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This research is about the social/spatial management of water in an urban setting. The water utility of Piacenza, Italy, and specifically, the organization of the now extinct canal system, was investigated for the period between 1545 and 1736. Through analysis of the administration of the canal system and the water utility this thesis constructs an aspect of the political ecology of Piacenza. Political ecology as a discipline lies at the intersection of the environmental context, land use, spatial design, demographics and social relationships. The study looked at how the city organized itself to manage urban water and sanitation delivery, the methods used to communicate with the users, the actions taken to keep the system in good repair, the responses to crises, and the limitations of the social organization and technological capabilities. The archival documents contained within the Congregazione sopra l’ornato (CSO), the municipal committee charged with management of the canals, form the core of the research. Analysis revealed a finely-tuned social system that involved noble oversight, the use of expert engineers, public/private partnerships for maintenance of the canals with millers and consorti as key people, and an attempt to control cheating with fines and penalties.

Cette thèse est une contribution à la compréhension des nouvelles dynamiques urbaines liées aux activités commerciales dans les villes des Suds et tout particulièrement à Dakar. L’entrée privilégiée est celle des acteurs qui sont impliqués directement ou indirectement dans les activités commerciales. Compte tenu de la place importante qu’elles occupent dans l’économie et dans l’espace urbains et la multitude d’acteurs qu’elles mobilisent, ces activités offrent un cadre pertinent d’analyse des processus d’appropriation de l’espace et des mutations urbaines en cours. Cette thèse révèle que les activités commerciales s’insèrent dans l’espace dakarois sous de multiples formes : commerce de rue, marchés, centre commercial. Mais l’absence d’une politique cohérente d’aménagement de l’espace urbain établit le commerce comme un défi pour la gestion urbaine. Dans ce contexte, la décentralisation qui aurait pu contribuer au développement harmonieux de la ville, a, plutôt, exacerbé les clivages entre les collectivités de proximité, la mairie de Dakar et l’Etat central sur fond de rivalités politiques, nourries par les conflits d’intérêts privés mis en concurrence. Les opérations de déguerpissement érigées en mode de régulation de l’espace urbain par les collectivités locales ne sont pas parvenues à résoudre le problème de l’occupation des rues par les marchands. Ces derniers préfèrent rester dans la rue plutôt que de regagner les centres commerciaux construits par la mairie de Dakar pour les recaser. Cette thèse contribue ainsi à éclairer la notion d’espace public territoire privilégié des stratégies de survie quotidienne. / This thesis aims to develop a better understanding of the new urban dynamics related to commercial activities in Dakar. It focuses on the identification of the stakes, the logics, and the actors’ game with a view of better understanding the processes of urban space appropriation and its management by multiple actors who are involved directly or indirectly in commercial activities in the Senegalese capital. As a matter of fact commercial activities offer a relevant analytical framework of the processes of space appropriation and urban changes in Dakar, given the important place they hold in urban economy and the multitude of actors they involve. In actuality, commercial activities occur in many forms in the city of Dakar: street trading, markets, shopping malls. They do play a role in space changes within the Senegalese capital. However, due to the lack of coherent policy on urban space, trading presents a challenge to urban management. In this context, whereas decentralization could have contributed to urban development, it has actually heightened tensions, with political rivalries in the background, between the city council of Dakar and the central State. At another level, the decamping operations that are taken as a mode of regulation of urban space by local authorities have failed to solve the problem of street occupancy by merchants.

