Este trabalho tem como objetivos avaliar, para eventos de chuvas simuladas, o comportamento hidráulico de uma trincheira de infiltração experimental instalada na EESC/USP e propor uma nova metodologia de dimensionamento para trincheiras de infiltração. Para realizar a avaliação, foram conduzidos ensaios experimentais para determinar o volume infiltrado, sendo este calculado pela diferença entre o volume de entrada, medido através de vertedor triangular, e o volume armazenado na trincheira, medido a partir de medidor de nível. Em relação à nova metodologia de dimensionamento, esta foi proposta com base no modelo de Green-Ampt adaptado ao processo de infiltração horizontal. Os parâmetros de entrada do modelo: umidade, potencial matricial e condutividade hidráulica saturada, foram determinados, respectivamente, através de sondas que utilizam a Reflectometria no Domínio do Tempo (TDR), por curvas de retenção determinadas em laboratório pela técnica do papel filtro e câmara de Richards e por ensaio laboratorial com permeâmetro de carga constante. As curvas de retenção além de serem determinadas por dois métodos laboratoriais também foram avaliadas em função da distribuição uni e bimodal do tamanho médio dos poros. Para isto, utilizou-se a tomografia computadorizada para analisar o comportamento dos poros no solo estudado. O solo onde foi instalada a trincheira constitui-se de areia média a fina argilosa e apresenta a condutividade hidráulica saturada em torno de 9,06.\'10 POT.-6\' m/s. A câmara de Richards foi o método de determinação da curva de retenção que melhor caracterizou o solo quanto à sua porosidade. Os resultados demonstraram que a trincheira de infiltração é eficiente, controlando 100% do volume escoado, mesmo para chuvas com intensidades superiores aos projetos de microdrenagem. Verificou-se também que o modelo de Green-Ampt se ajusta bem ao processo de infiltração horizontal e que a metodologia de dimensionamento proposta contribui de forma eficiente e economicamente eficaz para o dimensionamento de dispositivos de infiltração. / This work assessed the hydraulic behavior of a experimental infiltration trench built at the EESC/USP and proposed a new sizing methodology for infiltration trench, for simulated events. In order to evaluate the hydraulic behavior experimental tests were taken to determine the infiltrated volume. The infiltrated volume was calculated through the difference between the entry volume, obtained by triangular weir, and the volume stored in the trench, determined by level meter. The sizing methodology proposed was based on Green-Ampt model adapted to horizontal infiltration process. The model parameters: water content, pressure head and saturated hydraulic conductivity were determined by Time Domain Reflectometer, retention curve and constant head permeameter, respectively. Retention curves were determined applying two laboratorial methods: Richards camara and filter-paper method, and were evaluate by the unimodal and bimodal distributions of the medium size of the pores. Tomography computerized was used to analyze the behavior of the soil pores. Infiltration trench was installed in a sand soil which presents the saturated hydraulic conductivity around 9,06.\'10 POT.-6\' m/s. The Richards\'s camera was the method that better represented the soil porosity. The results proved the efficiency of the infiltration trench, which controlled 100% of the runoff, even for events with intensities greater than drainage systems design storms. It was also verified that Green-Ampt model has good adjustments to horizontal infiltration process and the sizing methodology proposed is efficient for sizing of infiltration dispositive.

