha_M.pdf: 101040246 bytes, checksum: 305f8b4033778055b7b5aadbf1b2ee1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Terrain Vagues são os lugares esquecidos na cidade, mas, de forma contraditória, repletos de memória do passado incidindo sobre o presente. Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar se o conceito estabelecido por Ignasi de Solà-Morales, denominado como Terrain Vague, aplica-se às áreas abandonadas e obsoletas na cidade de Campinas-SP. A pesquisa localiza essas áreas ao longo dos rios, das estradas de ferro desativadas, das áreas industriais obsoletas, que descrevam uma situação de abandono, de forte memória de lugar e de possibilidades múltiplas e originais. No estudo de campo, foram identificadas e analisadas as áreas quanto ao seu tipo e à sua formação: linhas férreas e pátios de ferrovias abandonados ou subutilizados; mudança ou deslocamento de áreas e lotes industriais - friche industrielle; margens de córregos com ocupações incompletas ou que se caracterizam como franjas de outras ocupações. Desse modo, o trabalho intenta revelar, através de um conjunto de documentos e sua análise, a potencialidade e a singularidade dos terrain vagues e a sua importância para a cidade, em termos quantitativos e qualitativos. Pretendese, assim, evidenciar a necessidade de uma abordagem mais completa dessas áreas antes de sua total ocupação, ocupação esta que vem ocorrendo de maneira desordenada nas últimas décadas. / Abstract: Terrain Vagues are the forgotten places in the city, but in conflict, full of memories of the past on the present. This work verifies whether the established concept by Ignasi de Solà-Morales, called as "Terrain vague", who analyses the European contemporary cities, can be applied to the abandoned and derelicts areas in Campinas to describe a situation of abandonment, of a strong memory of place, and multiple and even original possibilities. The areas were identified and analyzed according to its type and origin: Railways and its courtyards abandoned or underused; change or displacement of the industrial areas or lands - "Friche Industrielle", uncompleted projects - stream bank with uncompleted settlements or areas which are characterized as "fringe" of other occupations. Eventually, aims to reveal, through a set of documents and its analysis, the potentiality and the uniqueness of the Terrain Vagues in Campinas. That means bringing to light what they represent to the city - quantitatively and qualitatively. Furthermore it intent to emphasize the need for a more complete approach of these areas before its occupation, that has been happening in a disordered way in recent decades. / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A pesquisa Veraneio MarÃtimo e ExpansÃo Metropolitana no CearÃ: Fortaleza em Aquiraz, tem como objetivo geral compreender a relaÃÃo entre a valorizaÃÃo dos espaÃos litorÃneos e a expansÃo da MetrÃpole cearense. As prÃticas marÃtimas modernas (banhos de mar, veraneio e turismo), em especial o veraneio, representam novas possibilidades de aproximaÃÃo da sociedade com o mar, destacando o espaÃo litorÃneo como prioritÃrio para o lazer e moradia das populaÃÃes das grandes aglomeraÃÃes urbanas. Desta forma, a urbanizaÃÃo se torna processo dialeticamente relacionado à disseminaÃÃo da maritimidade moderna. Esta à difundida pela sociedade fortalezense por todo o Estado do Cearà a partir dos anos 1970 e alcanÃa, primeiramente, os municÃpios de Aquiraz e Caucaia, integrantes, desde 1973, da formaÃÃo inicial da RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza. Para compreender este processo, foi analisado o caso da expansÃo do veraneio marÃtimo em direÃÃo ao espaÃo litorÃneo de Aquiraz. Entender a influÃncia da MetrÃpole na divulgaÃÃo do veraneio marÃtimo revela como o espaÃo litorÃneo à alcanÃado pelo tecido urbano de Fortaleza. Os veranistas, os