Le concept de transition énergétique s'est imposé au cours de ces vingt dernières années, commenouvel objet de la recherche urbaine. Le présent travail de recherche interroge ce concept dans lecontexte des villes allemandes. En effet, l'Allemagne présente un intérêt pour deux raisons. Elles'engage dans une transition énergétique ambitieuse pour à la fois sortir du nucléaire en 2022 etdevenir climatiquement neutre à l'horizon 2050. Pour cela, elle doit compter sur les villes qui sontses principales alliées et des instruments de territorialisation de la transition énergétique. Or, depuisles années 1990, les villes connaissent des changements structurels majeurs qui les plongent, surtoutdans les nouveaux Länder, dans une dynamique de rétrécissement urbain. Les tendancesantagonistes de croissance et rétrécissement, fortement marquées en Allemagne, posent la questiondes capacités des villes à répondre aux enjeux globaux et aux injonctions de l'État, et à inclure cesdéfis globaux à leur propre stratégie de développement. À cet effet, les villes tendent à adopter desméthodes et instruments de que l'on peut regrouper sous la dénomination de managementstratégique urbain de la transition énergétique, encouragé et relayé par des niveaux supérieurs.Ce travail propose d'interroger ce management transition énergétique dans deux contextes urbainscontrastés que sont Heidelberg, une ville croissante et Dessau-Roßlau, une ville rétrécissante, deuxvilles qui se sont engagées dès les années 1990 dans la protection du climat. / The concept of energy transition has become a very popular urban research subject in recent years.This work investigates this concept in the context of German cities. Germany proves to be highlyrelevant for two main reasons: the country’s engagement in an ambitious energy transition with itsnuclear phaseout (2022) and its ambition to become an (almost) climate neutral country by 2050.Germany has to count on its cities to drive the energy transition since these are the main sources ofenergy consumption and emissions.However, since the 1990's, German cities, especially those in the new regions, have experiencedthe phenomenon of shrinkage. The striking contradictions of growth and shrinkage test thecapacities of cities to respond to global challenges and states' injunctions. In order to take action,cities often adopt methods and instruments (climate plans, participation, projects, cooperation)following on from what we can call urban strategic management for energy transition. This researchanalyses this management form in two contrasted urban contexts, Heidelberg and Dessau-Roßlau,that have been engaged in climate protection schemes since the 1990's.

This research aimed to investigate land use change in the area surrounding the Surabaya Industrial Estate Rungkut (SIER) in Surabaya, Indonesia. It was found that the industrial location has encouraged unplanned land use occupation, particularly the growth of informal sector activities. Analysis of government action sees the existence of the informal sector as a problem due to its non-taxpayer status, its illegal occupation of land and the poor environment and image it creates for the wider city. The government’s response to such a situation is to bulldoze the activities and associated development. The land use change that has occurred in the study area identified a precinct designated for residential uses that is currently occupied by commercial activity. This research identified the networks between the formal industrial activity in the industrial estate, and this commercial activity, both formal and informal. It also assessed the impact of the surrounding residential community on land use change. The study then analysed the planning approaches adopted that attempt to segregate land use between industrial and non-industrial uses and the attempts to limit the development of an informal, unplanned, unregulated land use. The study found that the current zoning regulations adopted from developed countries face many implementation problems particularly in providing for the accommodation of a large number of rural migrants. The appropriateness of land use segregation via zoning regulations to minimize the negative impact of industrial activity and to optimise the benefit of industrial land use networks was evaluated. The study recommends the creation of a more flexible and updated planning approach to land use change in Indonesia.

In 1982, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) led structural adjustment of the Moroccan state; the culmination of prolonged war in the Western Sahara, unstable agricultural productivity and unstable debt inflation. Since then, deep political economic reorganization has transformed the institutional, practical and physical articulation of urban management in the state. This study situates managerial shifts within an urban globalization context, with specific reference to Tangier. While Tangier?s urban development parallels many studies from the developing and less-developed world, its place-specific formation diverges because globalizing urban management is undertaken within the context of historically and geographically specific socio-economic development initiatives and constraints. My work provides a conceptual overview of globalizing management since Moroccan independence in 1956. Then, a spatially sensitive political economic lens is employed to analyze new urban managerial transformations emerging since 1983 adjustments. Finally, I take an in-depth case study of Tangier City Center project to question how Tangier?s current globalization effectively responds to both state and local urban social and economic development.