Diversos são os transtornos causados pelas inundações dentre os quais se destacam problemas ambientais, sanitários, de perdas materiais e humanas. Os maiores agentes destas inundações são o crescimento urbano não planejado, que ocasiona a impermeabilização indiscriminada das áreas urbanas gerando maior volume escoado, e a ocupação de várzeas. As bacias de detenção são caracterizadas por sua destinação ao amortecimento dos picos de cheias por meio da contenção de parte do volume escoado superficialmente. No presente trabalho fez-se uma proposta de pré-dimensionamento de bacias de detenção, fundamentada no método racional e associada a relações IDF, que permite o cálculo dos volumes de detenção. A viabilidade e segurança do modelo foram verificadas comparando a proposta desenvolvida com metodologias consagradas entre projetistas, sendo utilizado como referência o procedimento desenvolvido por Porto (2002). De modo a permitir uma melhor avaliação dos métodos estudados foram analisadas interferências relativas às mudanças no tempo de concentração da bacia e na duração dos eventos chuvosos. O processo proposto apresentou resultados satisfatórios quando aplicado à bacia do córrego do Andrezinho na cidade de Pirassununga, São Paulo, assegurando em seus melhores ajustes diferenças máximas da ordem de 5% do volume estimado como ideal. / Several disorders are occurred by the floods of which are highlighted environmental issues, sanitary, of human and material losses. The main agent of these floods is the unplanned urban growth which causes sealing of urban areas generating higher volumes disposed. The detention ponds are characterized by their allocation to the dampening of flood peaks through retention of part of surface runoff. The present work proposes the pre-sizing of detention basins, based on rational method and associated with IDF relations which allows the calculation of the volumes of detention. The feasibility and safety of the model were verified by comparing the proposal with methods traditionally developed between designers, being used as reference the procedure developed by Porto (2002). In order to allow a better evaluation of the methods studied were analyzed interferences related to changes in the watershed concentration time and duration of rainfall events. The proposed method showed good results when applied to the basin of the Andrezinho stream in the city of Pirassununga, Sao Paulo, ensuring in their optimum settings with maximum differences about 5% of the volume estimated as ideal.

The drainage behaviour of sports pitches is not well understood nor has performance been measured in the past. Within planning authorities there is a perceived contribution of pitch water discharge to local flood risk; whereby all the rainfall surface runoff is rapidly channelled through the drainage system to the pitch outfall. However, empirical evidence from industry suggested that this may not be a realistic assumption from observations of low drainage volumes yielded from pitch drainage systems. Furthermore, discharge constraints imposed have in many cases resulted in grossly over-designed off-line drainage attenuation systems for new sports developments through lack of understanding. In contrast, sports pitches indeed have the potential to enhance the attenuation performance of the subsoils and provide localised effective management of surface water runoff, and a significant storage volume if designed appropriately The findings in this thesis confirm that pitch bases demonstrate the key functions that are in fact reflected in the design requirements of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS). This PhD research project was conducted to investigate and document the performance of common pitch construction and drainage systems to better characterise the key drainage mechanisms that occur and control the flow of surface rain water through the pitch to the discharge outfall. The project developed a triangulated approach to the investigations, comprising: field measurements of climate and discharge behaviour at a range of artificial and natural turf pitches in England; laboratory physical model testing of pitch component hydraulics; and predictive mathematical modelling of how a pitch system may be expected to perform hydraulically based on key material and system drainage principles. The field monitoring systems were developed as part of the research, as was bespoke laboratory physical simulation of a pitch construction. It was found that very variable yields (% out versus % in) of water were detected from the monitored field sites. The values varied across a range of < 1 to 88%, with the natural turf providing higher yields in general. The antecedent weather patterns did not show a clear relationship with yield as might have been expected. However, it was not always possible to retrieve detailed information on the subsoil conditions or hydraulic capability reducing the conclusiveness of the discharge flow measurements. The scaled laboratory testing of pitch materials established the importance and magnitude of barriers to percolation of surface water through the layers of the pitch constructions, in particular artificial pitch profiles. It was found that a significant proportion of the total rainfall head was required to instigate percolation of surface water through the carpet and into the pitch i.e. breakthrough head. In addition, several constituent pitch materials exhibited water retention characteristics that reduced that rate of free percolation of surface water through the pitch profile. The net impact is to reduce the net available head of water to further drive flow through the layers to the pipe network drainage system. A conceptual hydraulic model, developed from the literature, was further developed into a simple numerical model. The model was informed by parameters determined from the laboratory measurements and key groundwater drainage flow theory to attempt to replicate a pitch drainage system. It was envisaged that the models would be validated by the field data, although this proved challenging as a result of the field data variability and the multivariate nature of the influences on flows measured. A key finding of the modelling was further establishing the likely head of water generated at the interfaces between the bottom of the granular sub-base and the pipe collection drainage system beneath. This resulted in limited pipe infiltration and low total flows to the outfall, further corroborating the project field results and the anecdotal observations from practitioners. The combined unique data sets provide a refined model for sports pitch drainage to both reinforce understanding and inform practical design and operation.

Como resultado da crescente impermeabilização das bacias, as redes de drenagem pública são submetidas a vazões de pico cada vez maiores. Na tentativa de contornar ou amortizar este problema, pesquisadores têm estudado soluções que compensem os efeitos da urbanização. Estas soluções são denominadas técnicas compensatórias, ou BMP\'s (Best management Practices), cujo foco é manter o ciclo hidrológico mais próximo do natural da bacia, pelo menos no que se refere ao escoamento superficial. A aposta em medidas de controle na fonte de geração do escoamento, isto é, no lote, cresceu, sendo estabelecido seu uso por meio de leis e decretos. Assim, com o propósito de redução e detenção do escoamento pluvial, antes do mesmo ingressar no sistema de microdrenagem, os microrreservatórios na saída dos lotes são cogitados como estruturas compensatórias. O presente trabalho busca dimensionar e avaliar o impacto desses microrreservatórios a princípio em escalas de lote e loteamento e, em seguida, em escala de macrodrenagem. O estudo foi aplicado a uma bacia da cidade de São Carlos, estado de São Paulo, em processo de urbanização, que vem sofrendo grande pressão imobiliária para a construção de novos empreendimentos. As legislações locais sancionadas, nos últimos anos, estabelecem a implantação de poço de infiltração e reservatório de captação e reaproveitamento de águas pluviais, sem maiores detalhes sobre métodos construtivos ou estudos preliminares de viabilidade. Os resultados aqui descritos foram produzidos considerando um loteamento existente na bacia do córrego do Mineirinho, São Carlos, SP. Foram produzidos volumes para o dimensionamento dos reservatórios para as diferentes áreas de lote, assumindo os percentuais de impermeabilização de 50% e 70%, segundo os diferentes métodos de estimativa constantes da literatura. As vazões máximas e os volumes resultantes apresentaram significativa variação, quando calculados utilizando os métodos de estimativa constantes da literatura. Através da modelagem hidráulico-hidrológica, concluiu-se também que o reservatório de detenção na fonte é eficiente na redução da vazão de pico gerada no lote para vazão de pico em nível de pré-urbanização. Além disso, a definição do diâmetro do orifício de descarga mostrou-se determinante ao dimensionamento do reservatório, de modo a garantir sua eficiência. Os microrreservatórios dimensionados para duração da chuva crítica do lote (90 minutos), apesar de maiores, exibiram maior capacidade de detenção, sem extravasar quando submetidos a diferentes durações de chuvas. No loteamento, o uso desses dispositivos possibilitou a atenuação da vazão de pico de descarga em, pelo menos, 44%. Em escala de bacia, diferentes posicionamentos do loteamento, com e sem microrreservatórios de lote, foram instrumentais em demonstrar a capacidade de redução das vazões de pico locais. Este estudo comprovou que os microrreservatórios de lote são uma boa opção na redução das vazões escoadas pelo canal de macrodrenagem, quando da ocorrência de eventos de precipitação na bacia do córrego do Mineirinho. / As a result of the growing waterproofing of basins, the public drainage systems are under increasing flow rate peaks. In an attempt to mitigate these issues, researchers have studied solutions to address the effects of the urban development. These solutions are well-known as BMP\'s (Best Management Practices) and aim to preserve the hydrological cycle near to the natural basin, at least for the superficial run-off. The increasing search for solutions that controls the source of the run-off was responsible for the establishment of new laws and rules for on-site run-off control. Thus, for reduction and detention of run-off before it goes into the micro-drainage system, micro-reservoirs are considered as BMP\'s solutions. The present study aims to sizing and assess the impact of micro-reservoirs, initially on site and on residential land scale, and subsequently, on macro-drainage scale. The study was applied to Mineirinho Stream Watershed, in São Carlos city, São Paulo state. These basins are in urbanization process, and suffering from market pressure of constructions of real estate ventures. Recent local legislations have imposed the implementation of infiltration pits and rain water tanks, but without more details about construction methods or even preliminary feasibility studies. The results described in this work, regarding to sizing of micro-reservoirs to different allotment size ranges, used 50% and 70% of waterproofing percentages, according estimation methods from the literature. Peak flows and sizing showed a significant variation when calculated by these methods. Hydraulic-hydrologic SWMM software modelling showed that micro-reservoir is efficient in reducing the hydrograph peak flow from urbanization to preurbanization level. Furthermore, the definitions of the orifice diameter have demonstrated to be decisive to dimensioning of the reservoir, in order to ensure its efficiency. The microreservoirs sized for a 90 minutes critical rain, showed more detention capacity, without overflow when under different rainfall durations. The use of micro-reservoirs in the allotments of a residential division, was able to reduce the hydrograph outside peak in 44%, at least. In a basin-scale, moving the same residential division, by using or not micro-reservoirs in the allotments, were conclusive in demonstrate that this BMP is a good option to reducing the hydrograph river flow, being able to reduce the peak flow in the discharge point. The study comproved that the use of micro-reservoirs in both basin positions can be a feasible solution to recurring flooding problems in the Mineirinho Stream.

[ES] La rehabilitación de las redes de drenaje es uno de los procesos fundamentales que los administradores y responsables de la gestión de redes de drenaje deben implementar para adaptar las redes defectuosas a los efectos adversos del cambio climático y la urbanización. Las soluciones tradicionales pasan por la sustitución de tuberías o la instalación de tanques de tormenta (TT). En esta tesis, el escenario propuesto combina la sustitución de tuberías y la instalación de TT para la rehabilitación de redes de drenaje. Los resultados de varias simulaciones en varias redes mostraron que el uso combinado de la sustitución de tuberías y la instalación de TT en la rehabilitación de redes de drenaje proporciona mejores resultados que la separación de los dos escenarios de rehabilitación. Tal metodología de rehabilitación necesita un tiempo de computación elevado para proporcionar soluciones aceptables que a menudo se encuentran atrapados en mínimos locales. El objetivo de esta tesis es proponer una metodología que permita obtener mejores resultados durante la rehabilitación de redes de drenaje considerando el uso combinado de la sustitución de tuberías y la instalación de TT. La metodología debe considerar la reducción del espacio de búsqueda (SSR). Cuatro opciones claves están combinadas para lograr reducir el espacio de búsqueda del problema. Estas opciones son: Reducir la cantidad de nudos en los que podrían instalarse los TT. Reducir el número de líneas en las que podría haber un cambio en el diámetro Reducir la discretización que se hace de la sección de cada uno de los TT. Reducir el número de diámetros candidatos en las tuberías. Una vez que se reduce el espacio de búsqueda, el algoritmo pseudo genético (APG) utilizado en esta tesis para la optimización mono-objetivo puede explorar más partes del espacio de búsqueda en menos tiempo. Lo que resulta es la obtención de mejores resultados. Por la optimización multiobjetivo, el NSGA-II utilizado puede proporcionar frentes de Pareto rápidamente para los diferentes escenarios considerados después del proceso de optimización. El objetivo general se dividió en objetivos específicos que se detallan a continuación: El primer objetivo específico consiste en formular un problema de optimización que verifique que la rehabilitación teniendo en cuenta la instalación de los TT y la sustitución de las tuberías proporciona mejores resultados que cualquiera de las dos estrategias implementadas por separado. Evaluar adecuadamente las funciones de costes utilizadas para formar las funciones objetivo constituye el segundo objetivo específico. Los diferentes costes considerados son: costes de sustitución de tuberías, costes de instalación de TT y costes de daños por inundación. El tercer objetivo específico es desarrollar un modelo de rehabilitación considerando la instalación de TT y la sustitución de tuberías, basado en APG y el Modelo SWMM. Los costes de inversiones y los costes de daños por inundaciones no se pueden sumar debido a sus tipos. Los costes de inversiones son reales mientras que los costes de daños por inundaciones son futuribles, dependen de la probabilidad de ocurrencia de la lluvia. Por lo tanto, el cuarto objetivo específico de esta tesis es proponer un algoritmo multiobjetivo evolucionario para la rehabilitación de redes de drenaje considerando la instalación de TT y la sustitución de tuberías. Para la optimización de un mono objetivo y multiobjetivo, el tiempo de cálculo es elevado. También las soluciones objetivas estaban atrapadas en mínimos locales. El quinto objetivo es proponer una metodología de reducción del espacio de búsqueda (SSR) para resolver este problema. El sexto objetivo específico consiste en llevar a cabo un análisis de sensibilidad para verificar los efectos del SSR en el resultado final del proceso de optimización. Por lo tanto, se seleccionaron diferentes tamaños de poblac / [CAT] La rehabilitació de les xarxes de drenatge és un dels gestors de processos fonamentals i la necessitat responsable d'implementar per adaptar les xarxes defectuoses als efectes adversos del canvi climàtic i la urbanització. A la literatura, la installació de canonades o substitució de canonades són els dos escenaris presentats pels autors. En aquesta tesi, un tercer escenari proposa combinar la installació de canonades de substitució i tancs de tempesta (TT) per a la rehabilitació de xarxes de drenatge. Els resultats de diverses simulacions a diverses xarxes van mostrar que la combinació d'ús de canvis de substitució de canonades i TT a la rehabilitació de xarxes de drenatge proporciona millors resultats que la separació dels dos escenaris de rehabilitació. Desafortunadament, aquesta metodologia de rehabilitació requereix temps de càlcul elevat per proporcionar solucions acceptables que sovint es troben en mínim local. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és proposar una metodologia que permeti reduir el temps de càlcul i obtenir millors resultats durant la rehabilitació de la xarxa de drenatge considerant l'ús combinat de la instal·lació dels TT de substitució de canonades. L'estratègia adoptada combina, en una metodologia estructurada, quatre opcions clau per reduir l'espai de cerca del problema: Reduir el nombre de nodes en què podrien instal·lar-se els TT. Reduir el nombre de línies en què podria haver-hi un canvi de diàmetre Reduir la discretització que es fa de la secció de cadascun dels TT. Reduir la quantitat de diàmetres candidats à les canonades. Un cop reduït l'espai de cerca, l'algorisme pseudo-genètic (PGA) que s'utilitza en aquesta tesi per a l'optimització d'un únic objectiu (SO) pot explorar fàcilment l'espai de cerca en menys temps, resultant en obtenir millors resultats. Per a l'optimització del MO, la NSGA-II pot proporcionar fronts de Pareto ràpidament per als diferents escenaris considerats després del procés d'optimització. L'objectiu general es va a dividir en objectius específics detallats a continuació: El primer objectiu específic consisteix a formular un problema d'optimització que verifiqui que la rehabilitació considerant la instal·lació de TT i la seva substitució proporciona millors resultats que qualsevol de les dues estratègies implementades per separat. Valorar adequadament les funcions de cost que s'utilitzen per formar les funcions objectives, i constitueix el segon objectiu específic. Els diferents costes considerats són: Costes d'inversions i costes de danys a les inundacions. El tercer objectiu específic és desenvolupar un model de rehabilitació considerant la instal·lació de TT i la substitució de canonades, basant-se en el PGA i el model SWMM. Els costos d'inversions i els costos de danys per inundacions no es poden sumar a causa d'un tipus. Els costes d'inversions són reals mentre els costes d'anuncis per a les futures fonts del futur són dependents de la probabilitat d'obertura de la pluja. Per tant, el cos objectiu específic d'aquesta tesi és propiciar un algorisme multiobjetiu evolutiu per a la rehabilitació de la xarxa de navegació considerant la instal·lació de TT i la substitució de tuberies. Per a l'optimització d'un únic objectiu i multi-objectiu, el temps de càlcul s'eleva. També es va sospitar que les solucions objectives eren atrapades en els mínims locals. El cinquè objectiu és proposar una metodologia de la reducció de l'espai de cerca (SSR) per resoldre aquest problema El sisè objectiu específic consisteix a realitzar una anàlisi de sensibilitat per verificar els efectes de SSR sobre el resultat final del procés d'optimització. Per tant, es van seleccionar diferents grandàries de població i valors de criteris de parada i es van realitzar simulacions per a diferents configuracions. El setè objectiu específic d'aquesta tesi és proposar una nova metodologia de rehabilitació considerant la tècnica / [EN] Drainage networks rehabilitation is one of the fundamental process that managers and responsible need to implement to adapt defective networks to climate change and urbanization adverse effects. In the literature, pipes substitution or storm tanks (STs) installation are the two scenarios presented by authors. In this thesis, a third scenario proposed combine pipes substitution and STs installation for drainage networks rehabilitation. Results of several simulations on various networks showed that the combine use of pipes substitution and STs installation in drainage networks rehabilitation provides better results than separation of the two rehabilitation scenarios. Unfortunately, such rehabilitation methodologies are computationally time consumers. They need much time to provide acceptable solutions which are often caught up in local minima. The aim of this thesis is to propose a drainage networks rehabilitation methodology based on the combine use of pipes substitution and STs installation. The methodology considers search space reduction (SSR) technique. The adopted strategy combines in a structured methodology four key options aiming at reducing the search space (SS) of the problem: Reduce the number of nodes in which STs could potentially be installed. Reduce the number of lines in which there could potentially be a change in diameter Reduce the discretization that is made of the section of each of the STs. Reduce the number of candidate diameters in the pipes. Once the search space is reduced, the pseudo genetic algorithm (PGA) used in this thesis for single objective (SO) optimization can easily explore the search space in less time resulting in the obtention of better results. For the MO optimization, the NSGA-II can provide rapidly Pareto fronts for the different considered scenarios after the optimization process. The general objective was divided in specific objectives detailed as follow: The first specific objective consists of formulate an optimization problem that verifies that rehabilitation considering STs installation and pipes substitution provides better results than any of the two strategies implemented separately. Adequately assess the cost functions used to form the objective functions constitutes the second specific objective. The different costs considered are: Investments costs and flood damage costs. The third specific objective is to develop a rehabilitation model considering STs installation and pipes substitution, based on PGA and the Storm Water management Model. Investment costs and flood damage costs could not be summed due to their types. Investment costs are reals while, flood damage costs depend on the rainfall probability. So, the fourth specific objective of this thesis is to propose a MOEA for drainage networks rehabilitation considering STs installation and pipes substitution. For SO and Multi-objective (MO) optimization, the computation time is elevated. It was also suspected that the objective solutions were caught up in local minima. The fifth objective is to propose an SSR methodology to solve this issue The sixth specific objective consist of carry out a sensitivity analysis to verify the effects of the SSR on the final result of the optimization process. So, different population sizes and stop criteria values were selected and simulation for different configurations were performed. The seventh specific objective of this thesis is to propose a new rehabilitation methodology considering SSR technique for MO optimization. For each specific objective presented in this thesis, an application to a drainage network has been made and the obtained results were satisfactory. A simple network was used to apply the simple optimization methodology based on PGA algorithm A medium size network was used to apply the SO optimization, the MO optimization and the SSR methodology. Finally, a large and mesh network was used to apply the MO optimization methodology considering SSR. / Ngamalieu Nengoue, UA. (2019). URBAN DRAINAGE NETWORK REHABILITATION CONSIDERING STORM TANK INSTALLATION AND PIPE SUBSTITUTION [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/129869 / TESIS

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19288号 / 工博第4085号 / 新制||工||1630(附属図書館) / 32290 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 細田 尚, 教授 戸田 圭一, 教授 後藤 仁志 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Dagens dagvattenhantering i urbana områden är inte hållbar vilket resulterar i översvämningar, förfallav naturen och hälsoproblem. Fortsatt urbanisering och klimatförändringar påverkar systemet negativtoch kräver en brådskande förändring. Ett alternativ till traditionell dagvattenhantering är naturligalösningar, NBS, definierat som inspiration och användandet av naturen för att hanterasamhällsproblem. Det kan ge resilienta och adaptiva lösningar som främjar biologisk mångfald,människors välbefinnande, ett lovande alternativ för att tackla de här problemen. NBS är dock förenatmed osäkerheter såsom kunskapsbrister kring prestanda, underhåll och möjliga negativakonsekvenser. Även om NBS kan anses vara en hållbar lösning är den inte frekvent implementerad iurbana områden. Den här uppsatsen använder fallstudien Årstafältet för att samla och analysera föroch nackdelar av NBS och traditionella dagvattenlösningar. Med hjälp av intervjuer med inblandadeaktörer, plandokument, regleringar och en litteraturstudie visar resultatet att NBS kan ge ett resilient,flexibelt och kostnads-effektivt system med multipla fördelar vilket kan uppfylla t.ex. vattendirektivet(WFD), hållbarhetsmålen (SDGs) och miljömålen. Det traditionella systemet är en oelastisk lösninginkapabel att förebygga miljöförändringarna och med frekvent breddning av smutsigt dag- ochavloppsvatten. Systemet är sett som oförmögen att uppfylla mål kring biologisk mångfald, miljömåloch reningskrav och därav en ohållbar lösning. Existerande infrastruktur och ett välarbetat arbetssättgör att det traditionella systemet dock fortfarande förlitas på. Problem som identifierades med NBSvar kunskapsbrister, en ny process för att hantera dagvatten som inkluderar en omfattande inblandningav aktörer, övergångsbarriärer, oklarheter gällande ansvarsfördelning, brist på deltagande frånallmänheten, avsaknad av tekniskt vägledning, bristen och behovet av att kontrollera och mätalösningar samt beroendet av entusiastiska aktörer. / The current stormwater management in urban areas is not sustainable, resulting in frequent floodingevents, degeneration of the environment and human health issues. Increased urbanization and climatechange negatively impact the outcome and calls for an urgent change. An alternative to traditionalstormwater management is nature-based solution, NBS, broadly defined as the usage or inspiration ofnature to address societal challenges. It can provide resilient, adaptive solutions which promotebiodiversity and human well-being, a solution to address these challenges. NBS is however unitedwith uncertainties such as knowledge gaps of performance, maintenance, efficiency and potentialtradeoffs. Although NBS can be considered a sustainable solution, it is not widely adopted andimplemented in urban areas. This thesis uses the case study of Årstafältet project to identify andanalyze opportunities and challenges of NBS and conventional drainage system. Based on interviewswith involved actors, plans, regulation and a conceptual framework, the result shows that NBS canprovide a resilient, flexible and cost-effective system with multiple benefits which addresses allaspects of sustainability. It is widely supported by laws and policies, addressing the EU WaterFramework Directive (WFD), the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the EnvironmentalObjectives for example. The conventional drainage system is an inflexible system unable to mitigateclimate change, with frequent overflows (CSOs) of dirty storm and sewage water. It is unable toachieve biodiversity goals, environmental objectives and water quality targets and thus recognized asan unsustainable solution. With an existing infrastructure and an established way of managing theconventional drainage system, it is however still relied on. Identified challenges of NBS areknowledge gaps, a new management process with extensive stakeholder involvement, transitionbarriers, unclear division of responsibilities, lack of public participation and technical guidance, lackof and the need to monitor solutions and the dependence on enthusiastic actors.

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No / According to Lowe and Phillipson (2006) the traditional binary division into `basic¿ and `applied¿ research, have recently been extended to a new category called `strategic¿ research, signifying research which is both inter-disciplinary and interacts with research users. Sharp and Dixon (2007) have argued that there are different level of strategic research, signifying different levels of interaction, resource sharing, and joint development of outputs. Drawing on this understanding, this paper considers two user-oriented `Integrated Urban Drainage¿ pilot projects conducted during 2006-7, in order to consider what insights these `not-quite¿ research projects can yield about the nature of strategic research. The paper finds that the pilots were similar to other inter-disciplinary research projects ¿ except that they were commissioned and partly managed by practitioners. Common dilemmas, for example about the inter-linkages between work packages and about the extent of stakeholder interaction, highlight the increasingly fluid boundaries between the categories of `policy evaluation¿, `policy pilot¿ and `research project¿. The paper concludes that the concepts of `researcher¿ and `research user¿ might be replaced with a more flexible idea about `research stakeholders¿ whose varied interests in projects require a flexible communication strategy to fulfil a range of needs.

A drenagem urbana é o componente do saneamento básico menos assistido no Brasil em termos de regulação e até mesmo de regulamentação direta pelo Titular. Embora a Lei nº 11.445/2007 tenha estabelecido, expressamente, o manejo de águas pluviais urbanas como um dos quatro pilares do saneamento básico, a estrutura institucional relacionada à prestação e à regulação deste serviço ainda não está consolidada e a normatização existente é parca e dispersa. Na maioria dos casos, não existe órgão regulador para o serviço de drenagem urbana, e sua prestação dá-se diretamente por secretarias de prefeituras municipais, que, não raro, encontram-se defasadas em termos de estrutura, qualificação técnica e recursos financeiros, faltando ainda integração do manejo de águas pluviais urbanas com a gestão de recursos hídricos e dos serviços de abastecimento de água, esgotamento sanitário e resíduos sólidos. Assim, verifica-se que um dos maiores problemas a serem enfrentados no setor de drenagem urbana é a sua estruturação institucional, sendo necessário constituir entidades autônomas de prestação do serviço que o executem de forma planejada, integrada e com sustentabilidade econômico-financeira, bem como prever agências reguladoras para garantir a adequação do mesmo. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo formular propostas para a melhoria do serviço público de manejo de águas pluviais no Brasil com ênfase na questão institucional, a partir da análise dos contextos contemporâneos brasileiro e norte-americano de gestão deste serviço, observada a legislação aplicável e a busca pela autonomia financeira do prestador. Transversalmente, estudou-se o emprego de práticas sustentáveis de drenagem urbana, consideradas na elaboração das propostas Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica complementada por levantamento em campo das agências reguladoras brasileiras atuantes em drenagem urbana e visita técnica à ADASA – Agência Reguladora de Águas, Energia e Saneamento Básico do Distrito Federal. Após o exame detalhado dos contextos de gestão das águas pluviais no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, concluiu-se que a macroestrutura regulatória deste país pode ser adaptada ao cenário brasileiro, desde que haja redução da escala espacial de atuação das entidades, que em território brasileiro não seriam agências reguladoras, e sim órgãos ambientais do SISNAMA. No que tange à prestação do serviço, constatou-se que o modelo estadunidense de utility (empresa de serviços públicos) tem se revelado eficaz, tanto para institucionalizar a figura do prestador, quanto para proporcionar sustentabilidade econômico-financeira. Outros aspectos da gestão norte-americana com aplicabilidade no Brasil foram identificados, e fizeram-se ainda proposições baseadas em parcas, porém exitosas, experiências nacionais de prestação e regulação sistemáticas. Dentre as propostas realizadas, destaca-se a orientação de que municípios de pequeno porte priorizem a prestação regionalizada do serviço público de drenagem urbana, alternativa esta que não só lhes permitiria elaborar um único Plano de Saneamento Básico, mas também abriria espaço para que o planejamento e a prestação do serviço ocorressem em escala de bacia hidrográfica, que é a ideal para o manejo de águas pluviais urbanas. / Urban drainage is the least assisted component of sanitation in Brazil in terms of regulation and even direct rulemaking by municipalities. Although Law Nº 11445/2007 expressly established the stormwater management as one of the four pillars of basic sanitation, the institutional structure related to the provision and regulation of this service has not yet been consolidated and existing regulations are few and dispersed. In most cases, there is no regulatory body for the urban drainage service, and it is provided directly by secretariats of municipal prefectures, which are often lagged in terms of structure, technical qualification and financial resources; thereto, it lacks integration of stormwater management with the water resources and water supply, sewage and solid waste services management. Thus, it is verified that one of the major problems to be faced in the urban drainage sector is its institutional structuring, and it is necessary to establish autonomous entities to provide this service in a planned, integrated and economically-financially sustainable way, as well as regulatory agencies to ensure its adequacy. The present work had the objective of formulating proposals for the improvement of the public stormwater management service in Brazil with emphasis on the institutional question, based on the analysis of the contemporary Brazilian and North American contexts of stormwater management, observing the applicable legislation and the the financial autonomy of the service’s provider. The use of sustainable urban drainage practices has been studied transversally and then considered in the preparation of the proposals For the development of this work, a bibliographical research was carried out complemented by field survey of the Brazilian regulatory agencies working in urban drainage and technical visit to ADASA - Regulatory Agency of Water, Energy and Basic Sanitation of the Federal District. After a detailed examination of the stormwater management contexts in Brazil and the United States, it was concluded that the regulatory macrostructure of this country can be adapted to the Brazilian scenario, since there is a reduction in the spatial scale of action of the entities, which in Brazilian territory would not be regulatory agencies, but environmental institutions of SISNAMA. Regarding the provision of the service, it was verified that the US utility model has proved to be effective, both to institutionalize the service provider and to afford economic-financial sustainability. Other aspects of US management with applicability in Brazil have been identified, and proposals have been made based on few but successful national experiences of systematic service rendering and regulation. Among the proposals made, it is important to point out that small municipalities should prioritize the regionalised provision of the urban drainage service, which would not only allow them to prepare a single Basic Sanitation Plan, but would also open space so that planning and service provision occur on a river basin scale, which is ideal for stormwater management.