empreendedores imobiliÃrios, os moradores das localidades praianas, o poder pÃblico municipal e estadual sÃo sujeitos sociais envolvidos no processo constituidor de uma morfologia urbana descontÃnua, caracterizada por parcelamentos urbanos e por aglomerados de segundas residÃncias. Os eletrodomÃsticos, o trÃnsito de automÃveis, a televisÃo, os costumes, o padrÃo diferenciado de acesso à terra ocasionam desdobramentos indicativos da chegado do urbano no espaÃo litorÃneo de Aquiraz. Os condomÃnios de veraneio representam novas tendÃncias relacionadas ao desejo por isolamento associado aos fortalezenses. A anÃlise dos nÃcleos de Iguape, Prainha, Porto das Dunas e Batoque demonstra que o veraneio em Aquiraz constitui territÃrios, nos quais a MetrÃpole e sua sociedade estÃo presentes. Analisando o Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Urbano de Aquiraz, concluÃdo no ano de 2001, compreendeu-se que o Poder pÃblico municipal, fundamentado nos planos de governo do Poder pÃblico estadual legitima a valorizaÃÃo do espaÃo litorÃneo e designa, mediante leis e zoneamentos, Ãreas preferenciais para a expansÃo do processo de valorizaÃÃo litorÃnea. Evidencia-se a valorizaÃÃo dos espaÃos litorÃneos como condicionante para a expansÃo da MetrÃpole pelos municÃpios metropolitanos cearenses. / The research Veraneio MarÃtimo e ExpansÃo Metropolitana no CearÃ: Fortaleza em Aquiraz (Maritime Summering and Metropolis expansion: Fortaleza in Aquiraz), has, as a general goal, to understand the relation between the valorization of coast spaces and the expansion of the metropolis of CearÃ. The doing of modern maritime activities (sea baths, tourism, summering), especially summering, represent new possibilities of approximation of society with the sea, detaching the coast space as the main place that populations of big cities have to have fun and to live. This way, the urbanization becomes a process related to the dissemination of the modern maritime life. The modern maritime life is spread out for the society of Fortaleza for the whole state of Ceara from the 70âs, and first reaches the small citys of Aquiraz and Caucaia, members since 1973 of the initial formation of the metropolitan region of Fortaleza. To understand this process, the case of the expansion of the maritime summering thru the cost of Aquiraz was analized. When you understand the influence of the metropolis in the spreading of maritime summering, you see how the coast space is reached by the urban tissue of Fortaleza. The summering people, real estate entrepreneurs, the people who live in local beaches, the public power of small cities and States are social subjects involved in the process of the making of un urban discontinous morphology, characterized by urban divisions and accumulations of second residences. The household-electric, the car traffic, the tv, the habits, the differentiated standard of accessing the land generates indicative unfoldings of the arrival of the urban one in the littoral space of Aquiraz. The buildings of summering represent new trends related to the desire of isolation, associated to the people who live in Fortaleza. The analysis of the nuclei of Iguape, Prainha, Porto das Dunas and Plug demonstrates that the summering in Aquiraz constitutes territories, in which the metropolis and its society exist. Analyzing the Managing Plan of Urban Development of Aquiraz, concluded in the year of 2001, it was understood that the small city public power, based on the plans of government of the state public power, legitimizes the process of valuation of the littoral space and assigns, through laws and zonings, preferential areas for the expansion of the process of littoral valuation. It is proven valuation of the littoral spaces as a necessary process for the expansion of the metropolis for the metropolitans small cities pertaining to the state of CearÃ.