HTML clipboardThis study is about Homeowner’s architectural responses to crime in Dar es Salaam Tanzania: its impacts and implications to urban architecture, urban design and urban management. The study explores and examines the processes through which homeowners respond to crimes of burglary, home robbery and fear of it using architectural or physical elements. The processes are explored and examined using case study methodology in three cases in Dar es Salaam. The cases are residential areas of Mikocheni B, Ilala Kasulu and Chang’ombe Housing. The findings from the three cases are compared and the common findings are illuminated and discussed using criminology, economic and social theories and concepts. The results of the study show that, homeowners physically and architecturally modify their home environments for many reasons. Homeowners do so by building or erecting wall fences around their houses and install or barricade doors and windows using metal bars. From the study, the notable main reasons are security and protection from burglary, thefts, home robbery and visual and physical privacy. Others include property marking, disputes and misunderstandings between neighbours and property encroachment by neighbours. In the study, it has been established that, the actions by the homeowners in responding to crime of burglary, thievery and home robberies have impacts and implications on the built environment. The impacts are: affects the visual experience of the built form by limiting view to houses; keeps neighbours apart thus limiting social interaction among residents; segregating public spaces and thus making them empty without people; encroaching on the streets; reducing surveilability of streets and neighbouring dwellings; create the impression of ‘private appearance’ therefore stigmataizing the residential neighbourhoods, all of which increase the vulnerability of areas as well as enhancing the ‘subjective’ feeling of fear in the areas. Furthermore, the responses pose risks to residents when fire evacuation from homes is required, including the effects that affect the environmental comfort conditions of homes and the overall built environment. Despite of the impacts to the built environment as summarised in the foregoing, the study has shown that, homeowners still erect wall fences and barricade their homes due to fear arising from previous crimes. On the basis of the impacts, a new approach to planning of residential housing areas is recommended in which the question of security against crime is included as design factor particularly in urban design. Either an approach to architectural design of houses and the layout of houses that considers crime as an important factor in addition to ‘target hardening’ approach is recommended to increase visibility and surveilability of built environments. The study concludes by highlighting five implications to urban architecture, urban design and urban management at planning and architectural design, considerations which may be of impacts towards improving built environment and management of the urban residential arena. The study ends by outlining and recommending areas of further research. / QC 20100706

This study develops a model of collaboration choice among city governments. The theoretical model suggests that collaboration is a function of transaction costs that vary with different institutional arrangements utilized in cities, as well as the degree of competition between cities. This study argues that cities facing high transaction costs and high competition are less likely to participate in collaboration and to participate less deeply. Underlying these environmental factors are resource factors that create incentives for cities to collaborate for efficiency gains, which affect both the decision to collaboration and the depth of collaboration. Eleven hypotheses are presented to explain why cities choose to participate in collaboration in the first stage of the analysis and how deeply they collaborate in the second stage. Utilizing a Heckman model of this two-stage process, I find broad support for a number of variables that measure each of these theoretical constructs.

This dissertation investigates how the concept of 'smart city' is made operational and governable through place-based interventions in the Danish Capital, Copenhagen. In this way, I seek to demonstrate the complexity of the smart city concept and the ways these policies are implemented in an existing city, instead of grounding the critique in universally idealized but often unrealized grand visions. Recent research into smart urbanism largely highlights the smart city agenda for being overly driven by corporate interests, who are using it to capture urban management functions as new market opportunities. This view however, seems to neglect that smart city interventions are integrated into existing urban settings, and is therefore always the outcome of social and spatial constellations of urban politics and the built environment. Therefore, rather than depicting the smart city as utopian or dystopian, I point towards a more situated understanding that moves beyond the corporate-driven smart city version, and directs attention to the urban scale where these policies are taking root. The theoretical apparatus is based on research in technological transitions, and is further supported by a relational view on urbanism to situate the analysis at the urban scale. The thesis is composed through a qualitative case study design, where document analysis and interview figures as key methods for data collection. The empirical materials have been collected from the municipality and their smart city unit, Copenhagen Solutions Lab, and the primary data source is political documents.The thesis concludes that the smart transition in Copenhagen is governed through an experimental approach where the technological possibilities are being adapted to the local context. In this way, Copenhagen Solutions Lab endeavor to ensure that only the solutions that fit the urban context are implemented, and it is therefore only specific, and more convenient solutions that are being integrated into the city. The thesis concludes further that the experimental smart-city-approach applied by CSL, contains the potential to contest corporate interests, in the sense that this approach gives rise to new explicit learning processes and efforts that holds the potential to compete with the corporate-driven smart city model.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21743号 / 工博第4560号 / 新制||工||1711(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 茂信, 准教授 田中 賢治, 教授 中北 英一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM