A pesquisa propõe estudar a influência da alteração nos padrões de ocupação do solo sobre a ventilação natural, com estudo de caso em parte dos bairros Parque Iracema e Cambeba, na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará. O vento é elemento chave à qualidade do ar no ambiente urbano e conforto térmico em localidades de clima quente úmido. Entretanto, este elemento do clima urbano é estruturalmente modificado pelo processo de urbanização. A morfologia urbana é resultado de prescrições edilícias tais como gabarito, taxa de ocupação do lote e recuos, modificando a permeabilidade do vento no espaço urbano. O estudo da alteração no escoamento do ar sobre o tecido urbano aborda, especificamente, o setor sudeste da capital cearense, que experimenta um processo de expansão urbana vinculado ao mercado imobiliário, intensificando a sua ocupação e alterando os padrões de uso do solo através da verticalização e do adensamento construtivo permitidos pela legislação urbana. O estudo reproduziu modelos virtuais representando a situação atual, a ocupação máxima permitida e uma proposta intermediária como crítica à permissividade prevista em lei. Os cenários foram simulados em ambiente de mecânica dos fluidos computadorizada. Os resultados indicaram o comprometimento das condições de ventilação na região posterior do cenário de máxima ocupação permitida pela elevação no gradiente de vento. No nível local a maioria dos pontos de comparação inseridos no modelo de máxima ocupação indicou melhores condições de ventilação na altura das edificações em relação ao modelo intermediário, resultado da diminuição da taxa de ocupação. / The research aims to study the influence of changing patterns of land use on natural ventilation, with a case study in a part of Parque Iracema and Cambeba neighborhood, in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. The wind is a key element to air quality in the urban environment and thermal comfort in hot, humid climate locations. However, this urban climate element is structurally modified by the urbanization process. The urban morphology is the result of urban standards such building height, occupancy rate and space between buildings, changing the permeability of the wind in the urban space. The study of air flow changing over the urban area covers, specifically, the southeast sector of Fortaleza, which is experiencing an urban expansion process caused by the housing market, intensifying its occupation and changing patterns of land use through tall buildings and constructive densification allowed by law. The study reproduced virtual models representing the present situation, the maximum occupancy allowed and an intermediate proposal as a criticism of the permissiveness provided by law. These scenarios were simulated using fluid dynamics software. The results indicated that the natural ventilation was prejudiced in the posterior region of the scenario of maximum occupancy. At the local level most of the points of comparison within the maximum occupancy model indicated better ventilation conditions about buildings height comparing to the intermediate model, attesting the influence of a lower occupancy rate.

Esta tese de doutorado tem por objetivo estudar a forma urbana atual de Ouro Preto e verificar a influência da morfologia urbana colonial como modelo para as novas ocupações - hipótese defendida nesta pesquisa. Para tanto, partimos da aproximação da configuração da antiga Vila Rica, no período compreendido entre o século XVIII e o início do século XIX, pois o estudo sistemático da morfologia colonial fundamenta a forma urbana original de Ouro Preto e subsidia os argumentos seguintes. A seguir, analisamos a configuração de Ouro Preto, entre o início do Império e o fim da Primeira República, para identificar as alterações da forma urbana colonial, relativizar a decadência atribuída para a cidade, nesse período, e caracterizar a cidade tombada pelo IPHAN, em 1938. Por fim, concluindo o percurso da evolução urbana de Ouro Preto, apresentamos a configuração da cidade, entre 1930 e 2006, do início da Era Vargas à publicação do Plano Diretor da cidade (Lei complementar nº 29/2006). Identificamos as transformações ocorridas no tecido urbano investigado anteriormente, as novas ocupações dentro do perímetro de tombamento do IPHAN e a influência da morfologia colonial como modelo para as novas ocupações, processos observados a partir de meados do século XX. Assim, esta pesquisa busca aprofundar a história urbana de Ouro Preto, cooperar para o entendimento de sua formação e abordar a história de seu sistema urbano, nos últimos sessenta anos. Com isso, almejamos contribuir para a compreensão do conjunto da história da urbanização, tendo Ouro Preto como exemplo. / This doctoral thesis studies the current urban morphology of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, by checking the influence of the colonial urban morphology as a reference to its new settlements - hypothesis of this research. First this study analyzes the urban setting of the old Vila Rica from the 18th century to early 19th century: studies of colonial urban morphology have supported the arguments presented in the following chapters. Next, the urban setting of Ouro Preto between the beginning of the Portuguese monarchy and the end of the First Republic in Brazil was analyzed to check the changes in the colonial urban morphology in order to answer a question about the decline of Ouro Preto in the 19th century and to describe the city\'s protected heritage by the Federal Heritage Preservation Institute (IPHAN). Finally, the current urban morphology of Ouro Preto established between 1930 and 2006, i.e., from early Getúlio Vargas\' mandate to Ouro Preto\'s master plan of 2006, was analyzed because it has been observed that, since mid-twentieth century, old urban settings in settlements inside a protected area have undergone changes.

A pesquisa propõe estudar a influência da alteração nos padrões de ocupação do solo sobre a ventilação natural, com estudo de caso em parte dos bairros Parque Iracema e Cambeba, na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará. O vento é elemento chave à qualidade do ar no ambiente urbano e conforto térmico em localidades de clima quente úmido. Entretanto, este elemento do clima urbano é estruturalmente modificado pelo processo de urbanização. A morfologia urbana é resultado de prescrições edilícias tais como gabarito, taxa de ocupação do lote e recuos, modificando a permeabilidade do vento no espaço urbano. O estudo da alteração no escoamento do ar sobre o tecido urbano aborda, especificamente, o setor sudeste da capital cearense, que experimenta um processo de expansão urbana vinculado ao mercado imobiliário, intensificando a sua ocupação e alterando os padrões de uso do solo através da verticalização e do adensamento construtivo permitidos pela legislação urbana. O estudo reproduziu modelos virtuais representando a situação atual, a ocupação máxima permitida e uma proposta intermediária como crítica à permissividade prevista em lei. Os cenários foram simulados em ambiente de mecânica dos fluidos computadorizada. Os resultados indicaram o comprometimento das condições de ventilação na região posterior do cenário de máxima ocupação permitida pela elevação no gradiente de vento. No nível local a maioria dos pontos de comparação inseridos no modelo de máxima ocupação indicou melhores condições de ventilação na altura das edificações em relação ao modelo intermediário, resultado da diminuição da taxa de ocupação. / The research aims to study the influence of changing patterns of land use on natural ventilation, with a case study in a part of Parque Iracema and Cambeba neighborhood, in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. The wind is a key element to air quality in the urban environment and thermal comfort in hot, humid climate locations. However, this urban climate element is structurally modified by the urbanization process. The urban morphology is the result of urban standards such building height, occupancy rate and space between buildings, changing the permeability of the wind in the urban space. The study of air flow changing over the urban area covers, specifically, the southeast sector of Fortaleza, which is experiencing an urban expansion process caused by the housing market, intensifying its occupation and changing patterns of land use through tall buildings and constructive densification allowed by law. The study reproduced virtual models representing the present situation, the maximum occupancy allowed and an intermediate proposal as a criticism of the permissiveness provided by law. These scenarios were simulated using fluid dynamics software. The results indicated that the natural ventilation was prejudiced in the posterior region of the scenario of maximum occupancy. At the local level most of the points of comparison within the maximum occupancy model indicated better ventilation conditions about buildings height comparing to the intermediate model, attesting the influence of a lower occupancy rate.

A copresença corresponde ao conjunto de pessoas que compartilham um espaço comum - não necessariamente interagindo entre si - e o seu estudo procura entender como o espaço que as permeia interfere na maneira como elas se movem, param, encontram outras pessoas e tem seu comportamento regulado pela presença de outros. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi, portanto, explicar os padrões da copresença em ruas a partir de seus atributos espaciais, buscando, especificamente, identificá-los e hierarquizá-los. Para isso, o fenômeno foi abordado a partir da análise dos padrões espaciais estabelecidos em segmentos de rua de loteamentos residenciais dispersos de cidades médias brasileiras, fazendo uso da análise configuracional da forma urbana – especificamente sintaxe espacial – e das diferenciações espaciais promovidas pelas atividades urbanas e pela permeabilidade física e visual entre espaços públicos e privados. Tinha-se como questão de pesquisa: quais as características espaciais influentes para a copresença em espaços públicos de loteamentos residenciais dispersos? A hipótese era que a copresença, nesse contexto sócio-espacial, seria influenciada, sobretudo, pelos atributos morfológicos configuracionais, os quais informam os potenciais de encontro social no sistema espacial da cidade Foram analisados dois loteamentos residenciais dispersos na cidade de Santa Maria (RS), com características espaciais diferenciadas e padrões de copresença próprios. A metodologia utilizada teve enfoque quantitativo, sendo utilizados modelos de regressão linear generalizados (MLGs) para inferência das relações entre as variáveis independentes e cada variável dependente, no caso, a copresença categorizada em pedestres parados e em movimento, em dias típicos (terças, quartas e quintasfeiras) e atípicos (domingos). Os atributos morfológicos configuracionais tiveram significância estatística para quase todos os modelos de regressão, validando a hipótese para o loteamento 1. No loteamento 2, a copresença foi melhor explicada pelas atividades urbanas. Os resultados referentes à permeabilidade física e visual mostraram-se inconclusivos em ambas as áreas de estudo. / Co-presence corresponds to the group of people who share a common space - not necessarily interacting with each other - and its study aims to understand how the space that permeates them interferes in the way they move, stop, find other people and have their behavior regulated by the presence of others. The main objective of this research was therefore to explain the patterns of copresence in streets from their spatial attributes, specifically seeking to identify them and to hierarchize them. The approach of the phenomenon was quantitative and based on the analysis of spatial patterns established in street segments of dispersed residential neighborhoods of Brazilian medium-sized cities, making use of configurational analysis of urban form - specifically space syntax - and spatial differentiation generated by urban activities and by physical and visual permeability between public and private spaces. The research question was: which spatial characteristics influence co-presence in public spaces of dispersed residential neighborhoods? The hypothesis was that co-presence would be influenced mainly by the configurational morphological attributes, which inform the potential of social encounter in the city's spatial system Two dispersed residential neighborhoods with different spatial characteristics and unique co-presence patterns were analyzed in Santa Maria city (RS). The methodology used generalized linear models (GLMs) to infer relations between the independent variables and each dependent variable: in this case, the co-presence categories of stationary and moving pedestrians on typical days (Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays) and atypical days (Sundays). The configurational morphological attributes had statistical significance for almost all regression models, validating the hypothesis for neighborhood 1. In neighborhood 2, co-presence was mainly explained by urban activities. The results regarding physical and visual permeability were inconclusive for both study areas.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é examinar a relação entre vegetação, temperatura de superfície e morfologia urbana na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, tanto espacial quanto temporalmente. Para tanto utilizam-se índices de vegetação e imagens termais diurnas e noturnas do satélite Aqua-MODIS de 2002 a 2017, além de mapeamento da morfologia urbana de acordo com o conceito de local climate zones. As hipóteses que norteiam o trabalho são as de que áreas com a presença de vegetação apresentam menor temperatura superficial ao longo de todo o ano e que a supressão da vegetação acarreta aumento de temperatura superficial. Os resultados evidenciam que as áreas mais urbanizadas apresentam temperatura de superfície diurna e noturna superior às áreas menos urbanizadas, sendo que a área urbanizada não se apresenta homogênea: áreas com maiores índices de vegetação e/ou edifícios mais altos apresentam temperatura de superfície inferior a outras tipologias urbanas no período diurno e áreas com edifícios altos e índices de vegetação baixos apresentam temperatura superficial noturna mais elevada, característica compatível com o padrão de ilha de calor de superfície. As áreas que apresentaram perdas extensas de vegetação e intervenções urbanas, como a implantação de pavimentação, apresentaram aumento de temperatura superficial, sendo os resultados temporais fortemente dependentes da escala de análise. A correlação entre a temperatura de superfície e os índices de vegetação é alta e negativa para todo o período analisado, mantendo-se elevada tanto nas estações com temperaturas superficiais acima da média do período como naquelas com precipitação abaixo da média do período, indicando o papel da vegetação tanto na atenuação das temperaturas superficiais na RMSP quanto sua possível resiliência às situações extremas de temperaturas elevadas e baixa precipitação. / The