A atuação do Dominicano francês Louis Joseph Lebret no Brasil, e da Sociedade para Análises Gráficas e Mecanográficas Aplicadas aos Complexos Socias - SAGMACS, instituição fundada por ele, que atuou entre os anos de 1947 e 1964, foi o mote de nossa pesquisa de doutorado. Buscamos verificar se pode o ideário de Lebret e as concepções e propostas desenvolvidas pela SAGMACS serem consideradas como pertencentes ao campo do urbanismo e ao campo do planejamento urbano e regional. Assim, nesta tese investigamos o ideário lebretiano - no que concerne às instituições fundadas pelo religioso - e os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados por ele na SAGMACS, para entendermos sobre o que permeava, dentro deste ideário, o entendimento dos problemas e da questão urbana, a fim de se apontar as ideias e os estudos, os planos e as contribuições resultantes à formação do quadro do urbanismo e do planejamento regional no Brasil, neste período. / The performance of the French Dominican Louis Joseph Lebret in Brazil, and the Society for Graphical and Mecanográficas Analysis Applied to Socials Complexes - SAGMACS, created by him, here between 1947 and 1964 was the subject of our doctoral research. We tried to find out if the ideas of Lebret and the views and proposals developed by SAGMACS can be considered as part of the fields of urbanism and urban and regional planning. Thus, in this thesis, we investigate Lebret\'s ideas - concerning institutions founded by the religious - and the methodological procedures used by him in SAGMACS in order to understand what permeated within this ideology, understanding of the problems and the urban issue, in order to point out the ideas, studies, plans and contributions to the formation of urban planning framework and regional planning in Brazil, in that period.

Essa dissertação tem por objetivo analisar as relações entre os processos de industrialização e de urbanização no município de São Carlos, localizado no Centro- Oeste paulista, entre as décadas de 1930 e 1960. O recorte temporal enquadra-se na etapa de desenvolvimento industrial brasileiro marcado pela concentração da produção no estado de São Paulo. Nesse período, o nexo econômico da industrialização se impõe à dinâmica urbana. As relações entre industrialização e urbanização da área urbana em São Carlos, no período em tela, foram estudadas em três dimensões: em relação aos processos territoriais; em relação à atuação do poder público no controle e/ou incentivo à instalação de indústrias e em relação à participação dos industriais no processo de expansão urbana. Os objetivos acima expostos foram atingidos através de pesquisa bibliográfica, levantamento de dados estatísticos, dados secundários, bases cartográficas, entrevistas com empresários, pesquisa em jornais e pesquisa documental nos arquivos da Prefeitura de São Carlos, em especial na Fundação Pró-Memória de São Carlos. / This dissertation aims to examine the relationships between the processes of industrialization and urbanization in São Carlos, located in the Central West of the state of São Paulo, between the 1930s and the 1960s.The period in focus refers to Brazilian stage of industrial development, which is characterized by the concentrate of production in the state of São Paulo. In this period, the nexus of industrialization is imposed on urban dynamics. The relations between industrialization and urbanization in São Carlos, were be studied in three dimensions: in relation to territorial processes, in relation to the performance of the government in controlling and / or encouraging the installation of industries and in relation to the participation of the industrial agents in the urban expansion process. The objectives above were achieved through a bibliographical review, statistical and secondary data survey, cartographic databases, interviews with entrepreneurs and research in papers and documental research in the archives of the city of São Carlos, in particular at Fundação Pró-Memória de São Carlos.