objective of this research is to examine the relationship between vegetation, surface temperature and urban morphology in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP), both in space and time. Vegetation indices and daytime and nighttime thermal images of the Aqua-MODIS satellite from 2002 to 2017 are used, as well as mapping of urban morphology according to the local climate zones concept. The hypotheses that guide this research are that areas with the presence of vegetation present a lower surface temperature throughout the year and that the suppression of vegetation leads to an increase in surface temperature. Results show higher daytime and nighttime surface temperature at the urbanized areas, compared to their less urbanized surroundings, however, the urbanized area is not homogeneous: Areas with higher vegetation indexes and / or higher buildings have lower surface temperatures compared to other urban typologies in the daytime period, and areas with high buildings and low vegetation indexes have higher nighttime surface temperature, a feature compatible with the surface heat island pattern. The areas that presented extensive vegetation losses and urban interventions, such as pavement, showed an increase in surface temperature, with temporal results strongly depending on the scale of analysis. The correlation between surface temperature and vegetation indices is high and negative for the whole period analyzed. The correlation remains high in seasons with surface temperatures above the average and those with precipitation below the average, indicating the role of vegetation in the attenuation of the surface temperatures in the MRSP and also its possible resilience to extreme events of high temperatures and low precipitation.

In this paper, the Swedish cities Gävle and Göteborg are compared regarding how well activity-based hotspots can capture pedestrian movement. The aim with this paper is to produce a further understanding about how the built environment affects human activities, as well as applying new methods for analyzing big geospatial data. The project is carried out with user generated travel data that comes from the company Trivector and their app TravelVu. Space syntax theory and methods are applied to the street networks to investigate if there are any correlations between the connectivity and the number of travels per street, which in turn is based on natural streets. The results indicate that there is a correlation between connectivity and number of travels per street. But with the use of naturally generated hotspots that are based on human activity, the correlation increases greatly, which imply that in areas with high human activity the connectivity of streets better captures the human movement than in areas with low activity.

Aim of this thesis is to explain the role of property relations in the production of urban form. It is assumed that urban form is produced not only as a physical setting but also as a concrete and relatively fixed manifestation of property relations. In this respect, urban form should be considered in a relational conception of space. The study departs from the proposition that property relations are the main determinants of the formation of urban space, and private property constitutes the generator of the dynamics and contradictions of urban formation, through a continuous process of fragmentation. For this reason, in the control of urban formation, property rights are the basic element that city planners have to face. Therefore, this study presents a comprehensive framework that integrates the categories of urban morphology with a structural analysis of urban formation process. As the essential unit of capitalist city, &ldquo / production of the parcel as a commodity&rdquo / is elaborated as the core of urban formation process. In this framework, morphogenesis of Yenisehir&ndash / Ankara is analyzed in order to understand its historical transformation with reference to the context of property relations. Its morphological layers are depicted as a product of the contradictory relation between urban planning and property relations. It is seen that the morphogenesis of Yenisehir includes three distinct layers of formation, which are characterized by the gradual domination of commodity production in the formation process of urban space.

In Turkey while the production of urban space is based on individual plots in the nner areas of the city, urban peripheral areas face development based on the cale of urban block or neighbourhood. Although such a development pattern carries potentials to produce qualified urban forms, it is mainly characterized with its fragmented structure and lack of public spaces. Thus, aim of the thesis is to explain the deficiencies and potentials of design control practice in Turkey, specifically in peripheral areas. Evaluating the contemporary approaches in design control, the thesis provides a theoretical framework that elaborates the procedural and substantive dimensions of design control. It is proposed that the interrelation between the dimensions of design control cannot be conceived without considering the ways of control on private property. Therefore, the peculiar characteristics of Turkish design control -which is mainly derived from property relations- is evaluated within the framework provided in the theoretical part through a procedural and morphological analysis of &Ccedil / ayyolu area. It is argued that design control in Turkey, focusing on quantitative dimensions of urban form, disregards qualitative aspects that necessitate the consideration of elements of urban form and their morphological characteristics. Finally, it is claimed that urban design problem in Turkey cannot be reduced simply to the domination of private interests in planning process but it is actually a matter of planning understanding which suffers from its poor insight on the idea of design. In this respect, a reconstruction of planning mechanism around the focus of &ldquo / design control&rdquo / is a necessity for an effective public control on private property.

My doctoral work aims to construct a theoretical and intellectual framework to understand a set of remarkable developments concerning the Italian discourse on architecture from the early 1950s to the mid 1970s. This was when the term Rationalism and its theoretical body of work acquired renewed prestige replacing the ephemeral aesthetic of the modernist movement with a grounded discourse based on a deep understanding of the city as background of all architectural artifacts. The main hypothesis of my research is that this return to a rational methodology characterized by a deep understanding of architecture's internal building logic and identifiable in the work and ideas expressed in the International section of the XV Triennale Exhibition of 1973 had a significant and lasting impact on the thinking and formation of architecture culture in Italy and worldwide. This dissertation will thus attempt to construct a matrix of historical and methodological associations and demonstrations that validate and legitimize that rational methodology through a close examination of the work and key concepts of Tendenza, a group of architects in the Italy of the 1960s, pointing out their importance in preparing the ground for the International section of the XV Triennale Exhibition of 1973, which represented a major point of arrival and a point of departure for architecture culture in Italy and worldwide.

En raison de l’incompatibilité des méthodes chromatiques architecturales promues en Iran dans les deux phases récentes de modernisation avec les conditions du milieu géographique et culturel, nous nous interrogeons sur la spécificité du sens de la couleur et de son rôle dans la spatialité persane. La couleur peut-elle être encore considérée comme un facteur structurant dans une situation où la ville affronte une forte tendance à l’uniformisation de son cadre bâti ? Si nous avons focalisé nos analyses à partir d’Ispahan d’un point de vue historique et théorique, c’est dans la mesure où l’urbanisme traditionnel comme les transformations contemporaines de cette ville permettent d’opérer une coupe épaisse et transversale dans l’ensemble de la société persane et iranienne. Si le point de départ de notre travail a d’abord consisté à analyser le sens et les valeurs des rapports entre couleur(s) et espaces, architectural et urbain, contemporains persans, après plusieurs années de recherche, notre point d’arrivée - et notre thèse principale - consiste à dire que les effets optiques et tactiles ou haptiques des couleurs dans l’espace architectural et urbain dépendent fondamentalement de l’interprétation donnée à la profondeur. Qu’entendre en effet par ce concept, complexe, et ses mises en œuvre urbanistiques dans le contexte de la culture persane ? C’est dans cette logique que nous essayons de projeter un nouveau regard vis-à-vis de la troisième dimension et de son expression par l’usage des couleurs à la fois dans la conception des habitats modernes à Ispahan mais aussi dans les projets d’aménagement urbain actuel de cette ville. / Because of the discordancy between the chromatic architectural strategies put forward in Iran during two of its most recent phases of modernization and Iran’s broader geographic and cultural context, I have set out to question the specificity of the sense of colour and its role in Persian spatiality. Can colour still be considered a structural factor in a city faced with the current trend towards uniform built environments? If I have focused my analysis on Ispahan from a historical and theoretical point of view, it is because traditional urban planning as well as the contemporary transformations of the city encompass a significantly broad and transversal sample of the entire Persian and Iranian society. If the point of departure of my work has been to analyse the sense and value of the relationships between contemporary Persian colour(s) and architectural and urban spaces, my point of arrival, and main thesis after many years of research, consists in saying that the optic and haptic effects of colour in architectural and urban spaces depend fundamentally on the interpretation that is given to depth. How can we understand this complex concept and its urban development usage in a Persian cultural context? It is following this logic that I will try to develop a new perspective on the third dimension and its expression by means of the use of colour, within both the understanding of Ispahan’s inhabitants, and the city’s actual urban development projects.