Este trabalho procura destacar o desenvolvimento urbano de São Paulo, levantando as principais normas e eventos - além dos mecanismos de financiamento das infraestruturas - que condicionaram a formação da metrópole. O início da regulação urbanística do município ocorre no final do período imperial, quando são introduzidas as primeiras normas e políticas de segregação da pobreza. A partir de então a cidade se estrutura mediante arranjo institucional que relaciona norma e finança, como os institutos de aposentadorias, o sistema BNH, sem, no entanto, obedecer um planejamento específico. Somente no governo militar, em 1975, o Estado divulga a elaboração de um documento para direcionar desenvolvimento das cidades, cujo abandono poucos anos após sua publicação ampliou a precarização da cidade, aliada à crise econômica na década de 1980. A reforma normativa da Constituição de 1988 revigora o orçamento municipal e estabelece regras para as políticas urbanas, mas o avanço concomitante do neoliberalismo traz forças que entrecruzam as leis nacionais e municipais e durante toda a década de 1990 são reduzidos os investimentos públicos em desenvolvimento, habitação e urbanização. Somente em 2003, com a criação do Ministério das Cidades, a política urbana se estrutura em bases territoriais articuladas, pensando o espaço público das metrópoles a partir dos instrumentos ativos de cidadania, articulando os entes federados e a principal instituição financeira pública do país, a Caixa Econômica Federal. Para colocar em relevo tais propostas, será analisado o programa de urbanização de favelas em São Paulo, no sentido de realizar uma interpretação dessa interlocução, procurando entender em que medida os projetos de desenvolvimento urbano podem agir para recuperar os traços de cidadania perdidos nas normas, planos e projetos. / This work seeks to highlight the urban development of São Paulo, emphasizing the main rules and events, in addition to infrastructure financing mechanisms that conditioned the formation of the metropolis. The joint between urban regulation and political rules starts at the end of the imperial period, when was introduced the firsts acts of segregation of poverty. Since then, the city has been structured by institutional arrangements relating rules and finance, such as embedded on the institutes of retirements and the BNH system, regardless of any specific planning whatsoever. During the military government, in 1975, the state discloses a document to guide the urban development, whose abandonment few years after its publication increased casualization of the city, coupled with the economic crises in the 1980s. The regulatory reform of the 1988 Constitution strengthens the municipal budget and establishes new rules for urban policy, but with the advance of neoliberal ideas comes forces that intersect national and local laws throughout the 1990s. On these bases, the government reduces public investment in development, housing and urbanization. Nevertheless, in 2003, through the Ministry of Cities, urban policy tends to be articulated on territorial bases, considering the public space of the metropolis from the instruments of active citizenship, articulating the federated entities and the main public financial institution in the country, the Caixa Economica Federal. It is important to highlight such proposals, using the slum upgrading program in São Paulo, in order to conduct an analysis of this dialogue, trying to understand the extent to which urban development may take action, in order to recover the lost traces of citizenship standards, plans and projects.

In this dissertation constructions of contemporary urban ideals are in focus, starting from the understanding that they are constructed in relation to both an idea of an urban renaissance and one ofa dissolving, or sprawling, city. The aim of the dissertation is to investigate and analyse how the city and the urban are discursively constructed in contemporary Swedish urban planning discussion. This is done by analysing articles from the Swedish Journal of Planning (Plan) and publications from the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning (Boverket) and the Urban Environment Council (Stadsmiljörådet). The main research topics are: How is the city and its history constructed? What norms are constructed about the city and the urban? How is planning and the role of the planner constructed, and what kind of knowledge and practices are emphasised? Methodologically, the dissertation is inspired by social constructivist methods, and mainly discourse theory. Applying this to the urban context means understanding urbanity and cities as constantly constructed and reconstructed discursively, even if both appear to be defined, absolute and recognisable. The analysis investigates these appearances and the meanings they are given – in this case in an urban planning context.  The analysis shows that history plays an important part in both the construction of ideals and problems. Both contemporary planning and the urban ideals are conceptualised in the light of a modernist planning era, which is emphasised as the period when the “real” city was dissolved or even destroyed. An “original”, pre-modern city is constructed and guarded as the norm, and the categorisation of places appear as important. Concepts both open and defined appear as central, such as diversity, variation, identity and urbanity. The planning practice that supposedly creates the good city is ideally a sensitive and emotional practice and practitioner, in line with communicative planning theory. Binary conceptual couples structure the discourse to a high degree, resulting in polarisations such as compact/sparse, city/countryside or inner city/suburb. The problematic or contradictory, such as the suburb, is marked off from the “real” city, and an inside and outside of the good city is created. The importance of a holistic and comprehensive planning perspective is emphasized, but at the same time the urban ideal that comes out appear as a strongly normative outlook from the traditional inner city. An inner city “we” is constructed, and the suburb, the suburban and its inhabitants are seen as an Other.  The dissertation also discusses some openings and contrary voices in the discourse and in other urban research indicative of an attempt to move beyond the polarisations. By questioning hierarchies and polarisations, and opening up for influence from outside of the discourse, concepts such as diversity and urbanity could be given alternative meanings instead of being used to mourn the loss of a “real”, original city or urban public space.

At the eastern end of the Edinburgh World Heritage Site, a protrusion of volcanic rock known as Calton Hill is situated on the northern side of the Waverley Valley. This area sits approximately 100m above sea level at its highest point - around 20m higher than Princes Street in the First ‘New Town’ and at approximately the same height as the Castle Esplanade in the ‘Old Town’ of Edinburgh. During the early nineteenth century, the hill and its land to the north were developed, to extend the city of Edinburgh towards the Port of Leith, in order to open up new routes of access and communications between the port, the city, and the surrounding lands to the south and east. The resulting development provoked debates on the best approach to the development of the urban landscape, the suitability and resonance of specific architectural styles within the urban realm, and the use of public funds for large-scale urban development projects. In addition, the visual prominence of the hill in the city presented a stage for massive changes to the visual context of the boundaries of the city, the relationship between the Old and New Towns, and Edinburgh’s relationship with its surrounding countryside. This blurring of the rural and the urban alongside new interpretations of the classical and the gothic, further emphasised the discordance between societal classes, initially marked out by the mid 18th century expansion of the first New Town and which became further emphasised during the city’s industrial expansion in the latter half of the 19th century. The great care over the choice for the hill’s architectural character as an allegorical commentary on Scotland’s role within the constitutional development of the United Kingdom became muddied throughout the 19thcentury, as shifts in both societal perceptions and government constructs resulted in an evolution of the hill and its structures within the mindset of the Scottish populus. Although the structural evolution of the site during the later 19th and 20th centuries had lesser visual impact on the urban realm, as Scottish national identity swayed from a political to a culturally led discourse in architectural terms, perceptions of the structures on Calton Hill were considered to be representative of Scottish support for the construct of the British State during the 19th century. This was further confirmed by the development of the Scottish Office in the 1930s on the southern side of the hill, and the failed establishment of a Scottish Parliament in 1979, which was to be sited in the vacant Royal High School building. This culminated in the site becoming the focus for grassroots led campaigns for Scottish Independence and Home Rule by the later 20th century. This thesis therefore focuses on the changing relationship between the perception of the hill and its structures over time, by exploring the architectural evolution of the site within broader aesthetic, social and political dialogues. It considers the extent to which the site, its structures, and the discourse surrounding the development of the hill represent the nuances that define Scotland as a nation, and help us to further understand how Scots viewed their identity, within both a British and Scottish context from the late 18th to the early 20th centuries. This approach not only places the architecture on the hill within a broader discourse surrounding architecture’s relationship with national, state and imperial identities, it also demonstrates how a more nuanced exploration of urban landscapes can contribute to a better understanding of the contemporaneous societies who developed the urban realm, and the events and debates that surrounded their development. Due to the wide variety of themes that this thesis explores, and the extended timeframe that this work covers, the geographical limitations of the study area are mercurial in their extent, changing focus with the issues being discussed throughout the text. However, for clarity and for ease of reading, the physical study area has been defined as that of the external limits of Playfair’s 1819 plan for the Third New Town (Plate ii), which in the present day is defined through the following locations: The southern limit is the North Back of Canongate; the northern limit is the bottom of Leith Walk, at the intersection with Great Junction Street; the western limit is where Waterloo Place meets Princes Street, and follows Leith Street to the top of Broughton Street; and the eastern boundary is at the junction of Easter Road, Regent Road and Abbeymount, running down Easter Road to meet Leith Walk at its northernmost point.